^*»'«i»?'- --•-- -.^'-i- .^J*-' 'I"* ^T-J ft • - .-V^«- (It «■•.« , k ■< y 3««r>' '.I X B « PROCEEDINGS OF THE New York State Historical Association THE SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING, WITH CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS AND LIST OF MEMBERS. PUBLISHED BY THE NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION r fMEWBURGH JOURNAL. PRINT. Gift The Society NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. President, Hon. JAME…

Richards, Ticonderoga " 1907 Mr. Ho^vland Pell, New York " 1907 Gen. Henry E. Tremain, New York " 1908 Mr. William Wait, Kinderhook " 1908 Dr. Sherman Williams, Glens Falls " 1908 Mr. Robert O. Bascom, Fort Edward " 1908 Mr. Francis W. Halsey, New York " 1908 Mr. Harry W. Watrous, Hague " 1908 Com. John W. Moore, Bolton Landing " 1908 Rev. Dr. Joseph E, King, Fort Edward " 1908 Hon. Hugh …

Sherman Williams, chairman of the committee on historic spots, reported orally that arrangements had been made for the erection of a boulder with a bronze tablet at Half-Way Brook, and that arrangements were in progress for marking other spots in \!he vicinity of Lake George. The report was accepted and the committee continued, and the comtmittee were requested to make a written report with a hist…

Albert Haight, Albany, N. Y. Hon. John Woodward, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. E. B. Hill, 49 Wall Street, N. Y. City. Rev. Dr. Thos. B. Slicer, N. Y. City. Mr. G. C. Lewis, Albany, N. Y. Dr. George S. Eveleth, Little Falls, N. Y. George C. Rowel'l, 8i Chapel Street, Albany, N. Y. Mr. James F. Smith, So. Hartford, N. Y. Mr. George Foster Peabody, Lake George, N. Y. Mr. Grenville H. Ingalsbe, Sandy Hill, N. …

Sebring, Kingston, N. Y. Mr. Neil M. Ladd, 646 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. J. Hervey Cook, Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, N. Y. Air. H. L. Broughton, Sandy Hill, N. Y. Daniel L. Van Hee, Rochester, N. Y. Edmund Wetmore, 34 Pine Street, N. Y. City. Mrs. Lydia F. Upson, Glens Falls, N. Y. Mr. Daniel F. Imrie, Lake George, N. Y. Mr. James Green, Lake George, N. Y. Mr. Edwin J. Worden, Lake George, N.…

The following trustees were unanimously elected by ballot for the term of three years : 8 NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Gen. Henry E. Tremain, N. Y. City ; William Wait, Kinderhook, N. Y. ; Dr. Sherman Williams, Glens Falls, N. Y. ; Robert O. Bascom. Fort Edward, N. Y. ; Francis W. Halsey, New York ; Harry W. Watrous, Hague, N. Y. ; Rev. Dr. Joseph E. King, Fort Edward, N. Y. ; Hon. Hug…

Halsey, of New York, was read by the Hon. Grenville M. Inga'lsbe in the absence of Mr. Halsey. Dr. Sherman Williams, of Glens Falls, read a monograph entitled, The " Organization of Sullivan's Expedition." Hon. Grenville M. Ingalsibe read by title only a paper entitled, " A Bibliography of Sullivan's Expedition." A paper entitled, " An Indian Civilization and its Destruction," by Col. S. W. Mou…

Lrsk was presented to the Trustees and after disicussion the same was referred to the Treasurer and Secretary with power to settle the same. The following committees were appointed : Standing Committee on Legislation: Hon. James A. Roberts, Gen. Henry E. Tremain, Dr. Sherman Williams, Morris Patterson Ferris, Hon. Hugh Hastings. On Marking Historic Spots: Dr. Sherman Williams. Frederick B. …

Ingalsbe furnish ithe same for publication in the ensuing volume of the proceedings of the Association. An address entitled, " Robert R. Livingston, the Author of the Louisiana Purchase," by Hon. D. S. Alexander, of Buffalo, N. Y., concluded the session, and after a vote of thanks to the various speakers, the meeting adjourned until two o'clock in the afternoon of the same day, at which session a…

Holden, Treasurer New York State Historical Association, From July i, 1905, to Jan. iS, 1906. RECEIPTS. July I, 1905-- Cash on hand $ 194 73 Received from dues, etc 390 10 $ 584 83 DISBURSEMENTS. Aug. 5, E. H. Lisk, printing $ 200 00 5, R. O. Bascom, postage and sundries 27 50 Sep. 8, E. H. Lisk; printing 6225 Sep. 7, R. O. Bascom. postage 23 28 7, Milton Reid, expenses 15 31 Nov. 8, E. H. L…

A marker has been erected at Half-Way Brook and another planned for at Bloody Pond. The tablet at Half-Way Brook was made under the direction of W. J. Scales, who is also to prepare the design for the one at Bloody Pond. The marker at Half- Way Brook is a large boulder resting upon another large boulder nearly buried in the ground. The boulders are large and very hard, and the cost of cuttin…

For cutting a smooth face on the boulder and fitting tablet to it $ 25 25 For photographing the monument i 00 Paid Mr, Scales on account 45 00 Total $ 71 25 In the Spring it will be necessary to meet a small expense to grade the ground and seed it. We hope to have 'Jhe marker at Bloody Pond in place before our next annual meeting. Respectfully submitted, SHERMAN WILLIAMS, Chainiian of Commi…

N. Y. Davis, William Gilbert, t^2 Nassau Street, N. Y. Davis, Dr. Booth C, Alfred, N. Y. de Peyster, Mrs. Beekman, 2345 Broadway, N. Y. (winter), Johnstown, N. Y. (summer). Draper, Hon. A. S., Albany, N. Y. Gunnison, Hon. Royal A., Janeau, Alaska. Hopson, Rev. Dr. George B., Annandale, N. Y. Horton, Mrs. John Miller, 736 Main St., Bufifalo, N. V, Tngalsbe, Franc Groesbeck, Sandy Hill, N. Y. Jes…

Y. O'Brien, M. J., 195 Broadway, N. Y. Paige, Edward Winslow, 44 Cedar Street, New York. Pierce, Rev. Dr. Walter Franklin, 16 S. Elliott Place, Brooklyn. Rogers, Howard J., Albany, N. Y, Rhoades, W. C. P., 400 Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Sill, Dr. Frederick S., 169 Mohawk Street, Cohoes, N. Y. Schell, F. Robert, 280 Broadway, N. Y. Smith, William Alex., 412 Madison Avenue, N. Y. Samson, William…

The thanks of the Trustees were extended to Dr. Stevens for his services as chairman of the Committee on Membership. The Secretary and Mr. William Wait, of Kinderhook, were by motion duly carried appointed a committee on the publication of the Proceedings of the Association. The edition was fixed at 750 copies and the Secretary instructed not to send proceedings to persons who were more than four …

Sullivan was not to be an actor in the war's closing scenes, and the valor that gleams the name of Marion, the splendor of Greene's military intelligence, and the glory that is linked with the name of Washington at Yorktown were not his. Neither had he the methodical madness of Wayne, the pusillanimity of the self-seeking Gates, the recklessness of Pu^tnam, nor the aestheistic fatalism of Ethan Al…

He displayed a fine courtesy to those about him, both to his soldiers and compatriot generals. I quote the following paragraph from A. Tififany Norton, who I believe to be the one who has written the best account of the Indian campaign, and it is a wonder to me that one who sho^vs so broad a grasp of history and its essential principles and the elements that make for historical research, has never…

Yet sucli has been, in great degree, the case, and the name of Sullivan occupies a lesser space in the history of the Revolutionary struggle, than those of many others whose achievements fell far s'hort of his in magnitude and importance. Sullivan has been made the victim of the intrigues and petty jealousies of his times, and while for this his own indiscretions may justly be blamed, the duty is …

At the beginning of the Revolution there was a democracy of six confederate states within the present boundaries of our own municipality. So strong had this democracy grown that it dominated the inhabitants of a territory of more than a million square miles. Their battle-cry was heard from the Kennebec to Lake Superior, and under the very fortifications of Quebec they annihilated the Huron. Their …

No colonist had trodden it. From no peak had trapper looked across the profile of their land. Their numbers were unknown and could only be guessed at by their achievements -- and these were terrible. How silly of Gordon to criticise Sullivan for over-manning his expedition. Darkest Africa is better known to-day than was then the land of the Iroquois. They were re-enforced by British regulars, by f…

It is related that having found an Indian woman too old and feeble to retreat with her people, that Sullivan left her with a plentiful supply of provisions, though, as one of the party writes, " we only had half a ration every other day ourselves." It is not my province to put forth a brief for General Sullivan, yet that one incident cast a side-light on his character that impressed me more as to…

Nothing could be farther from the truth. At Bedford he withdrew his forces because the French Navy would not support him, and it was out of the question to remain in the position he had taken up. We have John Fiske's word for it that Brandywine was a drawn battle. Of energy he had a plenty. It is on record that after he and General Clinton united (and Clinton was no sluggard) his Division time and…

But we should remember that he was dealing with a Continental Congress of the latter years of the war, and if you search history for a thousand years you will not be able to find an aggregation of political castros equal to this same Continental Congress. The men who had made the primal congresses great had set themselves to serve the nation in other ways, and Congress had fallen to those who had …

We should remember that Sullivan was a Kelt, And through the centuries the Kelts have given us the lordliest orators and golden artists, but for tenacity of purpose no one has celebrated them. General Sullivan when he was taken prisoner and fell under the influence of the British military power, and contrasting them with the meagerness that he had been accustomed to, for once his heart failed him …

State to ten thousand ignorant people this question, and they will shout with one voice " that it is not right." State this question to ten thousand college professors, and they will back and fill, debate and re-debate, and finally be fogged by their very knowledge and at last come to no conclusion at all. It has never been sufiiciently made clear that the classes fought the Revolutionary war. The…

He was a true patriot for he lost his all by giving his attention to public rather than private affairs, and though respected by all and honored by his State, his last years were the years of gloom and the gathering clouds, for his life was beset by heartless creditors. The last scene is the saddest of all, for at his funeral his creditors tried to seize his body and would have done so, except tha…

" The immediate objects," said Washington, in his letter of instruction to Sullivan, " are the total destruction and devastation of the Indian settlements," He added that the Indian country was " not to be merely overrun, but destroyed." If we have regard for proportions, greater losses were inflicted upon the Indians by Sullivan than were ever inflicted upon the settlements of New York by the Ind…

In Tryon county alone, 12,000 farms went out of cultivation; fully two-thirds of the population either died or fled, While of the one-third who remained 300 were widows and 2,000 orphans. And yet, as I have said, the losses of the Iroquois were greater still. But it is with the causes which led to this savage work that I am here to deal. For quite 100 years, Joseph Brant and the Tories of the Moha…

Outside the official class, however, there were patriots in plenty ; none of the colonies possessed more ; but as New York City was completely dominated by Tory influences, so was the M'ohawk Valley dominated by the Johnsons and their army of followers, in whom loyalty to England was a deep-seated sentiment and a fixed principle of conduct. Sir William Johnson had died just as the Revolution was…

Their own history for three hundred years had been one of peace between brother nations. " No taxation without representation " was a principle beyond their comprehension. The men who defied Britis'h soldiers in the streets of New York and Boston seemed to them exactly like the French of Canada who in the older wars had stormed English forts on the Northern Frontier, since they were engaged in war…

Guy Johnson, the official successor of Sir William, convened at his home near Amsterdam, a conference with the Indians, mostly Mohawks, and later, after the result at Bunker Hill had alarmed him anew, fled to Oswego and thence to Canada. Nearly all the Mohawk Indians went with him, as well as a domestic force of about 500 white men, mainly Scotdh Highlanders, over whom he had placed in command. Co…

Johnson was joined in Canada in the spring of the following year by his brother-in-law, Sir John Johnson, the son and heir of Sir William. Sir John had organized a force known as the Royal Greens, composed of loyalists from the New York frontier, and mainly former tenants and dependents of his father's estate. The Mdhawks, who alone of all the Six Nations had gone to Canada, were slow to yield to …

Thenceforth the responsibility for Indian activity in the Revolution rests mainly on Germaine. It was to him that Lord Chatham referred in a memorable speech on the American War : " But, my lord, who is the man, that, in addition to the disgrace and mischiefs of the war, has dared to authorize and associate to our arms the tomahawk and scalping knife of the savage ? To call into civilized allianc…

At Oswego a counsel had been held a few weeks before, in order to enlist in British service the other " nations " of the Iroquois, who were assured that the King was a man of great power and that they should never want for food and clothing if they adhered to him. Rum, it was said, would be " as plentiful as water in Lake Ontario." Presents were made, and a bounty offered on every white man's scal…

They also became proportionately the heaviest losers and returned to their homes, not only with doleful shrieks and yells over their losses, but with a determined purpose to revenge themselves on the defenseless frontier. At what frightful cost to the Mohawk Valley they secured that revenge, the story of the ensuing four years bears ample witness. But, as I have said, the Indians lost more. When t…

History has not done justice to the subject in telling flie story of Sullivan's expedition. There are few if any equally important events in our history of which the great majority of our people know so little. It was the most important military event of 1779, fully one-third of the Continental army being engaged in it. The campaign was carried on under great difficulties, was brilliantly successf…

It was decided to send a strong expsdition against tlie Iroquois settlements, and utterly destroy their towns and crops, more especially in the territory of the Senecas and Cayugas. It was no small task to equip a large force and traverse an almost unknown, and altogether unmapped, wilderness whidh was wholly without roads, in the face of an active and vigilant as well as relentless foe. The comma…

No doubt it was fortunate for the country that the command of the expedition devolved upon some other person than Gates Washington felt somewhat hurt at the tone of the letter he received from Gates, and in a communication to the President of Congress he said, " My letter to him on the occasion I believe you will think was conceived in very candid and polite terms, and merited a different answer …

Writing again of the expedition Washington said the purpose was " to cut off their settlements, destroy their crops, and inflict upon them every Other mischief which time and circumstances would permit." The purpose of the expedition was primarily to destroy the crops and villages of the Indians, after which Sullivan was to move forward and capture Niagara, if such action should prove to be pract…

His presence in the southern portion of the Seneca country kept some of the Senecas from joining in the movement to oppose Sullivan and so lessened the Indian force at the battle of Newtown and possibly somewhat affected the expedition. The original intention was to have Brodhead join Sulhvan at Genesee and aid in the movement against Niagara, but as for some reason no movement was made against Ni…

The third brigade was commanded by Brigadier-General Edward Hand and was composed of the Fourtjh Pennsylvania regiment under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel William Butler; the Eleventh Pennsylvania under Lieutenant-Colonel Hubley; the German Battalion under Major Daniel Burchardt; an artillery regiment under Colonel Thomas Proctor ; Morgan's riflemen under Major James Parr; an independent rifle…

Therefore the assembling of the forces constituting Sullivan's expedition will have to be treated in rather a general way. The New Hampshire regiments apparently wintered at Soldier's Fortune, about six miles above Peekskill, as diaries of various New Hampsiiire officers engtaged in the expedition mention marching from that point and I find no reference to any place occupied earlier. From Soldier'…

The next day was spent in rest at Bashesland (now West Brookville) near the Sullivan and Orange county line; from this point they marched to Port JerVis. On the 9th of M'ay they crossed the Delaware at Decker's Ferry, and from there marched to Easton. The New Jersey brigade had spent the previous winter at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, from which point they marched to Easton, passing through Bound Br…

However, all the testimony goes to show that the commissary department was in charge of men who were either utterly incompetent or grossly negligent of their duty. On the 23rd of June Sullivan wrote Washington saying, "more than one-third of my soldiers have not a s'hirt to fheir backs." On the 30th of July Colonel Hubbard wrote to President Reed saying, " My regiment I fear will be almost totally…

Susquehanna rivers about a mile and a quarter above their junction at a point where the two streams were within a few hundred yards of each other. The center of the present village of Athens, Pa., is almost exactly at this point. Early in the spring Clinton with the First and Third New York regiments passed up the Mohawk to Canajoharie. From this point an expedition was sent out against the Ononda…

During his passage down the Susquehanna, Clinton destroyed Albout, a Scotch Tory settlement on the east side of the Susquehanna, about five miles above the present village of Unadilla ; Conihunto, an Indian town about fourteen miles below Unadilla, on the west side of the river ; Unadilla, at the junction of the Unadilla with the Susquehanna ; Onoquaga, an Indian town situated on both sides of the…

The two forces having joined, all was in readiness for a forward movement. The expedition which at this time had its real beginning, all the previous movements having been in the nature of organization and preparation, was a remarkable one in that it was to pass over hundreds of miles of territory of which no reliable map had ever been made, through forests where no roads had ever been cut, across…

Y., passed to Easton also, going through Chester, in Orange County, and down the Delaware River The New Jersey troops who had wintered at Elizabethtown, marched to Easton From this point the united forces marched to Wyoming, on the Susquehanna River. Here they were joined by some of the Pennsylvania troops and the whole force passed up the river to Tioga Point, where they awaited the arrival of Cl…

From the foot of Seneca Lake a detachment was sent up the west shore a few miles to the Indian town of Kershong. Another detachment under Colonel Dearborn went up the west side of Cayuga Lake and joined the main body at Catherine's Town, at the head of Seneca Lake. A third detachment under Colonel William Butler went up the east side of Cayuga Lake and joined the main army at Kanawaholla, not far…

