breadth, whose vaulted roof rests upon forty-eight immense pillars, disposed in rows, so as to form five aisles within the edifice, and sixty arches."

The castellaMvere of three kinds, public, private, and domestic.}: The public castella which received the water of the aqueduct, were such as have already been described, and from them distribution was made 1st., to the Praetorian:

camps 2d., to the fountains, and pools in the city 3d., the Munera, under which head ; ;

are comprised the places where the public shows and spectacles were given, such as the

circus, amphitheatre, naumachiae, &c.; 4th., public works or establishments, such as the

* See Gibbon, Dec. and Fall, vol. iv., p. 105, et sequ, for a computation of the population of Rome, t Antiquities of Rome, vol. i., p. 199. j Anthon's Die., art. Aqueducts.

PRELIMINARY ESSAY. 21

baths, and the trades of fullers, dyers, tanners, &c., which, though conducted by private

persons, were deemed public, inasmuch as they were necessary to the general convenience and comfort; 5th. and 6th., under the terms of nomine Ccesaris, (in the name of Caesar,) and beneficia Principis, (benevolence of the Prince,) were certain irregular

distributions, or extraordinary grants, to places or individuals.

Castella Prlvata. When a number of individuals, living in the same neighborhood, had obtained a grant of water, they clubbed together and built a castellum^ into which the whole quantity allotted to them collectively, was transmitted from the castellum publicum. These were termed privata, though they belonged to the public, and were under the care of the curatores aquarum. Their object was to facilitate the distribution of the proper