This being done in the winter, some plough right around the stumps, should time or circumstances not allow these to be removed ; others plant tobacco, maize and beans, at first. The soil even thus becomes very mellow, and they sow winter grain the next fall. From tobaeco, can be realized some of the expenses incurred in clearing the land. The maize and' beans help to support both men and cattle. The farmer having thus begun, must endeavour, every year, to clear as much new land

TAKING UP LAND IN NEW NETHERLAND. 31

as he possibly can, and sow it with such seed as he considers most suitable. ;

It is not necessary that the husbandman should take up much stock in the beginning, since clearing land and other necessary labor do not permif him to save much hay and to build barns for stabling. One pair of draft horses or a yoke of oxen only is necessary, to ride the planks for buildings. or. palisades or rails fromthe land to the place where they. are to be set.

The farmer.can get: all sorts of cattle in the course of the second summer when he will have more leisure to cut and bring home hay, also to build barns and houses for men and cattle.

Of the building of houses at first.

Before beginning to build, it.will above all things be necessary - to select a well located spot, either on some river or bay, suitable for the settlement, of a village or hamlet. This is previously properly surveyed and divided into lots , with good streets according to the situation of the place. This hamlet can be fenced all round with high palisades or long boards and closed with gates, which is advantageous in case of attack by the natives who heretofore used. to exhibit,their insolence in new plantations.