I have not been able to command from the duties of an exacting profession, the time required for the preparation of a Bibliography at all satisfactory, even to myself. Moreover, the attention I have been able to bestow upon it has been that of an amateur, which in these days of highly developed scholastic specialization, is very inadequate in results. It is presented, however, witli some confidenc…

The Public Library of Boston possesses only fourteen titles referring directly to this great march into the Indian country, and that is a larger number than is reported either in the New York Public Library or in the State Library at Albany, I desire to tender my thanks to Horace G. Wadlin, Librarian of the Boston Library, to Victor H. Paltsits, Assistant Librarian of the New York Public Library,…

The Military Services and Public Life of Major General John Sullivan of the American Revolutionary Army. 324 pp. Poptr. 8 vo. Wiggin & Lunt, Boston. J. Munsell, Albany, 1868. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SULLIVAN S EXPEDITION. 39 The Military Services of John SulHvan in the American Revokition, vindicated from recent historical criticism. Read at a meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Decem…

Master Sullivan of Berwick, his Ancestors and Descendants. New England Historical and Genealogical Register. Vol. ! 19. pp. 289-306. The Old Sullivan Road. Pennsylvania Magazine. Vol. 11. p. 123. The Old Caneadea Council House and its Last Council Fire. Publications, Buffalo Historical Society. Vol. 6. pp. 97- 123. 8 vo. Buffalo, New York. Extracts from letters to a gentleman in Boston, dated a…

Blake, Thomas (Lieutenant First New Hampshire Regiment) : Journal. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 38-41. Same. History of the First New Hampshire Regiment in the War of the Revolution by Frederick Kidder. Joel Munsell. Albany. 186S. Bleeker, Captain Leonard : The Order Book of Captain Leonard Bleeker in the Early Part of the Expedition against the Indian Settlements of Western New York in …

I. p. 142. 4 to. Boston, 1896. Bryant, William Clement: Captain ing- Brant and the Old King. The Tragedy of Wyom- Publications, Buffalo Historical Society. Vol. 4. pp. 15-34. 8 vo. Buffalo, New York. Burrowes, John (Major Fifth New Jersey Regiment) : Journal. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 43-51. Campbell, Douglass : Address. The Policy. Iroquois or Six Nations and New York's Indian New …

Jabez Campfield, Surgeon in Spencer's Regiment while attached to Sullivan's Expedition against the Indians. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 52-61. Same. New Jersey Historical Society Proceedings. Second Series. Vol. HL pp. 115-136, Same. Wyoming County (Penn.) Democrat, December 31st, 1873 to January 28th, 1874. (Five issues.) Chapman, Isaac A. : Wyoming Valley. A Sketch of its Early Annals. P…

Sparks. MSS. No. XH. Harvard College Collections. Congress, Journals of American, from 1774- 1788. 4 vols. 8 vo. Vol. HL pp. 212, 241, 242, 346, 347, 351, 375, 389, 390, 406. Washington, Way & Gideon. 1823. Cook, Frederick (Secretary of State) : New York Centennial Volume. Conover, George S. (Compiler) : Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six Nat…

New York Centennial Volume, pp. 333-334. Address. A full and complete History of the Expedition against the Iroquois or Six Nations of New York in 1779, commanded by Major General John Sullivan, with Appendix, giving Loss of Men, Towns Destroyed, Washington's Instructions, and Biographical Sketches. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 336-386. Same. The Sullivan Campaign of 1779. Seneca County Sul…

Craig, Neville B. : The Olden Time. Vol. 2. pp. 308-317. Pittsburgh. 1848. Same. Vol. I. p. 308 et seq. 8 vo. Robert Clark & Co., Cincinnati. 1876. Dana, E. L. : Address. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 445-449. Davis, Andrew McFarland: Sullivan's Expedition against the Indians of New York, 1779. A letter to Justin Winsor. With the Journal of William McKendry, 45 pp. 8 vo. John Wilson & Son…

Publications, Buffalo Historical Society. Vol. 7. p. 96. 8 vo. Buffalo, New York. Depeyster, J. Watts : Sullivan Centennial. New York Mail, August 26th, 1879. Celebrating the Anniversary of the Battle of Newtown. New York Mail, August 29th, 1879. The Sullivan Campaign. New York Mail, September 15th, 1879. 48 NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Doty, Lockwood L. : History of Livingston Co…

Fellows, Moses (Orderly Sergeant Captain Gray's Company Third New Hampshire Regiment) : Journal. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 86-91. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SULLIVAN S EXPEDITION. 49 Fogg, Jeremiah (Pa>-master and Captain (on roster) Second New Hampshire Regiment) : Journal of Major Jeremiah Fogg of Col. Poor's Regiment, New Hampshire, during the Expedition of General Sullivan in 1779 against…

Burdick, New York. 1859. 53 NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Grant, George (Sergeant Major Third New Jersey Regiment) : A journey of the Marches, &c., completed by the Third Jersey Regiment and the rest of the Troops under the command of Major Sullivan in the Western Expedition. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 107-114. Same. Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania. Vol. 14. pp. 72-76. Same. C…

D. : History of the Town of Kirkland, New York. New York. 1874. Griffis. William Elliot, L. H. D. : Address. The History and Mythology of Sullivan's Expedition. Proceedings Wyoming Commemorative Association, pp. 9-38. Wilkes-Barre. 1903. New Hampshire's Part in Sullivan's Expedition of 1779. New England Magazine, Vol. 23. pp. 355-373. The Pathfinders of the Revolution. A Story of the Great M…

Hamilton, John C. : History of the Republic of the United States of America. 2 Vols. Vol. I. pp. 543-544. 8 vo. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1857. Hammond, Isaac W. : Rolls of the Soldiers of the Revolutionary War from New Hampshire. New Hampshire State Papers. Vol. 15. (War Rolls, Vol. 2.) Concord, N. H., i^ Hand, General Edward : Letter to Reed. September 25th, 1779. (Reports return of…

Hazard, Eben : Letter to Jeremy Belknap. Proceedings, Massachusetts Historical Society. Fifth Series. Vol. 2. pp. 23-36. Holmes, Abiel D. D. : Annals of America. 2 Vols, Vol. 2, p. 301 et seq. Cambridge, Mass. 1829. Hoops, Adam (Major. Third Aide-de-Camp to General Sullivan) : Letter to John Greig. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 3 10-3 11. Hubbard, John N. : Sketches of Border Adventures i…

Easton, October i8th, 1779. (Announcing arrival and complaining as to want of teams) Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 755. Hubley, John : Letter to Reed. August 24th, 1779. (Report as to Expedition.) Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 667. Hunter, Colonel Samuel : Letter to Reed. August 4th, 1779. (Reports Sullivan started for Wyoming.) Pennsylvania Archives. F…

Kidder, Frederick: History of the First New Hampshire Regiment in the War of the Revolution. Joel Munsell, Albany. 1868. Kirkland, Rev. Samuel (Chaplain Sullivan's Expedition) : Life of Rev. Samuel Kirkland, by S. K. Lothrop. Sparks Library of American Biography. Vol. XV. p. 246 et seq. Livermore, Daniel (Captain Third New Hampshire Regiment) : A Journal of the March of General Poor's Briga…

Maclay, William: Letter to Reed. July 26th, 1779. (Prospects of Northern Expedition.) Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 586. Letter to Council. July 30th, 1779. (As to fall of Ft. Freeland.) Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 597. Marshall, John: Life of Washington. Vol. 4. p. 105 et seq. 8 vo. Philadelphia. 1805. Mars'hall, Orasamus H. : The Niagara Frontier. …

Vol. 2. p. 216 et seq. Charles Scribners, New York. i860. Moore, Jacob B. : A List of Manuscript Surveys by Robert Erskine, Geographer to the American Army, and Simeon DeWitt, in the Library of the New York Historical Society. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 291-292. Morgan, Lewis H. : League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee or Iroquois. 8 vo. Rochester. 185 1. Mcintosh, W. H. : History of Ontario…

Vol. 4. p. 454. Nesmith, George W. : Services of General Sullivan. Granite Monthly. Vol. i. pp. 325-330. New Hampshire, State of Rolls of the Soldiers of the Revolutionary War from New Hampshire. Compiled by Isaac W. Hammond. New Hampshire State Papers. Vol. 15. (War Rolls Vol. 2.) Concord, N. H. 1886. New Jersey, State of Official Register of the Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Rev…

Hill's New Hampshire Patriot. September i6th, 1843, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Norton, A. Tiffany : History of Sullivan's Campaign against the Iroquois, Being a full account of that epoch of the Revolution. 200 pp. Portraits. Map, 8 vo. A, T. Norton, Lima, New York. 1879. Nourse, Joseph : Letter to General Lee, Collections, New York Historical Society, Vol, 6, pp. 383-385. Nukerck, Char…

Parker, Jennie Marsh : A Story Historical, pp. 412. p. 20, p. 235, 8 vo. Rochester, 1884. Parker, Robert (Lieutenant) : Journal. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 27. pp. 404-420. Vol. 28. pp. 12-25, Peabody, Oliver W. B. : John Sullivan. Sparks Library of American Biography. Series 2. Vol. 3 Peck, George, LL. D. : Wyoming, its History, Stirring Incidents and Romantic A…

Reed, Joseph (President State of Pennsylvania) : Letter to Sullivan. May 2ist, 1779. (Ans. Sullivan of nth.) Pennsylvania Archives. First Series, Vol. 7. pp, 427- 430. Same. June 3d, 1779. (As to Pennsylvania Troops guarding stores to Wyoming. Ans. May 26th and 31st, 1779,) Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7, pp. 457-8. Letter to Colonel Sam, Hunter, (As to guarding stores by Rangi…

American Universal Magazine. Vol. i. pp. 390-399. Vol. 2. pp. 86-91. Roberts, Ellis H. : Address. Sullivan's Expedition and its Fruits. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 425-438. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SULLIVAN's EXPEDITION. 63 Roberts, Jatnes A. (Comptroller State of New York) : New York in the Revolution as Colony and State. Records discovered, arranged and classified in 1895, 1896, 1897 and 189…

Portr. pp. 255-288. Harrisburg. 1893. Rogers, William (Sergeant Second New York Regiment) : Journal. New York Centennial Volume, p. 266. 64 NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Ryerson, Egerton, D. D., LL. D. : Loyalists of America. 2 Vols. Vol, 2. p. io8. 8 vo. Toronto and Montreal, i88o. Salmon, John : Journal. A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison, otherwise called the White Woma…

Shute, Samuel M. (Lieutenant Second New Jersey Reg-iment) : Journal and Notes made contemporaneously. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 267-274. Simms, Jeptha R. : History of Schoharie County and Border Wars of New York. pp. 672. 8 vo. Illustrated, p. 291 et seq. Munsell & Tanner, Albany. 1845. Frontiersmen of New York (Revision of the History of Schoharie County and Border Wars of New York). …

New York Centennial Volume, pp. 473-476. The Chronicle of his Expedition against the Iroquois in 1779 -- The devastation of the Genesee Country. Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, October 19th, 1779. Baltimore, Maryland. Same. The Military Services and Public Life of Major General John Sullivan, by Thomas C. Amory. p. 130. Same. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 296-305. Same. The Rememlb…

Wyoming, July 30th, 1779. (Acknowledging news of loss of Ft. Freeland.) Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 594. Letter to Reed. Easton, October i8th, 1779. (Requisition for 100 Waggons.) Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 756. Same. Easton, October 23d, 1779. (Acknowledging action of Executive Council and declining as too late.) Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. …

History of Buffalo and the Senecas, by Ketcham. Vol. 2. pp. 318-340. Trist, Elizabeth : Letters to General Lee. Collections, New York Historical Society. Vol. 6. pp. 381-382. Turner, O. : Pioneer History of the Holland Purchase of Western New- York, pp. 666. p. 277 et seq. 8 vo. Jewett^ Thomas & Co., Buffalo. 1849. History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorhams Purchase and Morri…

Washington, General George : Instructions to General Sullivan. Historical Magazine. Second Series. Vol. 2. pp. 139- 141. Letter to John Jay, President of Congress. Magazine of American History. Vol. 3. p. 142. Letter to War Council. July 5th, 1779. (As to Sullivan's disappointment as to Pennsylvania's assistance.) Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 535. Webb, Nathaniel (Sergeant…

Held at Waterloo, September 3d, 1879. pp. 356. 8 vo. Plates. Portraits. Waterloo, New York, i^ Willett, William M. : A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett. 8 vo. New York. 183 1. Williams, Rev. Dwight : Poem, Sullivan's Centennial. New York Centennial Volume, pp. 506-510. Winsor, Justin : Narrative and Critical History of America. 8 Vols. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., B…

The intersection of lakes and streams, separated only by sihort portages, the continuous valleys being divided by no mountain barriers, offered unequalled facilities for intercommunication. Their custom of settling on both sides of a river or encircling a lake made the tribal boundaries well defined. One of the most interesting features of aboriginal geography was the location of their principal t…

Upon the banks of the Susquehanna and its tributaries, which have their source near the Mohawk, and the banks of the Chemung, which has its source near the Genesee river, were other trails, all of which converged at the junction of these two rivers, forming the southern route, into Pennsylvania and Virginia. On these footpaths the Iroquois conducted war parties and became well versed in the topogr…

To the Jesuit Fathers they were indebted for instruction in the art of cultivating fruit trees, as well as many of the vegetables which they raised in abund'ance ; also producing a fine quality of tobacco whence their original name, IREOKWA. The reports of Sullivan's officers speak of cornfields exceeding in quality and quantity anything they had been accustomed to in their eastern homes. They …

They do not deserve the appellation of savages any more than kindred terms might be applied to their white successors. " Bury me with my fathers " was the last plea of the red man. Not until they had listened to the teaching of the whites did they view death with terror, or life as anything but a blessing. In ancient times they had a beautiful custom of freeing a captured bird over the grave on th…

The Iroquois manifested sufficient intelligence to promise a high degree of improvement had it been directed into right pursuits, although centuries of time might have been required to effect the change. But these institutions have a present value irrespective of what they might have become. Let us render ^ardy justice by preserving, as far as possible, their names, deeds and customs, and their i…

The business of the congress was conducted in a grave and dignified manner, the reason and judgment of the Chiefs being appealed to, rather than their passions. It was considered a breach of decorum for a sachem to reply to a speech on the day of its del'ivery, and no question could be decided without unanimous concurrence. Tlie sachems served without badge of office, their sole reward being the v…

Thus they became factors in war or peace,, and were granted special rights in the concurrence or interference in the sale of lands, claiming that the land belonged equally to the tillers of the soil, and its defenders. The equality of rigihts granted women was one of the principal factors of strength in their confederacy, or union. Their orators studied euphony in the arrangement of their words. …

He was convinced that man was born free ; that no person had any right to deprive him of that liberty. Undoubtedly the reason for this was the absence from the Indian mind of a desire for gain -- that great passion of the white man -- " His blessing and his curse in its use and abuse." The hunter wants of the Indian, absence of property in a comparative sense, and the infrequency of crime, dispen…

" It was wisely conceived by the untaught statesman of the forest, who had no precedents to consult, no written lore of ages to refer to, no failures or triumphs of systems of human governments to use as models or comparisons, nothing to prompt them but necessity and emergency." President D wight said, " Had they enjoyed the advantages possessed by the Greeks and Romans, there is no reason to bel…

During the Revolutionary war, harassed as they were by roving bands instigated by the tribes to massacre and burn, the Colonial government authorized the Commander-in- Chief to administer punishment for the horrible atrocities committed at Wyoming and Cherry Valley. To obtain a complete, detailed account of the manner in which it was done, one has but to read the record of Sullivan's Expedition in…

The colonists were particular'ly concerned regarding the attitude of the Iroquois, who were considered more dangerous than three times the number of civilized foes. The strong influence exerted by the Johnsons with their allies, the Mohawks, was dreaded. Subsequently these fears were proved well grounded. When the General Council was held by the Iroquois to consider the question of joining the Bri…

Had the influences been less powerful the Indians might still have remained the friend of the settlers as he had been during long years of peace. The indignation of Pitt in denunciation of the wrong done by the employment of Indians has made his name immortal. How different the policy of the American ! The offers of the Oneidas were courteously yet firmly refused. They only shared in the struggle …

Realizing the country's condition and the great need of economy in public expenditures, Washington's policy for 1779 was to remain on the defensive, except as mig'ht be found necessary to hold the Indians in check. England's affairs in Europe at this time were such that she would not be apt to push her operations in America. Washington himself was an experienced Indian fighter -- ^knew how they co…

Sir: -- The expedition you are appointed to command is to be directed against the hostile tribes of the Six Nations of Indians with their associates and adherents. The immediate object is their total destruction and devastation and the capture of as many persons of every age and sex as possible. It will be essential to ruin their crops, now on the ground, and prevent their planting more." Then fo…

Strong contrast with t'he savage, cruel manner of Brant and Butler in their attacks upon peaceful settlers. When the Senecas returned after peace was declared, their respect for Ha-na-de-ga-na-ars (destroyer of villages), as Washington was called by them, was greatly strengthened. When Horatio Jones, Major Van Campen and others moved into their territory, they were kindly treated, and gave kind tr…

