to sell guns, powder, bullets, lead, shot, or any vessel of burthen or row boat (canoes excepted)." The sale or gift to

the Indians of " rum, strong waters, wine and brandy," without license, was forbidden under penalty of

"

forty shillings for each

To prevent difficulties arising so sold or disposed of." from cattle straying upon the unfenced lands of the Indians, and pint

were them in " felling trees, riving and sharpening " and setting posts, allowing " one Englishman to three or rails more Indians." These reforms were eminently satisfactory to

to encourage the latter to fence their fields, the colonists

directed to assist

the Indians, although many abuses were subsequently perpetrated

Not less so was the by those who were licensed under them. to be uniform, of trade were that the privileges treaty stipulation in all English plantations, to Indians in alliance with the govern

ment, and the fact that such alliance secured the friendship of the "great sachem." Tranquillity was soon established, and although the Mohawks and the Mahicans and Abenaquis, at the east, and the Senecas and Minsis, at the south, continued their struggle, the conflict was not around the centres of civilization.

Gradually the Minsis, more

immediately represented

on the

Hudson, yielded to the

superior advantages possessed by their or to the inducements which the English offered ; while enemies,

those more remote made common cause with the French.

O.P HUDSON'S

RIPER.

The annual renewal of the treaty with the Esopus Indians, required