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Cutul, Peter. Land Heist in the Highlands: Chief Daniel Nimham and the Wappinger Fight for Homeland. Hudson Highlands Land Trust, February 2025. https://hhlt.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Land-Heist-in-the-Highlands_Peter-Cutul-1.pdf
Daniel Nimham is believed to have born in 1726 and reportedly was baptized in 1745 when he likely
received his Christian name Daniel. 2 One of his allies was a pioneering and intrepid woman named
Catheryna Brett, who, as a…
Cutul, Peter. Land Heist in the Highlands: Chief Daniel Nimham and the Wappinger Fight for Homeland. Hudson Highlands Land Trust, February 2025. https://hhlt.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Land-Heist-in-the-Highlands_Peter-Cutul-1.pdf
He became notorious among supporters and enemies alike as the energetic and assertive
defender of his people's land rights... Betrayed and abandoned by Crown officials appointed to look
after his interests, he subsequently took common cause with colonists struggling…
Cutul, Peter. Land Heist in the Highlands: Chief Daniel Nimham and the Wappinger Fight for Homeland. Hudson Highlands Land Trust, February 2025. https://hhlt.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Land-Heist-in-the-Highlands_Peter-Cutul-1.pdf
In addition to the parade of credible witnesses, in his closing arguments Spalding gave a rousing
vindication of the Wappingers' claim to the land, punching holes through the landlord's sketchy and
scant defense that hinged upon the questionable 1702…
Bolton, Reginald Pelham. Indian Paths in the Great Metropolis. Indian Notes and Monographs, Vol. II, No. 7. New York: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1922.
…Manhattan, and found its way into the
pouches of traders up the Hudson, to the
distant homes of the Wappinger and the
Mohawk, or along the Sound shore to the
villages of the Siwanoy and the Pequot. In addition to…
O'Callaghan, E.B., ed. The Documentary History of the State of New York, Vol. IV. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1851.
…We
take with us as a guide one of our captured Wappinger Indians. Meanwhile issued rations to the people, and orders to start on
the expedition this evening or to-morrow morning ; but as it
began to rain in the…
Cutul, Peter. Land Heist in the Highlands: Chief Daniel Nimham and the Wappinger Fight for Homeland. Hudson Highlands Land Trust, February 2025. https://hhlt.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Land-Heist-in-the-Highlands_Peter-Cutul-1.pdf
However, in an 11th hour surprise, Beverly Robinson
reached into his coat pocket and produced a deed dated August 13, 1702 which included language
covering the whole 205,000 acre parcel and extended the Eastern border all the way to…
Bolton, Robert Jr. A History of the County of Westchester, from its First Settlement to the Present Time, Vol. I. New York: Alexander S. Gould, 1848.
"Souwenaro, sachem of Weeckquaesqueeck, came
of his own accord, with his brother, and asserted th:)t he was
warned by a Wappinger Indian that the Esopus Indians intended
to come down, within five or six days, with forty or fifty…
Bolton, Robert Jr. The History of the Several Towns, Manors, and Patents of the County of Westchester, from its First Settlement to the Present Time, Vol. I. New York: Charles F. Roper, 1881. Revised posthumous edition.
…sachem of Weeckquaesqueeck, came of
his own accord, with his brother and asserted that he was warned by a
Wappinger Indian, that the Esopus Indians intended to come down,
within five or six days, with forty or fifty men to…
Ruttenber, E.M. History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River; their origin, manners and customs; tribal and sub-tribal organizations; wars, treaties, etc., etc. Albany: J. Munsell, 1872.
…called WapWapenacki, the reference,
in
this
instance,
is
clearly specific, not general, and evidently refers to the Wappinoo
or Wappinger branch of the Mahicans, who, whatever
tainly.
In the Mohegan,
as
spoken at
the present time by their lineal descendof…
O'Callaghan, E.B., ed. The Documentary History of the State of New York, Vol. IV. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1851.