By reason of the location and small size of the border settlements and the great distance between detached dwellings, the inhabitants, from the very beginning of the Revolutionary struggle, were subject to constant attack by small bands of Indians, and Tories disguised as such, who murdered those who fell into their hands and burned and pdllaged their dwellings until none but the most intrepid dar…

On the first of April, 1779, Congress, in response to a letter of March 13th, from the Legislature of New York, passed a resolution authorizing an expedition against these marauders. The campaign was planned by the Commander-in-chief. Its execution was first offered to General Gates because of his seniority, but the offer was made in such a way that it could not be accepted, and Gates was obliged …

It should be previously impressed upon the minds of the men, whenever they have an opportunity, to rush on with the war-whoop and fixed bayonet. Nothing will disconcert and terrify the Indians more than this." The forces were gathered in three divisions ; the principal and central one, rendezvouing at Wyoming, was composed of the three brigades of Maxwell, Poor, and Hand, and proceeded up the val…

Proctor, who was in charge of the fleet; most accounts say 120), while 1,200 pack horses carried the baggage and camp utensils, and 700 beef cattle were driven along for food. Gordon, and some other British writers, have claimed that Sullivan demanded much more than he should in the way of supplies. Some of Sullivan's enemies at home made the same charge ; but it is a notorious fact that the comma…

Tioga is said to mean anything between any other two things, a gate, the forks of a river, etc. (from Teyaogen, or Teiohogen). Van Curler in his Journal of 1634 speaks of the Mohawk's name of their great river as Vyoge. Father Jogues gave Oiogue as the Mohawk name for the Hudson, in 1646. Ohio is another corrupted form of the same word, and all seem to be corrupted from the same Iroquois word, mea…

The following night they encamped at a place the Indians called Quailutimack, meaning, " We came upon them unawares." On the 4th, it is related, they crossed a small creek, called where it joins the Susquehanna, Massasppi (missisipu), great river, this being a Delaware word meaning about the same as the Iroquois Oiogue. On the 5th the detachment lost three of its men, one soldier dying of the so c…

In the meantime Fort Sullivan was erected, and a detachment sent up the Chemung River to destroy an Indian town of the sam.e name, consisting of about fifty houses, with more than 100 acres of cultivated fields of grain and other Indian produce. Some of the troops under General Hand, as they pursued the Indians who were fieeing from the village, fell into an ambush, whereby six were killed and nin…

On my arrival at Tioga, I will immediately detach a considerc-ble body of light troops to favor and secure your march." Previous to this date Clinton had gathered his forces at Canajoharie and transported them to the shore of Otsego Lake, the level of which he had raised about two feet by erecting a dam, for the purpose of causing a flood which would float his expedition in boats over the shallow…

In the center of the island he found the cellars and wells of about sixty houses, also fine orchards. Most of these buildings had been log houses, with stone chimneys and glass windows. Pawling did not arrive, but returned to Kingston on September 1st and reported his inability to join Clinton, owing to the swollen streams and bad roads. Proceeding on their way, the Right Division passed several T…

Here the light troops, which were marching ahead, discovered a breastworks, artfully masked by green bushes, extending for about half a mile, in an advantageous place, protected by a high mountain on one side, the river on the other, and a large creek in front, behind which the enemy were entrenched. Here occurred the most important fight of the campaign. The design of the enemy appears to have be…

But three companies of Morgan's riflemen, the pride of Wasbington, were in advance ;veterans of a hundred battles, and in no way inferior to the enemy in Indian craft ; and the ingenious device for drawing our forces into an ambush was thwarted. For hours the battle waged fiercely. By skillfully maneuvering his troops Sullivan had nearly succeeded in surrounding the enemy, when, admirably commande…

A trail of smoke by day and a ruddy glow on the sky at night told it too plainly. The scourge had fallen. Not only were the frontiers cleared but the doom of the Iroquoian Confederacy was sealed, and its dominion over the vast territory which it had so long ruled was destroyed forever. From the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, through the beautiful valley of the Susquehanna and the lake region …

" It is with pleasure I inform Congress that this army has not suffered the loss of forty men, in action or otherwise, since my taking the command, though perhaps few troops have experienced a more fatiguing campaign. I flatter myself that the orders with which I was entrusted are fully executed, as we have not left a single settlement or field of corn in the country of the Five Nations, nor is th…

" 31st. -- Decamped at 8 o'clock, -- marched over mountainous ground until we arrived at the forks of Newtown -- there entered on a low bottom, (Tuttle's flats), crossed the Kayuga branch, (Newtown creek), and encamped on a pine plain. Much good land about Newtown. Here we left the Tioga branch to our left." September i. -- The army moved at 8 A. M. Several defiles and a large swamp occasioned ov…

Encamped that night at Conoyah, a beautiful town situated between the Seneca and Kengah lakes -- distance between those lakes 8 miles. (Gansevoort writes it Kandaiah.) 6 -- Lay in encampment. This town is beautifully situated in several respects -- a fine level country -- some fine fields of corn, a fine apple orchard, about twenty houses -- ^situated about twenty miles from Seneca lake. One whit…

We found a white male child the enemy had left behind. 8. -- The army was employed in destroying corn, beans, fruit trees, &c. A detachmient sent to destroy a town about 12 miles from this town. (This was Cashong, Kashonguash, on tTie west side of the Seneca.) 9. -- All the sick and lame sent to Tioga. At 11 A. M. we marched, following the road that leads to Niagara. Marched about 13 miles.…

Marched about 10 miles and encamped in the woods -- passed this day a small lake called Konyoughojoh. 13. -- Decamped at 6 A. M. Marched about two miles and halted at Adjustah. This town contains about 26 houses. While we halted at this town, Lieut. Boyd, with 20 men of the Rifle Corps, was sent to the next town to reconnoitre the enemy. On his return about 700 of the enemy ambushed him, killed a…

This town is the metropolis of that nation ; contains about 140 houses. Some fine buildings in it ; situated about 40 miles from Niagara, on the south side of the Genesee river. The soil is exceedingly rich for 10 or 12 miles along the river. In and about this town, it was judged there were 800 acres of corn, beans, and vegetables of every kind. 15. -- The whole army was employed in destroying …

Butler, to destroy the Kengah tribe, and a party of 100 men under command of Col. Gansevoort to destroy part of the Mohawk tribe. Decamped at 3 P. M. and encamped on the east side of Seneca Lake. 21. -- A party of 100 men was detached under Col. Dearborn to destroy the towns on the west side of Kenkah lake. Decamped at 8 A. M., passed Candiah about three miles and encamped at 4 P. M. 22. -- Deca…

The latter was discharged in the space of one minute and a half. Dried provisions, &c. (Colonel Gansevoort's Journal notes the proceedings of this day as follows : " Passed the swamp so much dreaded from its " badness, without any difficulty and arrived at the forks of New- " town, where Capt. Reed with a detachment of 200 men had thrown " up a breastwork to guard some stores and cattle brought f…

After the discharge of 13 cannon, for our new ally the King of Spain, several oxen were killed for the officers and men. (Col. Gansevoort's Journal thus describes this atTair : "25. -- " This morning the small arms of the whole army were discharged " at 5 o'clock. The Vv'hole were drawn up in one line, with a field " piece on the right of each brigade, to fire a fen de joie -- ist. thir- " teen r…

Courtland, was employed in destroying corn up the river. 30 boats arrived from Tioga. 28. -- ^All the sick were sent to Tioga. The party under the command of Col. Butler, returned from destroying the Kengah tribe. They found a most beautiful country abounding in vast quantities of corn and vegetables of all kinds ; the same party under command of Col. Courtland, was employed up the river ; also, …

The whole went on board the boats. The fleet got under way at 6 A. M. 6. -- The fleet got under way at 9 A. M. Arrived at evening at Shawney Flats. 7. -- The whole fleet got under way at 9 A. M., and arrived at Wyoming at 2 P. M. When it hove in sight 13 cannon were fired by the garrison and returned by the fleet. The army encamped near the garrison. 8. -- Two hundred men were detached to repai…

The army moved that dav to Brink's Mills. SULLIVAN S CAMPAIGN. 93 14. -- Decamped at lo A. M. Passed the Wind Gap and encamped that night within 12 miles of Easton. 15. -- Decamped at 6 o'clock in the morning and arrived at Easton at 2 P. M. Encamped in the Forks of the Delaware on the bank of the Lehigh. 17. -- Our Brigade mustered. The Rev. Parson Evans delivered a discourse^ to the army in …

I dare not dignify it by the title of a history of the Mohawks, because a true history of that notable people never has been or never can be written. It is true that " Colden's Five Nations," " Morgan's League of the Iroquois," and Schoolcraft's notes are looked upon as authority on this subject, but Morgan's work is in a great measure legendary and altogether unsatisfying, and the same may be sai…

The Onondaga is the longest and the Seneca the shortest version. I will give you, however, a condensed rendering of the Mohawk tradition. It says : " In the sky above were man-beings, both male and female, who dwelt in villages, and in one of the lodges was a man and woman, who were down-fended, that is, they were secluded, and their lodge was surrounded by the down of the cat-tail, which was a s…

" And while he lay there he recovered from his illness and turning on his side he looked into the hole. After a while he said to his wife : * Do thou look thither into the hole to see what things are occurring there in yonder place.' Arid as she bent her body to look into the hole he took her by the nape of the neck and pushed her and she fell into the hole and kept falling into the darkness there…

Loon, thereupon, said to him, ' Thou should float thy body above the place where thou art in the depths of the water.' And then as Great Turtle arose to the surface, a large body of ducks of various kinds arose from the face of the water, elevated themselves in a very compact body, and went up to meet her. And on their backs did she alight, and they slowly descended, bearing her body on their back…

And they took this mud and coated the edge of Great Turtle's shell all around, and other muskrats dived and floated dead, but brought up mud, which was placed on Great Turtle's back. And the female man-being sat on the back of Great Turtle and slept. And when she awoke the earth had increased in size, and she slept again, and when she awoke, willows were growing along the edge of the water. And th…

" And when she examined one of the infants she found his flesh was nothing but flint and there was a sharp comb of flint over the top of his head, but the flesh of the other was in every respect like a man-being. " It seems that these two were antagonistic from their birth, the grandmother clinging to the flint child and driving the other into the wilderness ; and in his wanderings he came to the …

Returning shortly after he found them sleeping. Again and again he returned and still they slept. ' Thereupon he took a rib from each and substituted the one for the other and replaced each one in the other's body. It was not long before the woman awoke and sat up. At once she touched the breast of the man lying at her side, just where Sapling had placed her rib, and, of course, that tickled him. …

Their story of the deluge is practically as follows : This Messou went a hunting with lynxes, instead of dogs, and was warned that it would be dangerous for his lynxes in a certain lake near the place where he was. One day as he was hunting an elk his lynxes gave it chase even into the lake ; and when tihey reached the middle of it, they were submerged in an instant. When Messou arrived there and…

In fact it is said that he upholds the earth to this day. In one of the cases of the " Richmond collection " in the museum of the Montgomery County Historical Society, is an old rattle which can be traced back more than a hundred years. We have looked upon it as an interesting relic of the Senecas, a rude musical instrument. It is made from a turtle shell and skin, and in the enclosed space has be…

We shall know in time what there is to it." It is said that in no Amerind (the word Amerind is a new word coined by the Bureau of Ethnology to take the place of the three words " North American Indian." You will notice that it is composed or formed from the first four letters of American and the first three letters of Indian) language, could the Jesuit Priests find a word to express the idea of G…

This idea they accepted, and altlioug'h they did not or could not give him tlie attributes of the Christian's God, the Great Spirit became " a distinct existence, a pervading power in the universe, and a dispencer of justice." This idea the Jesuits had to accept, although in exceptional cases, they seemed to impress their idea of God upon some of their converts while they had them at the missions…

Parkman says : " The primative Indian believed in the immortality of the soul, and that skilful hunters, brave warriors, and men of influence went, after deafli, to the happy hunting-grounds, while the slothful, the cowardly, the weak were doomed to eat serpents and ashes in dreary and misty regions, but there was no belief that the good were to be rewarded for moral good, or the evil punished for…

It added half an empire to our domain, and, a century later, gave Edward Everett Hale opportunity to speak of Livingston as " the wisest American of his time," since " Franklin had died in 1780." When Livingston signed the Louisiana treaty he was fifty-six years of age, tall and handsome, with an abundance of hair already turning gray, which fell in ringlets over a square, high forehead, lending …

He lacked the creative genius of Hamilton, the prescient gifts of Jay, and the skill of Aaron Burr to marshal men for selfish purposes; but he was rt home in debate with the ablest men of ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON. lOI his time, a master of sarcasm, of trenchant wit, and of feUcitous rhetoric. It is likely that he lacked Kent's application. But of ninety-three bills passed by the legislature from 177…

His mortification that someone other than himself was appointed Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, made Hamilton's funding system, especially the proposed assumption of State debts, sufficient excuse for becoming an anti-federalist, and had he possessed those qualities of leadership that bind party and friends by ties of unflinching service, he might have reaped the reward that his …

George Clinton t'houglit the Presidency would come to him, and Hamilton inspired Jay with a similar notion ;but Livingston, sanguine of better treatment, was willing, for the sake of undertaking it, voluntarily to withdraw from the professional path along which he had moved to great distinction. The personal qualities which seemed to unfit Livingston for political leadership in New York did not st…

" Such proof on the part of France of good will toward the United States," he wrote Livingston, in September, 180 1, " would contribute to reconcile the latter to France's possession of New Orleans." But when, a year later, a French army, commanded by Leclerc, Napoleon's brother-in-law, had devastated St. Domingo and aroused the hostility of American merchants and shipmasters by his arbitrary trea…

As the year wore on, however, and Leclerc's death followed his report of his losses, Jefiferson became much easier, advising Livingston that French possession of Louisiana v/ould not be '* important enough to risk a breach of the peace." But before the ink had time to dry, almost simultaneously with the death of Leclerc, came the news, through Governor Claiborne of the Territory of Mississippi, th…

The treaty of 1795 stipulated that the King of Spain would " permit the citizens of the United States, for the space of three years from this time, to deposit their merchandise and effects in the Port of New Orleans, and to export them from thence, without paying any other duty than a fair price for the hire of the stores, and his majesty promises either to continue this permission if he find duri…

" Peace is our passion," he wrote Sir John Sinclair, and in the presence of threatening hostilities he did nothing to prepare for war. His message to Congress, which opened a few days after the reception of Claiborne's dispatch, made no mention of the New Orleans trouble. He talked about everything else, but- of what everybody else was talking about the President said nothing. The western settlers…

In the western country it is natural and grounded on honest motives ; in the seaports it proceeds from a desire for war, which increases the mercantile lottery ; among federalists generally, and especially those of Congress, the object is to force us into war if possible, in order to derange our finances ; or, if this cannot be done, to attach the western country to them as to their best friends, …

" In spite of affinities in manners and languages," said the Secretary of State, " no colony beyond the river could exist under the same government, but would infallibly give birth to a separate state, having in its bosom germs of collision with the east, the easier to develop in proportion to the very affinities between the two empires." This explained the true attitude of Jefferson and Madison.…

In other words, Jefferson saw only New Orleans ; he wanted only New Orleans and peace ; and to get the one and keep the other, Monroe was sent to Paris to secure " our rights and interests in the river Mississippi and in the territories eastward thereof." In the meantime Livingston had taken a different view. It is not clear that he appreciated the future value of the great northwest more than di…

France can have but three objects in the possession of Louisiana and Florida : The first is the command of the Gulf ; second, the supply of her islands ; third, an outlet fior the people, if her European population should be too gresLt for her territory." " Having treated this subject more at large in a paper which you have had the goodness to read," Livingston continued, " I will not dwell upon …

This cession will only be valuable to the latter from its giving them the mouths of the river Mobile and other small rivers which penetrate their territory, and in calming their apprehensions relative to the Mississippi. It may be supposed that New Orleans is a place of some moment ; it will be so to the United States, but not to France. The right of depot which the United States claims and will n…

France, by grasping at a desert and an insignificant tow.i, and thereby throwing the weight of the United States into the scale of Britain, will render her mistress of the new world. By the possession of Louisiana and Trinidad the colonies of Spain will lie at her mercy. By expelling France from Florida and possessing the ports on the Gulf, she will command the Islands. The East and West Indies wi…

A glance at the map shows that he offered to purchase half an empire, leaving to France only a small corner in the southwest bordering on Texas. His argument fixed its limitation. " First, let France cede to the United States so much of Louisiana as lay above the mouth of the river Arkansas, West Florida, NewOrleans, and the territory on the west bank of the ^Mississippi." Talleyrand thought the r…

Such a discussion at such a time, therefore, was certain to have the most profound influence, and from January 10 to April 10, 1803, Livingston kept his reasons constantly before the First Consul and his ministers as the only policy to conserve the true interest of France, to impair the strength of England, and to win the affection of the United States. " I have never yet had any specific instruct…

I have dwelt upon the importance of a friendly intercourse between them and us, both as it respects their commerce and the security of their islands ; and I have proposed to them the relinquishment of New Orleans and West Florida as far as the River Perdito, together with all the territory lying to the north of the Arkansas, under an idea that it was necessary to interpose us between them and Cana…

