The two courses of historical development were for a long while strictly parallel, though they have ceased to be so now."^ It is not possible in the limits of this essay to describe, except in outline, the various steps and changes by which the barbarian Teutonic leader and his followers, developed into the family or tribal ruler and his kindred by blood or by tribe settled upon the land which they had seized, and which they retained as their own. How strong, how natural, and how general, was this principle of a specific land-settlement on the basis of kinship by blood or by tribe, is proven by the examples which now exist in three continents at this day. The more prominent of which are, the clans of Scotland, the Septs of Ireland, the Slav tribes of the Balkan regions, in Europe, the Hindoo Joint-Families of British Asia, and the native Indian tribes of North America,

Out of the tribal settlement on a fixed district of land came the Teutonic village or town. This was " an organized, self acting group of Teutonic families exercising a common proprietorship over a definite tract of land, -- its Mark, -- cultivating its domain on a common system, and sustaining itself by the produce."^ It had its separate households, each governed by the father of a family, and each entirely free from any interference by anybody else. Its master was supreme, and from this feature, continually preserved and maintained to this daj', comes the familiar principle of English and American law, that "every man's house is his castle." These groups of families, or societies, with their Leader, or Headman, were often involved in disputes, with neighboring societies and their families and Headmen. And to this fact of native Teutonic quarrelsomeness the German investigators and writers ascribe the change (which took place gradually) that evolved the manor from the Mark.