by using large stones laid in positions to give proper bond, and to allow small broken stone to be closely packed in, filling up all the interstices so as to form a compact and uniform mass. The wall is generally allowed to stand some months after it…

from the door and gain an entrance to the channel- way by an opening in the side of the roofing arch. The sill of the door is about 12 feet above the bottom of the channel-way. Those not intended for an entrance stand directly over the top of the Aqu…

water ; any floating substance cannot enter it, and during the winter season when the water is frozen over no obstruction can take place to the flow into the Aqueduct, and during the summer season the water will be drawn from a level where it is cool…

width is 7 feet 5 inches. The sec- tional area of the interior is 53.34 square feet. On the first plane, the Aqueduct is larger ; being 2.05 feet higher at the gate chamber, 2.31 feet higher at 2244. feet from the cham- ber, and then diminishing, to …

water are the richly cultivated slopes with the 96 neat farm houses overlooking the lake, or the hills crowned with forest trees, while at intervals a valley or ravine opens and empties in its tribituary stream. Plate IX. is a view taken above the da…

of water flowing on such occasions. With such opportunities to become acquainted with the changes of the stream they could not fail to know the quantity of water flowing at periods of the highest freshets, and know- ing it, to adapt an overfall of su…

dam, an em- bankment of earth is filled in, extending 275 feet from the masonry at the base, and extending from the masonry with a slope of 1 foot in 5 on the top. The whole work about the dam possesses great interest, and though it be distant from t…

over the roadway and rising high up above the old mill, and what adds much to this boldness, is the narrowness of the arch, or small distance from one end of it to the other ; being only 23 \ feet long at the springing line while the span is nearly f…

mile. Plate XVI. is a view of the work at Jewell's Brook. The culvert for the stream is 6 feet span and 148 feet long. The larger culvert for a private road is 14 feet span and 141 feet long. The wall which supports the Aqueduct at this valley is 50 …

RW a P H e 107 the Aqueduct, would support iron pipes. The design was a bold one, yet instances where such bridges have been con- structed for road-ways afford examples of the feasibility and permanency of the structures, and prove that the applicati…

of an Aqueduct bridge of masonry was adopted as the proper one for crossing the River ; but in establishing its altitude they complied only with the requisitions of the law, and made the soffit or under side of the arches at the crown, 100 feet above…

reared upon the foundations formed by the people of that day. The water is now conveyed across this valley by an iron pipe of 3 feet interior diameter. In the progress of pre- paring foundations for the piers of the bridge, an embank- ment has been f…

miles from the Croton Dam. This valley is 1900 feet across, and the Aqueduct is supported upon a foundation wall of dry stone work having the face laid in mortar, except over three streets where bridges are built, having an arch of 30 feet span for t…

stone wall 4 feet thick having the face laid in mortar : the inside face is protected by a slope wall of stone laid without mortar, If foot thick. The top of the bank is 4 feet above top water line, and the inside slope wall terminates at 2 feet abov…

draws from the southern division at G, and a branch of it passing along within the vault draws from the northern division at H. Provision has been made on the east side of the Reser- voir for supplying that part of the city when it becomes necessary.…

The height of the walls is 45 feet above the streets around, and about 50 feet above the foundations. The water is 36 feet deep when it reaches the level de- signed for its surface (which is 4 feet below the top of the walls) and the surplus, when th…

of the water into the city : and it was an occasion of unrestrained enthusiasm and joy. Multitudes came in from the country around, and from sister cities : — all business was laid aside for the pleasing ceremonies of the day, and the Croton water, w…

ments of Van Helmont and Mr. Boyle, who maintained that it could be changed into all vegetable substances, as well as into earth ; but it was substantially held until the middle of the last century, (1781,) when Mr. Cavendish proved that this liquid …

life. Water, therefore, which is transparent, colorless, inodorous, and tasteless, is called good and pure, and none other can be called such ; though some medical writers are of opinion, that it is not necessary it should be in this pure state for c…

and one of oxygen, 8 = 9; and in volume, of one volume of hydrogen, and half a volume of oxygen, condensed into aqueous vapor or steam we can easily calculate the specific gravity of steam, for its density will be, .0689 (Sp. gr. of hydrogen) + .5512…

freeze and remain, exposed to the warmth of the sun-beams and the air, to be speedily dissolved upon the return of spring ! This is owing to the well known fact, that in the act of freezing a still further expansion takes place, so that the specific …

in early spring. The expansion of water during its congelation, at which time its volume increases one twelfth, and its contraction in bulk during a thaw, tend to pulverize the soil, to separate its parts from each other, and to make it more permeabl…

properties of rain water. It is indeed to the presence of the two elastic gases, that rain water owes the taste which renders it palatable to animals and useful to vegetables. Ice water, being destitute of these gases is extremely vapid ; fish cannot…

obstacle, when it pushes upwards, and welling out upon the surface, forms springs ; the water is therefore merely a modification of rain water. During its passage, however, it almost always takes up some soluble matters, which of course vary accordin…

Carbonate of Lime,. ----„- Sulphate of Lime, > Chloride of Sodium, J Oxide of Iron, 1 Silica, 1 Magnesia, Carbonaceous Matter, J Chloride of Magnesium, ) Chloride of Calcium, / Carbonate of Magnesia, - - - - - Solid matter held in solution, -'-'--' T…

There are many instances on record where troops have sickened and many died of putrid fever and dysentery, from drinking the water of stagnant pools and ditches or of rivers, as of the river Lee, near Cork, (Ireland,) which, in passing through the ci…

water is owing to the air, and carbonic acid mixed with it. The air contained in water, has a larger proportion of oxygen than atmospheric air, and hence it is better adapted for the respiration of animals. The water procured from wells in the city o…

law, no great confidence can be placed in the returns, — those carried out of the city for burial, not having been included. From a " Report on the subject of introducing pure and wholesome water into the city of Boston, by L. Baldwin, Esq., Civil En…

the state of carbonate ; if after, as well as before, in that of sulphate. Tea may be sub- stituted for galls, to which its effects and indications are similar. Fcrro cyanide of potassium yields, with solutions of the sesqui-salts of iron, a blue pre…

| In the Frith of Forth, - - - 312 " I At Ritzebuttle, - - - 312 " At Apemalle, in Sleswick, - 216 " At Kiel, in Holstein, - - - 200 " Baltic Sea At Doberan, in Mecklenbergh, - - 168 " At Travemunse, .... 167 " At Zoppot, in Mecklenbergh, - - 76 " At…