For three months he had considered it ; but not until Sunday, April lo, did he make known his intention ; then, in a moment, without warning, he let his desire be known to Talleyrand and Marbois. " I can scarcely say that I cede it," said Napoleon, " for it is not yet in our possession. If, however, Ileave the least time to our enemies, I shall only transmit an empty title." Marbois agreed, Talley…

In writing the Minister of Marine, Talleyrand explained that " the empire of circumstances, foresight of the future, and the intention to compensate by an advantageous arrangement for the inevitable loss of a country which was going to be put at the mercy of another nation -- all these motives have determined the Government to pass to the United States the right it had acquired from Spain over the…

In his argument, therefore, Livingston dangled before him a picture to feed his hatred -- a picture of Trinidad and Louisiana forming a base from which England might drive Spain from Florida, command the islands of the Gulf, and receive into its ports the riches of the West Indies and the treasures of Mexico. Thus, Livingston's presence becomes a great factor in the sale. It took six months to com…

Had he known the action of Lucien Bonaparte, who had secured the recession from Spain, and of Joseph's insincerity, upon whom he even depended to help along the negotiation, he might well have taken counsel of his fears ; but the great real estate dealer enjoyed driving a good bargain, and so he argued and held aloof, professing that the United States " had no disposition to extend across the rive…

" It may, if things should take a turn favorable to France," he wrote Madison, April 17, " defeat all we may do, even at the moment of signing You will recollect that I have been long preparing this government to yield us the country above the Arkansas, and I am therefore surprised that our commission should have entirely lost sight of the object." Livingston's fears proved groundless, and the di…

At first, he thought he would cede a part of it to the Indians in exchange for their holdings on the east side of the Miseissippi, and " shut up all the rest from settlement for a long time to come." "I have indulged myself in these details," he writes James Dickinson, August 9, 1803, " because the subject being new it is advantageous to interchange ideas on it and to get our notions all correcte…

The Executive in seizing the fugitive occurrence which so much advances the good of their country have done an act beyond the constitution." When such views reached France, Livingston hurried off several letters to Jefferson, assuring him " that were the business to do over again it would never be done. They think we have obtained an immense advantage over them. Though the appearance of war had s…

He did not believe the constitution gave Congress power to acquire additional territory ; he dreaded the concentration of power in the executive, and perhaps his teachings did more than all other men to inspire the popular mind with that dread ; but when he discovered that the time required to secure a constitutional amendment, exciting, as it would, a long debate in Congress, might defeat the Lou…

In 1776 the American people not only broke the bonds binding them to old England, but forged other bonds which would bind them to a new political, social and industrial order, and of those who hammered these new ties into harmony with the longing and aspirations of men, Thomas Jefferson stands among the foremost Fathers. He got his light from within. He believed in the people, in the government wh…

Livingston who had the vision. The distinguished Chancellor, however, did not prove as careful and painstaking a lawyer as he was bold and successful as a diplomatist, for in drawing the claims convention, he neglected to include all claims, estimated their total much too low, omitted a rule of apportionment, and, most grievous of all, left the final decision as to what claims should be selected f…

The scandal growing out of this convention deepened and cankered until Livingston quarreled with the American Claims Commissioners, excited remonstrances from the British government, and nagged the United States consul at Paris into charging him not only with blind and insatiable vanity, with hints of corrupt and criminal motives, but with ^' imbecility of mind." " I considered the claims conve…

His dispatches to Madison became a sealed book in the Department of State; his letters to Jefferson were not suffered to shadow the President's halo ; his work, practically completed before Monroe's arrival in Paris, did not reach the eye or the ear of the American people. The great achievement filled the air, rejoicing the country as no other event since the treaty of peace with England, but litt…

But. however this may be, the fact is deeply imbedded in history that Livingston was the first American to suggest the acquisition of that then vast and dimly outlined country which has been known for over a hundred years as the Louisiana Purchase -- stretching west and northwest of the Mississippi, above the winding Arkansas, beyond the waters of the Missouri, across plains and flower-covered pra…

This paper, diverging somewhat from the beaten higliway of history, has for its purpose, to rescue from threatened oblivion the memory of a noble man and the record of his monumental work. A few months since, while attending a convention held in one of the churches of Easton, the discussion having turned to the subject of temperance, I remarked that it might be proper to state that we were congreg…

My curiosity to learn more was now stronger than ever, and the centennial anniversary of the formation of the association being near, I resolved to unearth, if possible, the full history of the society and the life of its founder. Being utterly in the dark as to any authority upon the subject, I made known my desire for information through the medium of newspapers circulating in the historic towns…

The authors boast of him and his achievement, but, living yet in the dim light of his day, they were evidently unable to perceive fully the grandeur of the moral movement which he had inaugurated. Hence, their works are taken up mainly with discussions of the Maine liquor law, which then agitated much of the country. Armstrong's and Hay's books have become very rare, but copies of both may be foun…

The classic pages of Tacitus tell us of the unbridled license which the northern tribes of Europe gave to their appetites and of the scenes of drunken riot which characterized their social events. The chase, the battle aind the feast were their delights, and when done with life, their ambition was to reside in the immortal hall of Valhalla. There, each day having fought before the palace, an…

In a sermon entitled, " On Dissipation," by John Wesley, published in 1788, he opens his discourse with this statement: " Almost in every part of our nation, more especially in the large and populous towns, we hear a general complaint among sensible persons of the still increasing dissipation. It is observed to diffuse itself more and more in the court, the city and the country." During the clos…

So, within some of the more morally sensitive souls of the country, commenced to be experienced an unhappy sense of our degradation and depth of misery. Cries of warning and expostulation began to be heard in the land. One of these rose higher than the others, even echoing down through the years to our own time. It was that of Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia. Standing in relation to Dr. Clark a…

Moreover, the confirmed toper can read the pamphlet, not only without umbrage, but with interest ; for there is an intensity, a directness ol statement in its style w*hich hold the reader, even to this day, with t^he simple art of its literary merit. Besides, there appears running through its pages a quaint humor, which no doubt had much to do with gaining its popularity throughout the length and …

In this connection might be quoted the author's interpretation of a familiar myth : " The fable of Prometheus, on whose liver a vulture was said to prey constantly, as a punishment for his stealing fire from heaven, was intended to illustrate the painful efifects of ardent spirits upon that organ of the body." Here is a curious anticipation of the modern gold cure, as it took form in the fertile…

For Dr. Rush had said : " Let good men of every class unite and besiege the general and state governments, with petitions to limit the number of taverns, to impose heavy duties upon ardent spirits, to inflict a mark of disgrace, or a temporary abridgement of some civil right upon every man convicted of drunkenness. * * * Xo aid the operation of these laws, would it not be extremely useful for the…

It is always a pleasure to visit the homes of eminent persons who long since have died. To look upon the scenes that they once beheld ; to walk in the paths that they once trod, is like coming into familiar intercourse with the intimate friend of the honored dead, and we go from the places hallowed by such associations with a sense of having gained almost a personal acquaintance with the great who…

For a period of four years the boy attended the school which afterwards developed into Williams College, at the end of which time the family changed its home to Pownal, Vermont. Of the details of the domestic life of the Clarks, we have no record. Nothing is known of the wife of Ithamar Clark, except that her maiden name was Sarah Simonds, and that she was a daughter of Benjamin Simonds, who had b…

His daily occupation was an open book, as thrilling as lurid chapters of fiction, and the letters of it remained upon his soul in characters of unquenchable fire. Abraham Lincoln, when a young man, having gone down the Mississippi as a flat-boatman, visited the slave market of New Orleans. He was deeply aflfected by the harrowing scenes he there beheld, and he registered a vow that should ever the…

It is interesting to reflect that the living spirit of the great divine may have been a quickening influence in the heart of this thoughtful youth ; that the story of the heroic life of Brainerd may have appealed to his rehgious and enterprising nature ; that the memory of one or both of these devoted men may have contributed to the molding of his mind into the worthy fashion in which it subsequen…

Clark had been phenomenal ; from a bartender to the dignity of a profession, and all in the space of four or five years ! Dr. Clark was but twenty-one when he came to Moreau. Having previously satisfied the preliminary requirements, he was advanced to the full privileges of a physician in a license granted by the judge of the court of common pleas for Washington County, in the month of June follow…

Armstrong seems to attribute the heavy drinking in Moreau to the leading industry, stating that " all the towns and counties in the vicinity of the ever-rolling Hudson were teeming with lumber," Whatever may have been the predisposing cause of the general and excessive use of intoxicants in England, it is not difficult to point out the conditions which contributed to the growth of tJhe same pract…

Clark, in all extremities of weather, rode on horseback to the bedsides of his widely separated patients, the burden of the drink-evil weighed heavily upon his mind. . He was a man of energy ; one who was not easily thwarted in the carrying out of his plans. But here was a task that seemed too hard for him. What could one man accomplish in the presence of such indifference and overwhelming opposit…

The ancients, dimly apprehending this sublime truth, conceived of the universe as a gigantic animal, a cosmic leviathan, vVhole, complete and harmonious in all its parts, while philosophy has ever striven, though in vain, to demonstrate by processes of reason what the higher authority of intuition has proclaimed in all generations. Dr. Rush, by reason of a liberal education, supplemented by medic…

Clark's own words, " they with one accord began to make excuses and brand our scheme as Utopian and visionary." Previous to this, however, he had taken the initiative in the work among his neighbors, for he says : " I returned to Moreau like a bow well bent that had not lost its elasticity, and resumed the labor there." The determination he exhibited was remarkable, and one cannot dwell upon the d…

After riding on horseback about three miles, through deep mud of clay road, in the breaking-up of winter, the doctor knocked at his minister's door, and on entrance, before taking seat in the house, he earnestly uttered the following words: ' Mr. Armstrong, I have come to see you on important business.' Then, lifting up both hands, he continued : ' We shall all become a community of drunkards in t…

Resolutions were adopted, the chief of whidi was that " in the opinion of t^is meeting it is proper, practicable and necessary to form a temperance society in this place ; and that the great and leading object of this society is wholly to abstain from ardent spirits." A committee, of which Dr. Clark was chairman, was appointed to prepare the Bylaws for the organization, and twenty-three persons en…

As there exists an apparent contradiction as to the particular roof under which this historic meeting was held, one account stating that it occurred at the Mawney house and another at the neighboring school house, it is proper to say here" that this discrepancy is removed by the statement made in Judge Hay's book, page 22, that the session opened in the Mawney house, but that " the society complet…

by the scoffs of the intemperate world ; und'iscipHned in arms of even moral suasive tactics for warfare, and unable of themselves to encounter the Prince of Hell, with his legions of instrumentalities * * * vvere, nevertheless, the seed of the great temperance reformation." That Armstrong deplored the narrow ideas which prevailed to the discouraging of woinen from fraternizing with the society, …

Words cannot express, nor the mind conceive, the power of the prodigious enginery which, distributed in a diversity of directions, is being exerted daily, hourly and momentarily by this great association of consecrated women. And here let me say that not only did the temperance reformation come into existence within the borders of our commonwealth, but that the late Frances Elizabeth Willard, the …

He was now at the age of seventy-three, but enjoyed, with the exception of a gradual failing of the sense of sight, an almost unimpaired mental and physical vitality. But the gloom before his eyes grew remorselessly thicker and thicker until every familiar scene and the faces of family and friends faded from 'his view. In the custody of this great affliction, the spirit of Dr. dark was not crushed…

While in terms of affectionate banter, alluding to his spirit of determination and his practice of proposing to formulate the mind of public meetings in resolutions, he was sometimes spoken of as " Resolution Billy," the people knew that beneath the crust of self-reliant earnestness dwelt the loving humanitarian and the undying fires of a moral volcano. Unlike the experience of the most of those w…

He said : " I feel, my friends, that Providence calls us to perform no mean office to-day. We are to convey to their final resting place the mortal remains of one who has been a power in tlhe world for great good to the children of men -- whose name will enter into history as that of a benefactor of the community ; and whose influence, as an element in the temperance reformation, will run on into…

There, two miles from the historic spot where he unfurled the banner of a world-wide moral movement, his as'hes mingled with the soil that his devotion has made of honorable distinction. Thus, have I attempted to disentangle, gather up and lead in continuous discourse the scattered threads which I have found in my study of this neglected subject. If I have rendered more coherent and tangible the l…

Ingalsbe, of Sandy Hill, \viho interested himself in my search for data, and feel myself under obligations to the SchnylerviUe Standard and to the Glen Falls Times for gratuitously publishing my request for information. Commitnications. From the letters relating to the subject in hand which I have received, I glean the following. I might say that the discrepancy which appears in the descriptions o…

There was singing, prayer, a poem by Lura Boies, &c." Statement of Judge Lyman H. Northrup, of Sandy Hill, w<ho remembers Dr. Clark : " He always carried upon his countenance a mild, genial, pleasant expression ; dressed with neatness, and appeared to be a good sort of a fellow, and exhibited not; at all that asperity which we associate in our minds with the active reformer." BIRTH AT MOREAU OF …

Miss Mott is a daughter of James ^lott, who was a co-laborer in the temperance cause with Dr. Clark, and his neighbor at Clark's Corners : " As I remember Dr. B. J. Clark, he was a cultured, refined man, with fine sensibility. He ihad a kind word and look for every one that was worthy of it. He was of medium height and size. His hair and eyes were black ; his foreihead high and broad. His mouth an…

Later, he moved to Glens Falls and was proprietor of a drug store for a number of years in that village. Then he returned to Clark's Corners wifh his daughter, Mrs. Alfred C. Farlin (widow), as housekeeper, and remained at his 132 NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, homestead for several years. He lost his eyesight and was entirely blind. Then he returned to Glens Falls, and died in 1866. He …

Clark were removed from this, the place of their first burial, and were re-interred at Glens Falls. The site of the Union Meeting House is unoccupied, the present chapel standing on other ground, some distance to the west. The Union Meeting House was Dr. Clark's place of worship, and his pastor, Rev. Lebbeus Armstrong, resided at the parsonage, one-half mile south of the church and on the west sid…

The house has disappeared, but the cellar walls stand almost intact. About forty rods south of the corners and on the east side of the road is the site of the school-house in which the Moreau society held its meetings. A dwelling house, the home of Mr. George Haviland, now occupies that plot of ground. The sites of the Union Meeting House, parsonage, Mawney house. Dr. Clark's house, and the schoo…

The individual may govern himself after a fashion ; but to govern wisely another man, or, still harder, great masses of men, even where there has been community of public interests, of language, religion and custom -- aye, there has been the rub! Human history has often been called a great tragedy; but no tragic element is more ghastly or more overwhelming than the catastrophes in which most gover…

" The hills are shadows, and they flow From form to form ; and nothing stands ; They melt like mists, the solid lands ; Like clouds they shape themselves and go." If this mutation be true of organic changes in the physical earth, working through immeasurable aeons, it is even as dramatically true of organized social life. We are learning to take a new view of history. It is no longer regarded …

Once the study of history was thought to be hardly more than learning a catalogue of royal djmasties ; tihe names of famous generals and statesmen : of battles lost and won ; of court intrigues ; of the vicissitudes of kingdoms ; of the prowess of pioneers and adventurers ; of " hair-breadth 'scapes i' the imminent deadly breach ;" of the pride, pomp and circumstance of glorious war ! Such inciden…

We may not be able to agree with Middleton, who says in his life of Cicero, " Human nature has ever been the same in all ages and nations ;" but it is probably true that nothing has changed less in primal qualities than the bases of life. Empires have perished, civilizations vanished, governments have rotted, languages, territorial lines, seeming sit-fast institutions, have passed into nothingness…

While its history reeks with blood, carnage, oppression, injustice, cruelty, in which sad facts the pessimist hears '' the eternal note of sadness,''' and unwisely rushes into a denial of the moral order -- it has its sun-bright triumphs of rectitude, and the illuminating picture of the steady and glorious advance of mankind from brutishness into an orderly, moralized life. Readers of Matthew Arno…

Fact will merge in fact; law will melt into a larger law ; one deep of knowledge will call unto another deep ; much that the proudest scientist of our day calls knowledge will vanish away ; many theories now popular will be dissected and pruned and will be found to be " such stuflf as dreams are made on," before the most enlightened humanity of a future age catches any one phase of nature in its s…

Man, once the companion of the Dragons of the prime That tare each other in their slime, ihas flowered into an intellectual, reasoning, moral being -- " how infinite in faculty ; in form and moving how express and admirable ; in action how like an angel ; in apprehension how like a god." All this progress, however, has cost its price. Step by step has the race advanced from primeval animalism t…

The family group, the clan, the tribe, the town, the city, the state, the nation, have been stages in the process of closer and closer co-operation. Confederation, association, combination, require adjustment, compromise, regulation. Hence the germ of government. To live together each man must give way in something to the other. Man is gregarious ; he is naturally social ; instinctively he avail…

The curtain has not yet fallen, and will never fall, upon the last act. We live in a world which is always in process. Nature's genesis is unceasing. " Without haste, witfhout rest," her creative and re-creative processes are always operating. When one undertakes to talk about government he is drawn instinctively to some historic models. As thinking persons realized in every age the insufficie…

