* State Historian Hastings writes me : "The map of which you inquire, appeared originally in a pamphlet published at Middleburgh, Holland, at the Hague, 1666. It was first reproduced by the late Hon. Henry C. Murphy in his translation of the 'Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland,' etc. His reproduction gives Canagere, as the name of the second castle, and Caneray as the name of the first, precisely as they appear in order in our reproduction in our Third Report." " Oncongoiirc is a form of the name in Colonial History. In the standard translation of Jesuit Relations it is Oneugioure. Oneon is a clerical error. The letters « and ou represent a sound produced by the Indian in the throat without motion of the lips. Bruyas wrote it 8; it is now read w -- Onew. Adding an a, we have very nearly M. Cuoq's Ohnawah, "current," "swift river" ; with suffix go7i'a, "great," the reference being to the great rapids near which the castle was located. The omission of the locative participal shows that it was not "at" or "on" the great rapids.

192 INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

Creek "where it falls into Mohawk's river." (See Oghracke.) As generic terms, however, they would be applicable at any place where the features were met and would only become specific here from other locative testimony, which we seem to have. The first castle or town was that of the Tortoise tribe ; the second, that of the Bear tribe ; the third, that of the Beaver (probably), and the fourth, that of the Wolf tribe. On Van der Donck's map there are four, and Greenhalgh, in 1677, noted four. In a Schenectady paper of I'he same year the names of two sachems are subscribed who acted "for themselves" and as "the representatives of ye four Mohock's castles." The French invaded the valley in 1666, and burned all the castles of the early period, and the tribes retreated to tiie north side of river and established themselves, the first at Caughnawaga ; the second about one and one-half miles west of the first ; the third, west of the second, and the fourth beyond the third, in their ancient order as Greenhalgh found them in 1677.