pipes, which, on the first application of the pressure of the head of water, burst or leaked to such an extent, as to defeat, for a time, the whole enterprise, and ruin the projectors. The works, however, passed, into other hands iron pipes were substituted, and the town is now well supplied.

Water Works of Edinburgh. These works were commenced in 1819, and completed in 1824, at a cost of 145,000, or about $725,000 ; the water is brought from the

Crawley Springs natural sources issuing from a bank of gravel they are collected in a ;

stone reservoir, called the Fountainheads, at an elevation of 564 feet above the sea, at

Leith, and 230 feet above Castle Hill. The distance from the source to the Castle Hill reservoir, in a direct line, is six miles and a quarter, but, by the line of the aqueduct,

eight and a half miles. The water is conducted the whole distance through iron pipes, varying in diameter from fifteen to twenty inches, and in thickness from half an inch to

one inch and a quarter in lengths of nine feet and formed by spigot find faucet, that is,the end of each pipe is widened, in order to receive within it the intrant end of the

preceding pipe, which is called the spigot, the joints being then made tight, in the usual way, by a caulking of oakum or clay, and molten lead.

The pipes were all proved by the forcing pump, before they were laid. The process is simple the pipe is filled with water, and firmly plugged at both ends, leaving at one :