He had sat at the feet of the great master of dialectic, and, with the hot enthusiasm of a reformer, painted a picture of the idealized man, living in a community where the supremacy of the intellect was to be recognized as authoritative, where the individual and family were to be absorbed in the state, and where a lofty communism was to be established, and in which Virtue, Truth, Beauty and Goodn…

It had no place in our work-a-day world. It interests us now chiefly from the superb literary skill with which it was constructed ; a prodigy of intellect and art. But it was not the Democratic Ideal. Aristotle -- fhat other imperial Greek genius, whom Dante called " the master of those that know ;" who had less imaginative mysticism than Plato, but a stronger hold on realities ; whose fertile gen…

Vast literatures had their birth in his philosophic system. His political theories have become only academic. The world had no use for them. He was far from the Democratic Ideal. No one will deny that Plato and Aristotle are among those Dead but sceptered sovereigns who still rule Our spirits from their urns. Their sovereignty does not come, however, from their contributions to political science…

What more natural than that a new social order should arise, into which should be gathered all classes of men, glorified, purified, ready for the Advent of the conquering Galilean, which was then almost universally anticipated. But alas, the Augustine City of God has never come. It will never come, as a political organization. Its home is in the human heart. It is not Lo here or Lo there ; and c…

One, however, of the world's intellectual sovereigns, who lived in the uplands of the imagination, who traversed the gamut of human experience, and of whom we may say, if of any man, " He saw life steadily and saw it whole ;" in dealing with the relation of man ro the civic order, never indulged in illusion -- William Shakspeare. It has often been said to his reproach that his dramas are not insti…

He recognized the fact that society is swayed by selfish interests oftener than by a devotion to high ideals. He read history with a microscopic eye. Dowden, one of his most acute interpreters, says, " Shakspeare studied and represented in his art the world which lay before him. If he prophesied the future it was not in the ordinary manner of prophets, but only by completely embodying the present,…

At last, by action of the inexorable, inescapable moral order, " the wheel is come full circle ;" evil is strangled. To such an equitable intellect, the idea of a Platonic Republic or Bacon's "New Atlantis" would be as impossible as impracticable. He knew too well the plasticity of human adjustments, the shifting, fleeting, rising and sinking of the social order, the possibilities of disturbance a…

In spite of all criticisms, his view of life followed more closely than the pretentious systems of closet philosophers, the gleam of the Democratic Ideal -- progression and growth. We may consider government, or rather the social organism, as a working basis on which men manage to live together, receiving from and giving to each other protection for life and property. There is a noble phrase of Ed…

We need not analyze the genesis of the force that has kept men under government. There are almost as many theories as there are inquirers. It has been said to be compulsion, physical force by one school of writers ; by another school, agreement, a contractual relation. For many generations a popular theory was that authority is given to rulers by God, or the eternal reason ; this theory cost K…

The Castle of Indolence seldom has any vacant rooms. The exceptionally strong will, the " monarch mind," is rare. The principle of obedience to authority is strongly developed in the race, especially among nations where the supreme power is supposed to rest upon some religious sanction, as was the case with European governments until recent rears, and as is the case with most Oriental nations to-d…

It is when the people have been ground into hunger by excessive taxation and public extravagance that they have risen, like the blind giant pulling down the temple of Gaza, and swept away dynasties and royal pageantry. Such, it is said, was the mainspring of the French Revolution -- one of the most dramatic events in history. Undoubtedly the economic problem has always been, and always will be, a …

Such were the migrations of the tribes of Northern Europe, and of the Asiatic hordes, which were a powerful element in the overturn of the Roman Empire. In late years there has been an increasing interest in the biographies of the great men who have moved the world. 'No view of history is more interesting than this study of personalities. It has sometimes been pushed to an absurd extent, in the at…

In favor of the permanence of any existing order however, there has always been one conserving factor-- habit. Prof. J. M. Baldwin in his instructive work, " Mutual Development," calls authority " that most tremendous thing in our moral environment," and obedience " that most magnificent thing in our moral equipment." Psychologists also tell us that habit, one of the phenomena of consolidation, in…

The great social heritage of the past has been the evolution of law and order. There has been through the ages a sweep of collective forces that has taught men self-control, and has constantly raised the ethical standard. A damnosa hereditas of ferocity, selfishness, and brutality, has been a part of the heritage ; but there has been enough of salt in the general character to rescue liberty and ju…

" If you enthrone it (liberty) alone as means and end, it will lead society first to anarchy, afterward to the despotism which you fear," says ]\Iazzini, one of the shining liberators of the last century. "' If every man has all the liberty he wants, no man has any liberty," says Goethe. In other words, the rights of man must be articulat*»d with the duties of man. Freedom cannot exist without or…

We are now told that a reaction has set in against democracy ; that the results of the democratic ideal, so far as attained, are a failure ; that the tyranny of the mob has succeeded to that of the single despot ; that in the most liberal governments of the world, even in the United States and England, where the problem of selfgovernment has been most thoroughly worked out, the people are forgetti…

He also speaks of " the high and dry optimism which presents the existing order of things as the noblest possible, and the undisturbed sway of the majority as the way of salvation." If you care to read the summing up of the tremendous indictment against modern democracy, you will find it in Hobhouse's striking work, " Democracy and Reaction." This thouglitful author claims that the new imperialis…

We need no candid, sympathetic, and enlightened critic like James Br>xe, to tell us where our republic is weak, in spite of our Titanic power, immense prosperity, roaring trade, restless energy, chartered freedom. We know that, in many respects, " the times are out of joint." The sordid and incapable governments of many of our large cities ; the venality among those to whom great public trusts hav…

These evils are not the result of popular government ; they are incident to our transitional civilization. They have always existed, probably in a grosser form than to-day. Would a return to monarchical government better things? Possibly we have anticipated too much of organized democracy. It is still aiming for its ideal. As we have said of liberty, democracy is not a finality ; it is only a stat…

It is not in riot, revolution, anarchy, by frenzied declamations against those who are doing only what nine-tenths of the human kind would do for themselves, if opportunity were aflforded ; but by using the power which free government gives to the people, and correcting the evils by what Gladstone called " the resources of civilization." Out of the roar and brawl of the times will come a sharp exa…

" The glory of the sum of things " does not come with a flash. There are always remedial agencies actively at work. They have saved civilization again and again, when the economic order seemed about to break down, when eflFete governments have fallen in cataclysms which have almost wrecked the social fabric ; when mankind seemed to be wandering in a wilderness of ignorance, doubt and despair. Huma…

There is always more good than evil ; otherwise rociety could not hold together. If progress has been slow, it is because it ought to be slow. In our economic order, the trust, the trade-unions -- often in our day instruments of danger -- are factors that in the end will tend to good. They are a part of the great synthetic movement which is unifying the i-ace. They will lead to a greater coherency…

The people must perhaps re-cast much of their legislation, to make sure that their public franchises and natural monopolies are not exploited by the few at the expense of the many. In a country where the press is allowed unlimited freedom, and where every man has a share in the government, where laws are flexible and easily modified, there should be little difficulty in curbing the pretensions of …

Whatever is rotten, vulgar, base, corrupt, in our body politic will be eliminated by the same law of progress, moral, physical, social, spiritual, which has brought the race to its present transitional status. Lincoln's ideal of a government of the people, for the people, by the people, will not perish from the earth. Up from the scum and reek of corruption -- unless the ancient power of conscienc…

If there has been neglect in either department, the delinquents must be responsible to the public and these Gentlemen ought to be acquainted with what has been alledged I cannot but repeat my intreaties, that you will hasten your operation with all pofsible dispatch ; and that you will disencumber yourself of every article of baggage and ftores which is not necefsary to the expedition. Not only i…

This will be accompanied .by Commissions for the four New York Regiments and the 4th Pennsylvania .... in three packages Col. Broadhead has informed me that he h. s a prospect of undertaking an expedition against the Mingoes with the aid of fome of the friendly Indians ; I have encouraged him by all means to do it, if practicable ; fhould it take place, it will be an useful diversion in your f…

He gives the following account of their ftrength, movements & designs .... That the whole force they will be able ten afsemble will not exceed fifteen hundred fighting men whites and Indians, which they themselves conceive will be eqjal to double the number of our men in the woods. . . . That Butler with a party of both sorts was at Conofadago in number 3 or 400. . . . That at Chemung and the a…

The informant is a deserter from Cortlandts Regiment who fays he was carried off by force to the Indians and took the present opportunity of leaving them.... He appears not to be destitute of fhrewdness and as his apprehensions were pretty strong I am inclined to think as far as his knowledge extended he was sincere. . . . In my last I forgot to inform you that on the 15th instant at night Brigadi…

The post you may recollect was extremely formidable by nature and ftrongly fortified .... The enemy, it is faid, fupposed it capable of defying our whole force. The opposite point had it not been for fome unavoidable accidents would probably also fallen into our hands .... The enemy from these had time to come to its relief and have fince repofsed ftony point, which we evacuated and destroyed. I a…

By this you will perceive, that he intended to begin his march towards the Seneca Country on the 7th or 8th of last month, and will also fee his reasons for fetting out fo early. On the receipt of your letter of the 13th ulto. I immediately desired the Commissary General to form a magazine for your future supply at fome fafe and convenient place in your Rear, and on receiving that of the 20th I re…

The latter has promised to make use of every exertion to raise the quota his Brigade is to furnish. He will advise you of the difficulties he has to encounter and I really fear if he should be able to procure the whole number at least (which I have not much reason to believe he will) so much time will elapse that the troops now to the Northward, will be drawn away before any part are sent to take …

About one hundred men will be sufficient at Skenesborough ; twenty-five men at Fort Edward and the Remainder I should advise to be stationed at the Junction of the North Branch of Hudson's River with the Western one or a little to the Westward of it, where the Road cut by the Tories in 1776 from Crown point comes to the River. Those would at once cover the North Western parts of this County and th…

LETTER OF GOUV. MORRIS. Phila. 26th Jany., 1778. Sir, Permit me to recommend to your Exccrlency's favorable attention and thro you in such manner as you may think most proper to the Legislature an application of the Bearer of this letter. From the conversation I have had with him on the subject his design appears to me well calculated for the purpose of serving in some Degree our Western Frontie…

Sir Congress having directed a very considerable part of the Army to be sent home on Furlough, I am pressed exceedingly to make a payment of three months wages, and I am very desirous to accomplish it,but the want of money compells me to an Anticipation on the Taxes by making this payment in notes ; to render this mode tolerably just or useful, the notes must be punctually discharged when they fa…

Van Berkel. The confidence I have in the Recommendation of Mr. Boers and my Desire of rendering our Country agreeable to Mr. Hogendorp, leads me to take the Liberty of introducing him to your Excellency and to request that in case he should visit New York, he may be favored with your friendly attentions. I have the Honor to be with great esteem and Regard, Your Excellency's most ob't & most hT^l…

I have strongly inculcated this idea upon Congress in every letter since I became thoroughly acquainted with Indian Affairs, and they have now come to suitable resolutions on the subject. God grant that they may be shown proper exertions and crowned with success. The dispatches which accompany this render it needless to be particular. Mrs. Duane joins me in respectful Compliments to Mrs. Clinton. …

Griffith in consequence of a Resolution of Congress, making the Inhabitants of the States subject to tryal by the Civil Law and for his bad behavior since he has been Indulged with a Parole. I arrived here yesterday and to-morrow proceed as to Gov. Trumball. I am. Dear Sir, Your most Obed. Serv't, Israel Putnam. His Excellency, Gov. Clinton. P. S. The three pieces of heavy cannon which I mention…

I have therefore thought it advisable to send those already tried to be confined in Livingston Goal, together with Cadwallader Coldon Esquire, wiho> stands charged with the like offense as will appear by the Examination of Jacob Davis taken before the Chairman of the Committee of Shawangonk and now transmitted to you by Lieutenant Rose, who has the care of the Prisoners. One of the Prisoners tells…

I believe the General has endeavored to take every necessary step to supply the Deficiencies which yet remain, Tho from the unavoidable delays of the officers of his Brigade he hath met with much trouble, as I have seen I believe, every letter he has received on the subject. I have ordered Capt. McKean to command all the drafts of Tryon County, as I knew it was agreeable to all the Inhabitants of …

Those Drafts serve as Pilots. The drafts from Colonel Vrooman's Regiment at Schohary with an officer from the same Regiment, I have ordered to a Block Hou:se and Picqueted Fort, which I ordered to be built last Winter at Cobus Kill. Those under Capt. Stockwell and a certain Lieut. Putnam, appointed byColonel McCrea, are ordered to take Post at Skeenesborough and Fort Edwards. I should be glad to s…

Containing five huivdred acres, lying on the West side of the Wallkill (being part of a tract of land granted by letters Patent to Frederick Morris and Samuel Heath) into two or three Lotts, as it may suit best for Sale, and to sell the same and give a good Sufficient deed for it, and I give and bequeath to my son Charles, four hundred and thirty-three pounds New York Currency of the money arising…

To have and to hold the said farm with all and singular the Rights, members and appurtenances thereof to my said Son Tames, his heirs and assigns forever, which farm I valued only at Seven hundred pounds, to him, and I give to my said Son, my Negro boys David and Isaac. And I give and bequeath to my Son George the sum of five hundred and Seventy pounds of the money I have at Interest and whate…

Therefore it is my Will She shall be free and I hereby manumit her & make her free from Slavery but so as to Exclude and utterly to Debar all and every person and persons whatsoever from making any Covenant Bargain or agreement with her to enslave or bind her for life or for any Number of years or to use any other way or means to prevent or Defraud her of her time, liberty or wages that she may ho…

Pillows and one of my small looking glasses, teatable and Some Chairs for her Room, as she is now about Seventy four years of age and is or Soon will be uncapable to take Care of her Self, therefore It is my Earnest Request that her sons may behave as they have always done in a kind and dutiful and affectionate manner to her While She lives. I give to my Grandson Charles Clinton Junior, my plate h…

It is my Will I be buryed in the Graveyard in my own farm, beside my Daughter Catherine and it is my Will the said Graveyard be made four Rods Square and An open free Road to it at all times, when it Shall be necessary and I nominate and appoint my said three sons Charles, James and George, Executors of this my last will, to see the same Executed accordingly and I order that my said Executors- pro…

In choosing as its first subject for a memorial marker " The Half-Way Brook," the New York State Historical Association has made a dignified and wise selection, for it may be truly said that no stream in the Adirondack Wilderness is more noted in history and the Annals of the Border, than this, whose appellation " Half- Way " comes from the fact that it was nearly equidistant from Fort Edward on t…

And whether the fleet, moccasined warriors went westward over the Sacandaga trail to the big bend of the Hudson and so on to the Iroquois strongholds, or w^hether they came to the " Great Carrying Place," at what is now Fort Edward, through Lake Champlain and Wood Creek, or chose the trip through Lake St. Sacrament past the site of the future Glens Falls, down to Albany, or the west, all must cr…

On an old manuscript map without date in the New York State Library, it is noted as " Sdhoone Creek," while the Earl of Louden's map in 1757 has it marked as " Fork's Creek." ^ Rogers, the famious scout and ranger, called it " Bloody Brook." In Col. James Montresor's Journals, in 1757, it is styled " Half- Way Run." On the Robert Harpur map, in the Secretary of State's office at Albany, it is call…

Hubbell died from this disease and was buried at that spot. Our Secretary, R. O. Bascom, in his " Fort Edward Book," p. 15, states " this was the first recorded burial in the country." ^ Possibly a corruption of " Skene," from the founder of Skenesborough. ^ The New York World of February 2d, 1896, had a sketch of this powder horn, which, at that time, was in the museum of Major Frank A. Betts. …

popular name of " Half-Way Brook," bestowed upon it we know not by whom nor when, but which appearing in contemporary diaries, documents, letters and official despatches of " The Seven Years War," has ever since clung to it, and will while its waters run to the sea/ It will be remembered that in the Campaign of 1755, Sir William Joiinson had constructed a corduroy road from Fort Edward to Lake G…

Holden* in his History of Queensbury, says : " At an early period in the French War, a block house and stockaded enclosure, in which were also several store houses, had been erected at the Half- Way Brook. The date of its construction would seem to have been in 1755, ior in that year the French scouts and runners, reported to their chief that the English had erected posts every two leagues from t…

It was capable of accommodating upwards of eight hundred men, and was protected by redoubts, rifle pits, earthworks, and a palisade of hewn timbers." The walls of the fort were pierced for cannon as well as for rifles, or muskets. In passing it may be said that from time to time, this, like all similar frontier forts of the time, was enlarged, strengthened, abandoned, destroyed, rebuilt, as the e…

These latter had with them two small pieces of artillery, and two blunderbusses, and at the narrows, albout eight miles north of Whitehall, they crossed over from Lake George, and succeeded in sinking several of the enemy's boats, and killing several of the oarsmen. A heavy south wind favored the escape of the remainder." ^ During this summer several bloody affrays took place between Fort Edward …

Henry at 12 o'clock with Gen'l Webb &c, arrived at the Half-Way at 3, met the carpenter going up that I had sent for, to carry on the work there." It does not appear, however, that anything was done with this fortification on account ■of Montcalm's victory a few weeks later. The Campaign of 1757 teemed with scenes of bloodshed along the frontier, and the history of the Fort Edward and Lake George…