…The Council of War also resolved
to send down all the Indian prisoners likewise to the Manhatans
being eleven Esopus Indians, big and little and one Wappinger,
making twelve in all, as there is no probability of their béing
redeemed…
Cutul, Peter. Land Heist in the Highlands: Chief Daniel Nimham and the Wappinger Fight for Homeland. Hudson Highlands Land Trust, February 2025. https://hhlt.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Land-Heist-in-the-Highlands_Peter-Cutul-1.pdf
Tenant farmer Peter Anjuvine went on to vouch for the good character of the tribe, declaring them
"remarkably Honest, Loyal, and Faithful." 42 Building on that, Spalding had this to say, "By some of these
and some other Evidences, methinks…
Shonnard, Frederic, and W.W. Spooner. History of Westchester County, New York, from its Earliest Settlement to the Year 1900. New York: The New York History Company, 1900.
…The Siwanoys, also known as "one of the tribes of the seacoast." This was one of the
largest of the Wappinger subdivisions. They occupied the northern shore of the Sound from
Norwalk twenty-four miles to the neighborhood of Hellgate…
O'Callaghan, E.B., ed. The Documentary History of the State of New York, Vol. IV. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1851.
…The Company's Yacht arrived ; brings some provisions for the garrison ; also arrived at the Redoubt a Wappinger Sachem with eight Indians, bringing a female Christian
Captive whom he had purchased from the Esopus Indians and
which he had promised…
Bacon, Edgar Mayhew. The Hudson River from Ocean to Source: Historical, Legendary, Picturesque. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1903.
…472-474, 476
Wappinger Indians, 16, 416 Westerlo<,, l),,mine, s^O
1 12, Westerloo Street, 527, 531
Waj^pinger's Creek, gi, 41S 519 . War for Independence, 22, 32,
22g, 313, 326, 380, 543 West India Comjiany, i'.'6…
O'Callaghan, E.B., ed. The Documentary History of the State of New York, Vol. IV. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1851.
…65
"Instruction for Lieutenant Pieter Cowwenhoven.
"Wuerras Lieutenant Couwenhoven, sent by the Honble
Director General & Council to release the Christians captured by
the Esopus Indians, lay several days near the Wappinger Indians
who acted as mediators in the affair, and…
Cutul, Peter. Land Heist in the Highlands: Chief Daniel Nimham and the Wappinger Fight for Homeland. Hudson Highlands Land Trust, February 2025. https://hhlt.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Land-Heist-in-the-Highlands_Peter-Cutul-1.pdf
The Hudson Valley Land Riots of 1766
Taking advantage of the favorable Council ruling, Robinson and Sheriff James Livingston wasted no time
in evicting tenants unwilling to sign one to three year leases and pay rents in cash (traditionally rents…
Cutul, Peter. Land Heist in the Highlands: Chief Daniel Nimham and the Wappinger Fight for Homeland. Hudson Highlands Land Trust, February 2025. https://hhlt.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Land-Heist-in-the-Highlands_Peter-Cutul-1.pdf
Katharine Mixer Abbott, Old Paths and Legends of the New England Border: Connecticut, Deerfield, Berkshire
(New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1907) 228- 230. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge_Militia )
Bryan Rindfleisch, "The Stockbridge-Mohican Community, 1775- 1783", Journal of…
Bacon, Edgar Mayhew. The Hudson River from Ocean to Source: Historical, Legendary, Picturesque. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1903.
…The
buyers were Francis Rombout and Gulian VerPlanck,
and the date of the transfer of their property from the
Wappinger Indians was August, 1683. "Gulian Ver-
Planck died before the English patent was granted by
Governor Dongan ; Stephanus Van Cortlandt…
Cutul, Peter. Land Heist in the Highlands: Chief Daniel Nimham and the Wappinger Fight for Homeland. Hudson Highlands Land Trust, February 2025. https://hhlt.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Land-Heist-in-the-Highlands_Peter-Cutul-1.pdf
The unit served with distinction in two iterations: first in the siege of Boston and the capture of Fort
Ticonderoga in 1775, and second, as a reformed company in 1777 making significant contributions in the
battles of Saratoga and Monmouth…
O'Callaghan, E.B., ed. The Documentary History of the State of New York, Vol. IV. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1851.