Holden says, " Captain de Poulharies of the Royal Rousillon regiment, with an escort of two hundred and fifty soldiers, accompanied the survivors of the massacre, upwards of four hundred, with the one piece of cannon, a six pounder, granted by the ninth article of capitulation, as a token of the Marquis de Montcalm's esteem for Lieutenant Coflonel Monro and his garrison, on account of their hono…

From here he proceeded down Lake George, meeting with disaster and defeat at the hands of seven hundred of the enemy, three days afterward. June 8th, 1758, Lord Howe, the pride and idol of the army and his nation, a nobleman by birth and nature, took command of the forces, which for weeks 'had been gathering at Ford Edward. On June 20th we find him at the " Half- Way Brook " with three thousand me…

On the 22nd this part of the army moved to the lake, and was shortly joined by General Abercrombie and the rest of the troops, making a grand army of fifteen thousand, which was soon to go to disaster and defeat before the rude earth breastworks and felled trees at Ticonderoga, Abercrombie's defeat occurred July 8th, 1758, and he quickly returned to the head of the lake and strongly entrenched his…

These various diaries speak in many places of work of this menial character (for which these men had not enlisted, and apparently did not care for), at and about " Half- Way Brook." General Putnam in his Journal says, " During our stay at the lake, after our return from Ticonderoga, we were employed in almost everything." The Journal of an unknown Provincial Officer (see note), says, under date of…

It also gives the names of a number of people who died from disease and were buried at the " Half -Way Brook." He describes the leturn of the English and Colonials from Ticonderoga, and under date of July 8th, being at the head of the lake that day, there is the following entry in his book : " Saturday, Post came from the Narrows ; and they broug'ht Lord How to ye Fort, who was slain at their lan…

One of the several scouting parties sent out by Montcalm to attack and harass the soldiers and convoys on the " Lidius " (Fort Edward) road and to take scalps and provisions, made one of their usual hawk-like descents, falling upon Col. Nichol's regiment, then quartered at the " Half-Way Brook " block house. Pouchet says, the detachment, five hundred in number, was made up of Canadians and Indians…

Dakin, and Lieut, Curtis and Ensn Davis, and two or three non-commissioned officers and privates, to the number of fourteen men, who were brought into the Fort, all scalped but Ensn Davis, who was killed within 20 or 30 rods from the Fort ; and there was one grave dug, and all of them were buried together, the officers by themselves at one end, and the rest at the other end of the grave ; and Mr. …

We have also an account that there are seven of our men carried into Ticonderoga, which make up the number of those that were missing." "21 -- Friday, in ye afternoon, a party of about 150 went out to find more men that were missing, and we found 4 men who were scalped, and we buried them, and so returned ; and at prayer this evening we were laromed by a false outcry. Nicholas Brown died and was …

St. de Luc la Corne, a French-Colonial officer, attacked an English force of one hundred and fifty men consisting of teamsters and an escort of soldiers, while on their way from the station at the Half-Way Brook, to the Camp at the head of the lake. The account here given is as nearly as can be remembered in the language of a Mr. Jones of Connecticut, who was a member of Putnam's company which arr…

As they resumed their march in the morning, and before the escort had fairly cleared the picketed enclosure, they were suddenly attacked by a large party of French and Indians which laid concealed in the thick bushes and reeds that bordered the stream, and lined the road on both sides, along the low lands between the block house and the Blind rock. " The night previously to this ambuscade and slau…

" The provisions and stores had been plundered and destroyed. Among the supplies was a large number of boxes of chocolate which had been broken open and their contents strewed upon the ground, which dissolving in the fervid heat of the summer sun, mingled with the pools and rivulets of blood forming a sickening and revolting spectacle. The convoy had been ambushed and attacked immediately after le…

While the work of burial was going forward the rangers occupied themselves in searching the trails leading through the dense underbrush and tangled briars which covered the swampy plains. Several of the dead were by this means added to the already large number of the slain. On the Siide of one of these trails, the narrator of these events found the corpse of a woman which had been exposed to the m…

Schuyler, near Albany, and the following year was shipped to England as a curiosit)'. Far and wide it was known as ' the scalped ox.' The bodies of the dead were buried in a trench near the scene of the massacre, a few rods east of the picketed enclosure. " The French version of the affair, states the oxen were killed, the carts burned, the property pillaged by the Indians, the barrels of liquor d…

Rogers was too late to accomplish his purpose, and on his way back he fell into an ambush near Fort Ann, about a mile from "Clear River" (or the Half-Way), on August 8th, and was badly defeated by M. Marin and his force of three hundred Regulars, Canadians and Indians. In this fight, Israel Putnam was taken prisoner, but was later released from captivity through the intercession of Col. Schuyler."…

The diaries of those days show that, as yet, the temperance idea half a century or so afterward to arise in this locality, had no place among the hard drinking, hard swearing, and hard fighting men of that period, as these extracts from the Thompson Journal prove : ''August 28, Monday : Certified that Cape Breton was taken, and 63 cannon shot at Fort Edward and small arms. In joy we made "^ For …

Under date of Sept. 9th, it says : " Saturday : the picquet guard went to meet the teams ; a Sargeant and four men went forward to tell Half W^v Brook guard that the picquet was coming; and the Indians shot the Sergeant and scalped him before one man got to him ; and then the Indians ran away." "' With the close of the Abercrombie Campaign, and the abandonment of headquarters at Lake George, For…

Thompson returned home safely, served at Concord and Lexington, and, his biographer says, finally "became one of the most useful men in the Town of Woburn." To him is attributed the discovery of the " Baldwin Apple," and a monument commemorating this gift to mankind, has been erected to his memory, making applicable in peculiar fashion Milton's lines, " Peace hath her victories no less renowned th…

Major West was placed in charge of the small garrison, and the post was equipped with artillery and the necessary supplies and ammunition. A number of huts, barracks and log structures were also built here at this time (whose sites were easily traceable in the early thirties), some of which were in existence at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, and were used by the pioneers of Queensbury, as…

In passing the writer wishes to state that the committee in charge of the erection of the memorial tablets, have chosen to give the block house, back of the Parker residence, the name of " The Seven Mile Post," applied to it in Knox's Military Journal under date of June 28, 1759, and to the fort on the " brickyard road," now called Glenwood Avenue, the name of " Fort Amherst." The remains of the d…

Under the dates of July 1st and 4th he writes the following, which is an epitome of the events going on at that time : " From the time that we came to this place till now, nothing remarkablbut e ; bateaux, cannon and all kinds of stores carrying up, forces marching daily to the Lake and duty exceeding hard." " The Artillery was carried from Fort Edward to Lake George and was guarded by Col. Wil…

The captures of Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point, late in July, and the subsequent surrender of Quebec, brought in a great degree, a peace, quiet and safety to the northern frontier to which it had long been a stranger," Some time between 1759 and 1762, at the period following the conquest of Canada, General Amherst granted a permit to ona Geofifrey " Cooper," or Cowper, as his name is spelled i…

In September, 1759, James DeLancey, Governor of the Colony of New York, issued a proclamation calling attention to the availability for settlers of " three Several Spotts of cleared Ground, two of them capable of containing half a dozen Families each and the other not less than twelve." These clearings were located on the site of the picket forts at Green's Bridge, where the Imperial Wall Paper Mi…

This consisted of a plot of forty-four ten acre lots, six lots deep from north to south, and eight lots deep from east to west, forming an oblong square, intersected by central highways and necessary roads. The center lots being reserved for public buildings. Here, the village was to have been located, but it had been ordained otherwise. ',The settlement was made at " The Falls," and nothing but t…

There, too, was located a ford for watering horses and cattle, which was in use up to the present century. According to William L. Stone, the well-known historical writer and authority, General Burgoyne detached Baron Riedesel with three battaHons to *' John's Farm between Forts George and Edward," in order to keep open the roadway between the two places, and also to look after and progress …

After the seizure of Fort Edward by General Stark and his command, a fortified camp commanding the Lake George road was constructed by the Americans in the vicinity of Glens Falls, cutting off the possibility of a retreat by Burgoyne to the northward. William L. Stone, in his " Burgoyne's Campaign," says : " This was located on the site of Fort Amherst." The Marquis de Chastelleux in his trav…

IX of the Saratoga " Convention," " All Canadians and persons connected with the Canadian Establishment," "Independent Companies" (which included the Tories) and miscellaneous followers of the army were to be conducted by the shortest route to the first British post on Lake George, under the same conditions of surrender as the regular troops. Pursuant to this agreement, soon after the capitulation…

The last massacre of which history has record occurred in June or July of this year, when a man by the name of Koon, from Kingsbury, and three laborers, on their w^ay to Fort George, were found dead and scalped on the highway near the " Half-Way Brook." " In the fall of 1780, Major Christopher Carleton of the 29fch Regiment, with about twelve hundred men, regulars, Tories and Indians, made his hi…

Thus intimately connecting this spot once more with the stirring events of that time, Holden's History of Queensbury states that lohabod Merritt, son-in-law of Abraham Wing, the founder, and father of Joseph, the first white child born in' this town, erected the first frame house in Queensbury, on one of the sections of the Town Plot, near the *■ Half-Way Brook," which was burned at this time. Co…

This was destroyed by an act of vandalism about 1870. Lately the Fort Ann "Grange" has set on foot a project to erect another monument in place of the former marker. It would seem to be proper and fitting for this Association to encourage and forward this movement in every possible way. '"Topographically, the "Half-Way Brook" in any State but New York, with its abundant streams and superior wate…

Among the more important of the older enterprises on its banks was Forbes and Johnson's Forge in 181 1, for making plough-shares, situated on the Forge Pond, an expansion of the "Half-Way," one and a half miles west of Glens Falls; Jeremiah Briggs' Grist and Saw ]\Iills, at what is now the Brickyard, frequented from far and near, in the early part of the century ; Champlm's Tannery near the s…

And so we leave this famous brook, connected with which are the names of many of those brave men who afterward became celebrated in national fields of glory ; and bid adieu to the places made noted by the exploits of the two Putnams, Stark, Schuyler, Warner, Stevens, Waterbury, and a host of lesser military Colonial officers, whose experience, beginning on the shores of this inland stream, was to …

At the present time the principal extensive business enterprises brickyards, on thefrom about a mile " Halfthe Way " in site of theWarren old fort,County, are three saw mills and two cider mills. In Washington County at Patten's Mills, there is a grist mill, and at Griswold's Mills, a saw mill and a grist mill. On the " branch " at West Fort Ann, is located a planer and cider mills. Owing to …

Lawrence ; but before losing its identity in the surging waters of the North Atlantic, it laves the frowning cliflfs of Quebec, thus forming a shimmering and living band, which unites for all time the valley of the Holy Lake and the Plains of Abraham ; those two eventful spots where the French dominion received its first check and final overthrow, thus placing, in the end, the North American Conti…

A site for the marker at Half-Way Brook having been decided on at the intersection of Glen Street and Glenw'ood Avenue, on the road to Lake George, a glacial bowlder as a base for the tablet was placed in position there through the kindness and generosity of Henry Crandall, Glens Falls. A legal title to the spot was obtained, and the tablet ordered from W. J. Scales, Glens Falls. In October, 1905,…

It was burned in 1780 in the Carleton Raid at the time of the "Northern Invasion." REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MARKING HISTORICAL SPOTS. I9I THE SEVEN MILE POST. Was a block house with a stockaded enclosure which occupied the rise of ground north of the brook and west of the road, near the residence of W. H. Parker, from 1755 to Revolutionary times. During that period it was one of the most impor…

HOLDEN, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Tourists' Handbook. Rept. of Trustees, Pa. Soldiers' & Sailors' Home. Rept. of the Gettysburg National Park Oommission. Regulations for the Government of the Gettysburg National Park. Officers of the State Society of Cincinnati of Georgia, 1790. Celebration Address of the 25th Anniversary of the Loyal Legion. Military Order of the Loyal Legion. Experienc…

VH, No. i. Annals of Iowa. Third Series, Vol. VII, No. 2, Annals of Iowa. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. 1 93 The Essex Institute Historical Collection, 1905. (Two Numbers.) Ohio Archaeological & Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, Jan. 1905, No. I. Ohio Archaeological & Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, Apr. 1905, No. 2. The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. 3, July, 1905, No. 2. Public Papers of…

At the top is the coatof-arms of New Amsterdam and a tomahawk, arrow and Dutch sword. At the bottom is shown the seal of New York State. Upon a ribbon, surrounding the centre medallion, is the legend : New York State Historical Association, and the dates 1609 and 1899; the former being the date of the discovery of New York, and the latter the date of the founding of the Historical Association. Rev…

The name of such corporation is the " New York State Historical Association." The principal objects for which said corporation is formed are: First. To promote and encourage original historical research. Second. To disseminate a greater knowledge of the early history of the State, by means of lectures, and the publication and distribution of literature on historical subjects. Third. To gather bo…

The number of directors of said corporation, to be known as the Board of Trustees, is twenty-five. The names and residences of the directors of said corporation, to hold office until the first annual meeting, and who shall be known as the Board C'f Trustees, are : James A. Roberts, Bufifalo. Timothy L. Woodrufif, Brooklyn. Daniel C. Farr, Glens Falls, Everett R. Sawyer, Sandy Hill. James A. Hold…

In Witness Whereof, We have hereunto severally subscribed our names and affixed our seals this 21st day of March, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninetv-nine. DANIEL C. FARR, (l. s.) JAMES A. HOLDEN, (l. s.) ELMER J. WEbf, (l. s.) GRENVILLE M. INGALSBE, (l. s.) MORRIS P. FERRIS. (l. s.) State of New York. County of Warren. On this 2ist day of March, in the year one thousand eight hu…

Holden, Morris Patterson Ferris, Grenville M. Ingalsbe, Anson Judd Upson, Robert C. Alexander, Hugh Hastings, William S. Ostrander, William L. Stone, William H. Tippetts, Harry W. Watrous, William O. Stearns. Timothy L. Woodruff, Everett R. Sawyer, Robert O. Bascom. Elwyn Seelye, Frederick B. Richards, Asahel R. Wing, Elmer J. West, Pliny T. Sexton, Sherman Williams, Henry E. Tremain, John Boulton…

To disseminte a greater knowledge of the early history of the State, by means of lectures and the publication and distribution of literature on historical subjects. Third. To gather books, manuscripts, pictures, and relics relating to the early history of the State, and to establish a museum at Caldwell, Lake George, for their preservation. Fourth. To suitably mark places of historic interest. Fif…

No member shall be suspended or expelled without first having been given ample opportunity to be heard in his or her own defense. Section 3. The first Board of Trustees shall consist of those designated in the Articles of Incorporation, who shall meet as soon as may be after the adoption of this Constitution and divide themselves into three classes of, as nearly as may be, eight members each, such…

The officers of the Association shall be a President, three Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, and an Assistant Secretary, all of whom shall be elected by the Board of Trustees from its own number, at its first meeting after the annual meeting of the Association, and shall hold office for one year, or until their successors are chosen. Temporary officers shall be chosen by the Incorporator…

Any member may secure membership which shall descend to a member of his or her family qualified under the Constitution and By-Laws of the Association for membership therein, in perpetuity, by the payment at one time of two hundred and fifty dollars. The person to hold the membership may be designated in writing by the creator of such membership, or by the subsequent holder thereof subject to the a…

The notice of such meeting shall specify the object thereof, and no business shall be transacted thereat excepting that designated in the notice. Section 3. Ten members shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of the Association. Section 4. The Board of Trustees shall arrange for the holding of a series of meetings at Lake George during the summer months, for the readings of original papers on his…

Notice of a proposed amendment with a copy thereof must have been mailed to each member at least thirty days before the day upon which action is taken thereon. The adoption of an amendment shall require the favorable vote of twothirds of those present at a duly-constituted meeting of the Association. BY-LAWS. ARTICLE I. Members. Candidates for membership in the Association shall be proposed by …

At each of such meetings it shall consider and act upon the names of candidates proposed for membership. Section 5. The Board of Managers shall each year appoint committees to take charge of the annual gathering of the Association at Lake George. ARTICLE IIL President. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Association and of the Board of Trustees, and perform such other duties as ma…

Before assuming the duties of his office, the Treasurer-elect shall with a surety to be approved by the Board execute to the Association his bond m the sum of one thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties as Treasurer. Section 3. The President shall, thirty days prior to the annual meeting of the Association, appoint two members of the Association who shall examine t…

Such Committee shall direct the business of the Association between meetings of the Board of Trustees, but shall have no power to establish or declare a policy for the Association, or to bind it in any way except in relation to routine work. The Committee shall have no power to direct a greater expenditure than fifty dollars without the authority of the Board of Trustees. ARTICLE VIII. Procedure. …

A committee of three shall be chosen by the Association at its annual meeting, to nominate Trustees to be voted for at the next annual meeting. Such Committee shall file its report with the Secretary of this Association - at least thirty days prior to the next annual meeting. The Secretary shall mail a copy of such report to every member of the Association with the notice of the annual meeting at …

A copy thereof shall be sent to each member by the Secretary with the notice of meeting, and shall be headed " Independent Nominations." If the Nominating Committee fails for any reason to make its report so that it may be sent out with the notice of the annual meeting, the Society may make its own nominations at such annual meeting. ARTICLE X. Amendments. These By-Laws may be amended at any duly…

City. F. D. Howland, Sandy Hill, N. Y. Frank S. Witherbee, Port Henry, N. Y. Cortland de Peyster Field, Peekskill, N. Y. *DeceasecI. MEMBERS. Abbott, Rev. Dr. Lyman I" TheNewOutlook," York. 287 Fourth Ave., Abrams, A. W. Illion. Alexander, Hon. D. S. Buffalo. Allen, Hiram Sandy Hill. Ames, EdgarRev.M. Applegat€, Dr. Octavius Fort 'Edward. Newburgh. Arnold, Hon. Alvaro D. Sandy Hill. Arthur, Mi…

Clark,' Rev. WalterJoseph A. B. 755 Main St., Geneva. Clark, 4th Ave. and 22nd St., N. Y. Clowe, Chas. Waldron 280 Broadway, N. Y. Cole, Norman Glens Falls. Conway. John B. Argyle. Cook, Dr. Joseph Tottenham 636 Delaware Ave., Buffalo. Cook, Joseph Mrs. Ticonderoga. Cook, J. Hervey Fishkill-on-Hudson. Cooke, Rev. Jere K. Hempstead. Cooley, Dr. James S. Glen Cove. Coolidge, Thomas S. Glens Falls. …

Fowler, Albert N. C. Glens Falls. Gillespie, Nelson Hoosick Falls. Gilman, Hon. Theodore P. 425 West End Ave., N. Y. Green, James Lake George. Griffith, Prof. E. W. Glens Falls. Gunnison, Hon. Royal A. Juneau, Alaska. Hatch, Hon. Edward W. Appellate Division, New York. Haight. Hon. Albert Albany (Court of Appeals). Hall, Fred J. Tarrytown. Halsey, Frances W. 146 W. 119th St., N. Y. Albany. Hastin…

G. 68 St. Paul's Place, Brooklyn. Jessup, Morris K. 195 Madison Ave., N. Y. Jessup, Rev. Charles A. Greenport. Joline, Dr. Adrien H. 54 Wall St., N. Y. Jordan, Warren S. 984 Main St., Peekskill. Kellogg, Rev. Dr. Charks D. Sandy Hill. Kellogg, J. Augustus Glens Falls. King, Rev. Dr. Joseph E. Fort Edward. King, Charles T. Glens Falls. Kirb- Dr. R. M. Potsdam. Knapp, George P. Lake George. Kniel, T…

Louise Harden- San Luis Obispo, Cal. burg-hL. FrankHn Messer, 403 Main St., Buffalo. Michael. Edv>rard 741 Delaware Ave., Buffalo. Mills, D. O. 634 Fifth Ave., N. Y. Mills, Col. Stephen C. (U. S. A.) Governor's Island, N. Y. Harbor. Moore. Commodore John W. Bolton Landing. Morgan. Rev. Dr. D. Parker 3 E. 45th St., N. Y. Morton. Hon. Levi Parsons 681 Fifth Ave., N. Y. Mott. Dr. O. H. Fort Edward.…

P. 400 Putnam Ave., Brooklyn. Richards, Frederick B. Ticonderoga. 2IO NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Richardson, Rev. George L. Glens Falls. Richards, A. N. Sandy Hill. Roberts, Joseph Banks 141 Broadway, N. Y. Roberts, Mrs. James A. 256 Broadway, N. Y. Roberts, Hon. James A. 256 Broadway, N. Y. Rogers, Howard J. Education Dept, Albany. Rowell, George C. 81 Ohapel St., Albany. Si^mson, W…

Princeton, N. J. Stackpole, George F. Riverhead. State Normal and Training School Plattsburgh. Stearns, Rev. W. O. Glens Falls. Steele, Mrs. Esther B. 352 W. Clinton St., Elmira. Stevens, Rev. Dr. C. Ellis, Ill Montague St., Brooklyn. Stevens, Benjamin F. Bbston, Mass. Stieglitz, Edward Bolton. Stilwell, Giles H. 1906 W. Genesee St., Syracuse. Stillman, Dr. William OHn 287 State St., Albany. Stone…

Wicker, Miss Julia Frances Ticonderoga. Willey, Rev. John H. 466 East i8th St., Brooklyn. Williams, Dr. Sherman Glens Falls. Williams, Charles H. 690 Delaware Ave., Buffalo. Willis, James D. 40 East 39th St., N. Y. Wilson. Henry Applegate 574 Madison St., Brooklyn. Wing, Asahel R. Fort Edward. Wright, Miss Abbie A. Sandy Hill. Woodruff, Hon. Timothy L. 8th Ave. and iSth St., Brooklyn. Woodard, Hon…

In this work special effort has been made, first, to ascertain the places to which the names belonged as given in official records, to ascertain the physical features of those places, and carry back the thought to the poetic period of our territorial history, " when the original drapery in which nature was enveloped under the dominion of the laws of vegetation, spread out in one vast, continuous i…

Trumbull wrote, " They were not proper names or mere unmeaning marks, but significant appellatives conveying a description of the locatives to which they were given." Coming down to us in the crude orthographies of traders and unlettered men, they are not readily recognized in the orthographies of the educated missionaries, and especially are they disguised by the varying powers of the German, the…

The locatives in Indian deeds and m original patents are the only guide to places of original application, coupled with descriptive features where they are know;i. No vocabularies of the dialects spoken in the lower valley of the Hudson having been preserved, the vocabularies of the Upper- Unami and the M'insi-Lenape, or Delaware tongues on the south and west, and the Natick, or Massachusetts, on …

Many of them were particular names in the form of verbals indicating a place where the action of the verb was performed ; occasionally the name of a sachem is given as that of his place of residence or the stream on whidh he resided, but all are from generic roots. To the Algonquian dialects spoken in the valley of Hudson's River at the time of the discovery, was added later the Mohawk- Troquorian…

Presumably the dialects were more or less mixed and formed as a whole \Vhat may be termed " The Hudson's River Dialect," radically Lenape or Delaware, as noted by Governor Tryon in 1774. In local names we seem to meet the Upper-Unami and the Minsi of New Jersey, and the Mohegan and the Natick of the north and east, the Ouiripi of the Sound, and the dialect of the Connecticut Valley. In the belt of…

In all dialects tbe most simple combina;tions appear in geographical names, w'hidh the late Dr. J. H. Trumbull resolved into three classes, viz. : " I. Those formed by the union of two elements, which we will call adjectival and substantival, or groundword, with or without a locative suffix, or post-position word meaning 'at,' 'in,' 'on,' 'near/ etc. [I use the terms 'adjectival' and ' substantiva…

Most of these latter, however," he adds, " may be shown by strict ana'iysis to belong to one of the two preceding classes, which compri.se at least nine-tenths of all Algonquian local names which have been preserved." For example, in Class I, Wapan-aki is a combination of Wapan, " the Orient," " the East," and aki, " Land, place or country," unlimited; with locative suffix {-ng, Del., -it, Mass.),…

The meaning of this class of suffixes is the same ; they locate a place or object that is at, in, or on some other place or object, the name of Which is prefixed, as in Delaware Hitgunk, " On or to a tree ;" Utenink, " In the town ;" Wachtschunk, " On the mountain." In some cases the locative takes the verbal form indicating place or country, Williams wrote " Sachimaiionck, a Kingdom or Monarchy."…

" The adjective," wrote Horatio Hale, " when employed in an isolated form, follows the substantive, as Kanonsa, ' house ;' Kanonsa-kowa, ' large house ;' but in general the substantive and adjective coalesce." In some cases the adjective is split in two, and the substantive inserted, as in Tiogen, a composition of Te, " two," and ogeit, " to separate," which is split and the word ononte, " mountai…

No two of the early scribes expressed the sound of the same name in precisely the same letters, and even the missionaries who gave attention to the study of the aboriginal tongues, did not always write twice alike. Original sounds cannot now be restored. The diacritical marks employed by Williams and Eliot in the English alphabet, and by Zeisberger and Heckewelder in the German alphabet, are helpf…

They serve to illustrate the dialect spoken in the valley as handed down by European scribes of different languages, as well as the local geography of the Indians. The earlier forms are mainly Dutch notations. A few Dutch names that are regarded by some as Indian, have been noticed, and also some Indian names on the Delaware River which, from the associations of that river with the history of…

Credit has been given for interpretations where the authors were known, and especially to the late eminent Algonquian authority, J. Hammond Trumbull. Special acknowledgment of valuable assistance ismade to the late Dr. D. G. Brinton, of Philadelphia ; to the late Horatio Hale, M. A., of Clinton, Ontario, Canada; to the late Prof. J. W. Powell, of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C, and…

Muhheakun'nuk, " The great waters or sea, which are constantly in motion, either ebbing or flowing," was written by Chief Hendrick Aupaumut, in his history of the Muhheakun'nuk nation, as the name of Hudson's River, in the Stockbridge dialect, and its meaning. The first word, Muhheakiin, was the national name of the people occupying both banks of the river from Roelof Jansen's Kill, a few miles so…

Schoolcraft and Trumbull to be derived from Maingan (Cree Maheggun), " Wolf " -- " an enchanted wolf, or a wolf of supernatural powers." From their prevailing totem or prevailing coat-of-arms, the Wolf, the French called them Loups, " wolves," and also Manhingans, including under the names " The nine nations gathered between Manhattan and Quebec." While the name is generic its application to Hudso…

It is an Iroquoian generic applicable to any principal stream or current river, with the ancient related meaning of '" beautiful river." It is said that the Mohawks called the river Cohohataton. I have not met that name in records. It was quoted by Dr. Schoolcraft as traditional, and of course doubtful. He wrote it Kohatatea, and in another connection wrote " -atea, a valley or landscape." It is …

Anthony's River," a name now preserved as that of one of the hills of the Highlands, and it is claimed that French traders visited the river, in 1540, and established a chateau on Castle- Island, at Albany.' and called the ^ " Moliegans is an anglicism primarily applied to the small band of Pequots under Uncas."' (Trumbull.) While of the same linguistic stock, neither the name or the history of U…

It is an Abnaki term and belonged to the dialect spoken in Maine, where it became more or less familiar to French traders as early as 1535. That those traders did locate trading posts on the Penobscot, and that Champlain searched for their remains in 1604, are facts of record. The name means " Quiet " or '* Still Water," It would probably be applicable to that section of Hudson's River known as " …

From the former Manhattan, and from it also the name of the Indians "among whom " the Dutch made settlement in 1623-4, otherwise known by the general name of Wickquaskecks, as well as the name of the entire Dutch possessions.' Presumably the entries on the Spanish-English map were copied from Hudson's chart, for which there was ample time after his return to England. Possibly they may have been co…

had a chart from his own tracing or from that of a previous explorer, which he forwarded to his employers, or of which they had a copy, when he wrote in his Journal : " On that side of the river called Mannahata;' as a reference by which his employers could identify the side of the river on which the Half-Moon anchored,' Presumably the chart was drawn by Hudson and forwarded with his report, and t…

Menatan (Hudson's Mannah-atin, -an or -in, the indefinite or diminutive form), ' The small island,' or the smaller of the two principal islands, the Manhates of Adriaen' Block.* Mandhtons, ' People of the Island,' Mandhatanesen, ' People of the small islands.' " ^ The Eastern-Algonquian word for " Island " (English notation), is written Miinnoh, with formative -an (Munnohan). It appears of record,…

Pagganck, so written in Indian deed of 1637, as the name of Governor's Island -- Peconuc, Denton/ is an equivalent of Pagdn'trnk, meaning literally " Nut Island." Also written Pachgan, as in Pachganunschi, "White walnut trees." (Zeisb.) Denton explained, " Because excellent nut trees grew there." ^ The Dutch called it " der Nooten Eilandt," literally " The Walnut Island," from whence the modern na…

Governor's Island was sold in the same year by the Tappans, Hackinsacks and Nyacks, the grantors signing themselves as " hereditary owners." Later deeds were signed by chiefs of the Raritans and Hackinsacks. ^The Objibwe (Objibwai) were a nation of three tribes living northwest of the great lakes, of which the Ojibwai or Chippeway represented the Eagle totem. It is claimed by some writers that th…

Hell-gate, a vulgar orthography of Dutch Hellegat, has long been the popular name of the place. It was conferred by Adriaen Block, in 1614-16, to tlie dangerous strait known as the East River, from a strait in Zealand, which, presumably, was so called from Greek Hellc, as heard in Hellespont -- " Sea of Helle " -- now known as the Dardanelles -- vi^hich received its Greek name from Helle, dauglite…

Meitates means '■' Small island " as a whole ; Monach'nong means a " Place on the island," or less than the whole, as shown by the claims of the Indians in 1670, that they had not previously sold all the island. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 453.) It is the equivalent of Menach'hen, Minsi ; Menach'n, Abn., " Island," and ong, locative ; in Mass. Mimnoh-hanauke. (See Mannhonake.) Eghquaons and Aquehonga…

The island was owned by the Raritans who resided " behind the Kol," and the adjoining Hackensacks. (Deed of 1655.) Its last Indian occupants were the Nyacks, who removed to it after selling their lands at New Utrecht. (See Paganck note.) Minnahanock, given as the name of BlackweH's Island, was interpreted byDr. Trumbull from Munndhan,, Mass., the indefinite form of Munnoh, " Island," and auke,…

Wouter van Twiller purchased the tract, in 1629, for the use of the Dutch government and established thereon a tobacco plantation, with buildings enclosed in palisade, which subsequently became known as " the litJtle village of Sapokanican -- Sappokanican, Van der Donck -- and later (1721) as Greenwich Village. It occupied very nearly the site of the present Gansevort market. The " Strand road " i…

The syllable pon may denote a bulbous root which was found there. (See Passapenoc.) The same name is probably met in Saphorakain, or Saphonakan, given as the name of a tract described as " Marsh and canebrake," lying near or on the shore of Gowanus Bay, Brooklyn. (See Kanonnewage, in connection with Manhattan.) Nahtonk, Recktauck, forms of the name, or of two different names, of Corlear's Hook, m…

The record reads : " Where a few Rockaway Indians from Long Island, with their chief, Niande Nummcrus, had built their wigwams." (Brodhead.) "And a party of freemen behind Corlear's plantation, on the Manhattans, who slew a large number and afterwards burned their huts." The name of the Chief, Niande Nniiniicrus, is corrupted from the Latin Nicanda Numericus, the name of a Roman gens- De Vries wro…

Schoolcraft conferred, on several points, terms from the Ojibwe or Chippeway, which may be repeated as descriptive merely. A hill at the corner of Charlton and Varick streets was called by him IsJipatiiiau, "A bad hill." ^ A ridge or cliff north of Beekman Street, was called Ishibic, " A bad rock ;" the high land on Broadway, Acitoc ; a rock rising up in the Battery. Abie, and Mount Washington, Pe…

" Moskehtu, a meadow." (EHot.) Papinemen (1646), Pahparinnamen (1693), Papirinimen (modern), are forms of the Indian name used interchangeably by the Dutch with Spuyten Duivel to designate a place where the tideoverflow of the Harlem River is- turned aside by a ridge and unites with Tibbet's Brook, constituting what is known as the Spuyten Duivel Kill, correctly described by Riker in his " Histo…

which, winding around t'he northerly end of Manhattan, connected the Spuyten Duyvil with the Great Kill or Harlem River, gave its name to the land contiguous to it on either side." The locative of the name is clearly shown in the boundaries of the Indian deed to Van der Donck, in 1646, and in the subsequent Philipse Patent of 1693, the former describing the south line of the lands conveyed as exte…

It was utilized as a landing place by the Indians whose path ran from thence across the marsh " to the main," Later, the path was converted to a causeway or road-approach to what is still known as King's Bridge. A ferry was established here in 1669 and known as " The Spuyten Duyvil passage or road to and from the island to the main." In 1692 Governor Andros gave power to the city of New York to bu…

Spuyten Duyvil, now so written, was the early Dutch nickname of the Papirinimen ford or passage, later known as King's Bridge. ■' By our people called," wrote Van der Donck in 1652, indicating conference by the Dutch prior to that date. It simply described die passage as evil, vicious, dangerous. Its derivatives are Spui, " sluice ;" Spidt, " spout ;" Spuiten, " to spout, to squirt, to discharge w…

It may, however, had for its foundation the antics of a very black and muscular African who was employed to guard the passage and prevent hostile Indians as well as indiscrete Dutchmen from crossing, and who, for the better discharge of his duty, built fires at night, armed himself with sword and firebrands, vociforated loudly, and acted the cl^aracter of a devil very well. At all events the Afric…

In the patent to Hugh O'Neil (1666) : " To the Kill Shorakapoch, and then to Papirinimen," /. c, to the cove and thence east to the Spuyten Duyvil passage. " The beautiful inlet called Schorakapok." (Riker.) Dr. Trumbull wrote " Showaiikuppock (Mohegan), a cove." William R. Gerard suggests ''P'skurikuppog (Lenape), 'forked, fine harbor,' so called because itwas safely shut in by Tubby Hook,^ and a…

Y., xiii, 494), and the place designated may have been in previous occupation. Names on the East from Manhattan North. Keskeskick, "a pijce of land, situated opposite to the flat on the island of Manhattan, called Keskeskick, stretching lengthwise along the Kil which runs behind the island of Manhattan, beginning at the head of said Kil and running to opposite of the high hill by the flat, iiame…