…We took
as guide the young Wappinger Indian, and Christoffel Davids as
SECOND ESOPUS WAR. 11
Indian interpreter, and promised the Indian his freedom with a
cloth coat, on condition that he brought us truly to the Esopus
Indians. We…
Shonnard, Frederic, and W.W. Spooner. History of Westchester County, New York, from its Earliest Settlement to the Year 1900. New York: The New York History Company, 1900.
…The Wappinger sub-tribes or chieftaincies of Westchester County,
thanks chiefly to the careful researches of Bolton, are capable of
tolerably exact geographical location and of detailed individual description. Bolton is followed in the
main by Huttenber, who, giving due…
Shonnard, Frederic, and W.W. Spooner. History of Westchester County, New York, from its Earliest Settlement to the Year 1900. New York: The New York History Company, 1900.
…GENERAL
Wappinger Indians. 24. War of 1812, 539. Ward. Stephen, of Eastehester, 29S, 300, 305,
320, 442. Ward's House affair. The, 442. Ward's
Tavern,
387. Washington, George, on the patriotic services
of the Mohican Indians. 37: passes through…
Scharf, J. Thomas, ed. History of Westchester County, New York, including Morrisania, Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which have been annexed to New York City, Vol. I. Philadelphia: L.E. Preston & Co., 1886.
…15th of March, 1664, an Indian named Hiekemick came to his house and told
him that the Esopus and Wappinger Indians were
ready for an insurrection, and that the English at
Westchester had promised that they would first conquer Long…
Bacon, Edgar Mayhew. The Hudson River from Ocean to Source: Historical, Legendary, Picturesque. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1903.
…Rondout came next, including the land between Fishkill and Wappinger's creek. The Schuylers ruled
where Poughkeepsie now is, and Falconer's purchase
lay to the north. Above Falconer's was the Henry
Beekman tract, that had Esopus as its…
O'Callaghan, E.B., ed. The Documentary History of the State of New York, Vol. IV. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1851.
…Whilst we were examining the two
Wappinger Indians, in the presence of the Schout and Commissaries, in Thomas Chambers' room a messenger came in and said
that two or three boors were without the door with loaded guns
to shoot…
Cutul, Peter. Land Heist in the Highlands: Chief Daniel Nimham and the Wappinger Fight for Homeland. Hudson Highlands Land Trust, February 2025. https://hhlt.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Land-Heist-in-the-Highlands_Peter-Cutul-1.pdf
In the ferocious struggle that ensued, the overwhelming British force outnumbering the natives five to
one, however, proved to be too much. 54 Estimates suggest that the Stockbridge lost anywhere between
17 to 40 men, including Chief Nimham and his…
O'Callaghan, E.B., ed. The Documentary History of the State of New York, Vol. IV. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1851.
…sent a convoy down in the morning with grain to the
river side, which on returning brought up the Wappinger
Sachem and his wife, and Splitnose, the Indian last taken by us. Which Sachem brought with him two captive Christian…
O'Callaghan, E.B., ed. The Documentary History of the State of New York, Vol. IV. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1851.
…Whilst we were examining the two
Wappinger Indians, in the presence of the Schout and Commissaries, in Thomas Chambers' room a messenger came in and said
that two or three boors were without the door with loaded guns
to shoot…
Bolton, Robert Jr. The History of the Several Towns, Manors, and Patents of the County of Westchester, from its First Settlement to the Present Time, Vol. I. New York: Charles F. Roper, 1881. Revised posthumous edition.
…sachem of Weeckquaesqueeck, came of
his own accord, with his brother and asserted that he was warned by a
Wappinger Indian, that the Esopus Indians intended to come down,
within five or six days, with forty or fifty men to…
Bolton, Robert Jr. A History of the County of Westchester, from its First Settlement to the Present Time, Vol. I. New York: Alexander S. Gould, 1848.
…The Wappinger Indians occupied the region of St. Anthony's
nose and the Kittatenny mountains, (Highlands. )'»
The Indians are said to have been very numerous in and
around Peekskill as late as 1740, especially during the fishing
seasons. c
At…