Harlem) as the name of the hilly tract or district of Keskeskick, described as lying " over against the flats of the island of Manhattan." It is now preserved as the name of Cromwell Lake and creek, and seems to have been the name of the former. The original was probably an equivalent of Menuppek, " Any enclosed body of water great or small." (Anthony.) ' \' \\k Neperah, Nippiroha, Niperan, Nepee…

^This translations is from Nepe (Nepa, Nape, Kippc, etc.), meaning "water," generally, and Komuk, "place enclosed, occupied, limited," a particular body of water. " The radical of Nipe is pe or pa, which, with the demonstrative and definitive ne prefixed, formed the noun nippe, water." (Trumbull.) Nape-ake {-aukc, -aki) means "Water-land," or water-place. Nape-ek, Del., Nepeauk, Mass., means " Sta…

Brinton.) Presumalbly, in application 'here, " a monster," i. e. a stone not of the native formation usually found in the locality.^ Wickquaskeck is entered on Van der Donck's map as the name of an Indian village or castle the location of which is claimed by Bolton to have been at Dobb's Ferry, where the name is of record. It was, however, the name of a place from which it was extended by the ear…

In general terms it means " Place," limited or enclosed," a particular place as a field, garden, house, etc., as distinguished from auke, " Land, earth, unlimited, unenclosed." ^The Indians are traditionally represented as regarding boulders of this class, as monuments of a great battle which was fought between their hero myth Micabo and Kasbun his twin brother, the former representing the East o…

A part of the territory of this tribe is loosely described in a deed of 1682, as extending- " from the rock Sigbes, on Hudson's River, to the Neperah, and thence north until you come to the eastward of the head of the creek, called by the Indians Wiequaskeck,^ stretching through the woods to a kill called Seweruc," including " a piece ■of land about Wighqueskeck,'' i. e. about the bead of the cree…

Bolton translated it from the form, Weicquasguck, " Place of the bark kettle," which is obviously erroneous. Dr, Trumbull wrote: " From Moh. Weegasoegiick, ' the end of the marsh or wet meadow.' " Van der Donck's Wickquaskeek has the same meaning. It is from Lenape Wicqua-askek -- wicqua, "end of," askek, '' swamp," marsh, etc. : -ck, -eck, formative. Pocanteco, Pecantico, Puegkandico and Perghand…

Pleasant to the Hudson at Tarrytown, where it is associated with Irving-'s story of Sleepy Hollow. The Dutch called it " Sleeper's-haven Kil," from the name which they gave to the reach on the Hudson, " Verdrietig Hoek," or " Tedious Point," because the hook or point was so long in sight of their slow-sailing vessels, and in calms their crews slept away the hours under its shadows, " Over against …

Its derivative, however, is disguised in its orthography, and its locative is not certain. Conjecturall)% Alipk is from IVdlagk (surd mutes g and p exchanged), "An open place, a hollow^ or excavation." The locative may have been Sleepy Hollow. Tarrytown, which some writers have derived from Tarwe (Dutch), "Wheat" -- Wheat town -- proves to be from an early settler whose name was Terry, pronounced …

In 1734 it was known as "The old-mill stream." Jamazvissa, quoted as its Indian name, seems to be an aspirated form of Tamaqiiese, " Small beaver." (See Jamaica.) Sing=Sing -- Sinsing, Van der Donck ; Sintsing, treaty of 1645 -- usually translated, " At the standing- stone," and " Stone upon stone," means " At the small stones," or " Place of small stones " -- from fOssin " stone ;" is, dimin…

Gaits- [chet of the Bureau of Ethnology, " an equivalent of Wabenaki -ke'dshwan, -kidshuan, suffixed verbal stem, meaning ' Running S-wiftly,' ' Rushing water,' or current, whether over rapids or not. sas-katchczvan, Canada, ' The roiley, rushing stream ; assisku, 'Mud, [dirt.' (Cree.) The prefix ki or ke, is notihing else than an abbrejviation of kitchi, ' great,' ' large,' and here ' strong.'…

Schoolcraft of Noten, Chip., " The wind." " Bounded on the south by Scroton's River " (deed of 1703) ; " Called by the Indians Kightawank, and by the English Knotrus River." (Cal. N. Y, Land Papers, 79.) Titicus, given as the name of a branch of the Croton flowing from Connecticut, is of record Mutighticos and Matightekonks, translated by Dr. Trumbull from Mat'uhtugh-ohke, " Place without wood," …

It is an equivalent of A^c^vds (Len.), "promontory." (See Nyackon-the-Hudson.) Nannakans, given as the name of a clan residing on Croton River, is an equivalent of N'arragans (s foreign plural), meaning " People of the point," the locative being Croton Point. (See Nyack.) This clan, crushed by the war of 1643-5, removed to the Raritan country, where, by dialectic exchange of n and r, they were kr…

Senasqua, quoted as the name of Teller's Point (now Croton Point), and also as the name of Teller's Neck, is described as "A meadow," presumably on the neck or point. It is an equivalent of Del Lenaskqiial, "Original grass," (Zeisb.), i. e. grass which was supposed to have grown on the land from the beginning. (Heck.) Called "Indian grass" to distinguish it from "Whitemen's grass." ^ Peppeneghek …

I., K'schohhenak, Del. Menagh, entered in Indian deed to Van Cortlandt, 1683, as the name of what is now known as Verplanck's Point, is probably from Menach'eii (Del.), the indefinite form of Mendtes, diminutive, meanmg "Small island." The point was an island in its separation from the main land by a water course. Monack, Monach, Menach, are other orthographies of the name. Tammoesis is of record …

"The Kiskightkoncks, who have no chief now, but are counted among the foregoing savages." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 303.) Sachus, Sachoes and Sackonck are quoted as names of Peekskill, and Magrigaries as the name of the stream. The latter is an orthography of MacGregorie's, from Hugh MacGregorie, an owner of lands on the stream.^ Though quoted as the name of Peak's Kill, it was the name given to a…

The son, Hugh, and his mother, were granted 1500 acres of land " At a place called John Peaches creek." No fees were charged for the patent out of respect for the memory of Major MacGregorie, as he then had " lately died in His Majesty's service in defence of the Province." (Doc. Hist. N. Y-, ii, 364.) MacGregories sold to Van Cortlandt in 1696. ' Peake, an orthography of Peak, English; Dutch, Pi…

It is from Kitschi, "Principal, greatest," and -atinny, "Hill, mountain," applicable to any principal mountain peak compared with others in its vicinity.' Sacrahung, or Mill River, "takes its name from Sacra, 'rain.' Its liability to freshets after heavy rains, may have given origin to the name." (O'Callaghan.) Evidently, however, the name is a corruption of Sakzcihiing (Zeisb.), "At the mouth o…

The name as the early Dutch understood it, is no doubt more correctly explained by Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter in their Journal of 1679-80: "A headland and high hill in the Highlands, so called because it has a sharp ridge running up and down in the form of a nose," but fails to explain St. Anthony, or Latin Antonius. The name appears also on the Mohawk river and on Lake George, presumably fr…

Land Papers reads, "Bounded on the east by the river called by the Indians Aquehung," the river taking its name from its position as a boundary "on this side" of which was the land. The contemporary name, Ran-ahqua-nng, means "A place on the other side," corresponding with the description, "On the other side of the Great Kil." Bolton assigns Acqueahounck to Hutchinson's Creek, the west boundary of…

^ The word Chippe or Shappa, means not only separate, "The separate place," but was employed to describe a future condition -- Chepeck, the dead. As an adjective, Chippe (El.) signilies separated, set apart. Chepiohkomuk, the place of separation. The same word was used for ' ghost,' ' spectre,' 'evil spirit.' (Trumbull.) The corresponding Delaware word was Tschipey. It is not presumed that the wor…

Mochquams and Moagunanes are record forms of the name of Blind Brook, one of the bouudar\' streams of the tract called Penningo, which is described as lying "between Blind Brook and Byram River." (See Armonck.) Magopson and Mangopson are orthograpl-iies of the name given as that of De Lancey's Neck, described as "The great neck." (See Waumaniuck.) The dialect spoken in eastern Westchester seems t…

Manussing -- in will of Joseph Sherwood, Moiassink -- an island so called in the jurisdiction of Rye, may be an equivalent of Minassin-ink, "At a place of small stones," Minneweis, now City Island, is in the same jurisdiction. Mamaroneck, now so written as the name of a town in Westchester County, is of record, in 1644, Mamarrack and Mamarranack ; later, Mammaranock, Mamorinack, Mammarinickes (166…

The reading in one record, "Three stripes or strips of land," seems to indicate that the name was descriptive of the necks or strips of land. (See Waumaniuck.) Waumaniuck and Maumaniuck, forms of the name of record as that of the eastern part of De Lancey's Neck, or Seaman's Point, Westchester County, as stated in the Indian deed of 1661, which conveyed to one John Richbell "three necks of land,"…

West, Co.) as the name of Long Island Sound and interpreted, "Broad flowing river," was more correctly explained by Dr. Trumbull : "Apparently a diminutive of Manunkatcsuck, 'Menhaden country,' from Miinongutteau, 'that which fertalizes or manures land,' the Indian name for white fish or bony fish, which were taken in great numbers by the Indians, on the shores of the Sound, for manuring their cor…

Nanichiestawack, given as the name of an Indian village on the southern spur of Indian Hill (so called) in the town of Bedford, rests on tradition. Petuckquapaug, a pond in Greenwich, Ct., but originally under the jurisdiction of the Dutch at Fort Amsterdaim, signifies "Round Pond." It is now called "Dumpling Pond." The Dutch changed the suffix to paen, "soft land," and in that form described an a…

In other words, the boundary was the end of the Highlands.' Mahopack, the modern form of the name of a lake in Putnam County, is of record Makoohpcck in 1765, and Macookpack on Sauthier's map of 1774, which seem to stand for M'achkookpcek {Ukhokpeck, Mah.), meaning "Snake Lake," or "Water where snakes are abundant." (See Copake.) In early years snakes were abundant in the region about the lake, a…

An Indian village is traditionally loca:ted in the pass, ^" Hacki. land; Len-hacki, up-land." (Zeisberger.) "When they speak of highlands they say Lcnnihacke, original lands ; but they do not apply the same name to low lands, which, being generally formed by the overflowing or washing of streams, cannot be called original." (Heckewelder.) ^ A wild, wet region among the hills, where the rattlesna…

It has been interpreted in various ways, that most frequently quoted appearing in Spofiford's Gazetteer : **Frtom Matai, a mag-ician. and Wian, a skin ; freely rendered, 'Place of good furs,' " which never could have been the meaning ; nor does the name refer to mountains to which it has been extended. Wm. R. Gerard writes : "Matdivan, an impersonal Algonquian verb, meaning, 'It debouches 'into,' …

Fishkill, the English name of the stream of which Matteawan is the estuary, is from Dutch Fischer's Kil. It was probably applied by the Dutch to the estuary from Vischer's Rak which the Dutch applied to a reach or sailing course on the Hudson at this point. De Laet wrote: "A place which our country-men call Vischer's Rack,' that is Fisherman's Bend." (See Woranecks.) On the earlier maps the stream…

From De Laet's description,* there is little room for doubt that the "sandy point" to which he referred is now known as Low Point, opposite the Dans Kamer, at the head of Newburgh Bay, where the river narrows, or that Esopus was applied to Casper's Creek. On Van der Donck's map the "barbarous nation" is given three castles on the south side of the stream, which became known later (1643) as the Wap…

1 * * " ^nd thus with various windings it reaches a place which our countrymen call Vischer's Rack, that is the Fisherman's Bend. And here the eastern bank is inhabited by the Pachimi. A little beyond where projects a sandy point and the river becomes narrower, there is a place called Esopus, where the Waoranekys, another barbarous nation, have their abode. To these succeed, after a short interval…

Y.) as the name of Wappingers' Creek -- authority not cited and place w'here the stream was so called not ascertained. The initial W was probably exchanged for M by mishearing, as it was in many cases of record. Mall means "To mee't," Amhannes means "A small river," and the suffix -iug is locative. The composition reads : "A place where streams come together," which may have been on the Hudson at …

From early Dutch occupation it has been known or called Wappinck (1645), Wappinges and Wappingers' Kill or creek, taking that name presumably from the clan which was seated upon it of record as "Wappings, Wappinges, Wapans, or Highland Indians." ^ On Van der Donck's map three castles or villages of the ^ Nawaas, on the Connecticut, noted on the Carte Figurative of 1614-16, is very distinctly loca…

They were no doubt more or less mixed by association and marriage with their eastern as well as their western neig'hbors, but were primarily of Lenape or Delaware origin, and related to the Minsi, Monsey or Minisink clans on the west side of the river, though not associated with thcm in tribal government.- Their tribal jurisdiction, aside from that which was immediately local, extended on the east…

° The relations between the Esopus Indians and the Wappingers were always intimate and friendly, so much so that when the Mohawks made peace with the Esopus Indians, in 1669, and refused to include the Wappingers, itwas feared by the government that further trouble would ensue from the "great correspondence and affinity between them." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 427.) "Affinity," relationship by marr…

Y., vii, 153, 158.) Poughquag, the name of a village in the town of Beekman, Duchess County, and primarily the name of what is now known as Silver Lake, in the southeast part of the town, is from Apoquague, (Mass.), meaning, "A i^aggy meadow," which is presumed to have adjoined the lake. It is from Uppuqui, "Lodge covering," and -aiike, "Land" or place. (Trumbull.) Pietawickquassic!:, a brook so…

Land Papers, 58) : later, "Near a place called Weshiack" (lb. 65), and thence northerly to a place called Wishshiag, and so on about a mile northwest of ye Allum rocks." ^ (lb. 75.) The name seems to have been applied to the north end of West Mountain, where is located the ravine known as the Dover Stone Church, about half a mile west of the village of Dover Plains. The ravine is 20 to 25 feet wid…

Trumbull ("Indian Names in Connecticut") wrote: "IVassiog, (Moh.), alternate IVashiack, a west bound of the ]\'Iohegan country claimed by Uncas ; 'the south end of a very high hill' very near the line between Glastonbury and Hebron," a place near Hartford, Conn., but failed to give explanation of the name. Weputing, Weepitung, Webotuck, Weepatuck (N. Y. and Conn. Rec), given as the name of a "high…

Wechqiiadnach (Wechquetank, Loskiel) was at the end of what is now known as Indian Pond, lying partly in the town of North East, Duchess County, and partly in Sharon, Conn. It was the Gnadensee, or " Lake of Grace," of the missionaries. Weqiiadn'ach means "At the end of the mountain " between which and the lake the Indian village stood. Pachquadn'ach was on the opposite side of the pond; it means …

It is met in place in Saratoga County and at Wyoming, Pa. (See Shannondhoi.) Stissing, now the name of a hill and of a lake one mile west of the village of Pine Plains, Duchess County, is probably an apheresis of Mistissing, a "Great rock," and belongs to the hill, wbidh rises 400 or 500 feet above the valley and is crowned with a mass of naked rock, described by one writer as "resembling a huge …

Schoolcraft's interpretation, "Safe harbor," from Apokeepsing, is questioned by W. R. Gerard, who, from a personal acquaintance with the locative, "A water-fall," writes : "The name refers not to the fall, but to the basin of water worn out in the rocks at the foot of the fall. Zeis- ^ A translation from the Delaware Scha-gach-we-u, "straight," and meek ■*' fish " -- an iseelno-- eel Trumbull pla…

Wynogkee, Wynachkee, and Winnakee are record forms of the name of a district of country or place from which it was extended to the stream known as the Fall Kill "Through which a kill called Wynachkee runs, * * including the kill to the second fall called Mattapan," is the description in a gift deed to Amout Velie, in 1680, for three flats of land, one on the north and two on the south side of the …

From the same root Winne, Willi, Wirri, Waure, Wule, etc. The name is met in equivalent forms in several places. Wenaque and Wynackie are forms of the name of a beautiful valley in Passaic county, N. J. (Nelson.) Winakaki, " Sassifras land -- rich, fat land." Winak-aki-ng, "At the Sassifras place," was the Lenape name of Eastern Pennsylvania. (See Wanaksink.) Eliot wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dial…

There was no island there. (See Minnisink.) Eaquorisink is of record as the name of Crom Elbow Creek, and Eaquaquanessinck as that of lands on the Hudson, in patent to Henry Beekman, the 'bomidary of wihich ran from the Hudson "east by the side of a fresh meadow called Maiisakin^ and a small run of water called Mancapawimick." In patent to Peter Falconier the land is called Eaquaquaannessinck, th…

^"A meadow or marsh land called Manjakan," is an equivalent record in Ulster County. (Cal.orN.low Papers, Land by Y. lands 133.) "A fresh meadow," 1. e. a fresh water meadow, the side of the creek. ■ Enaughqua, L. I. ; Yb anuck qiiaqiie, Williams; Wcqua, IVcquc, Aqua, Ukwe. Echqu, etc., "end of." The word is met in many forms. IVchque, " as far as." (Eliot.) 'Westenhoek is Dutch. It means "Wes…

It is the outlet of a lake called Long Pond. The Indian name is from Matt, negative and depreciatory, " Small, unfavorable," etc., and M'beson, " Strong water," a word used in describing brandy, spirits, physic, etc. The rapidity of the water was probably referred to. Waraughkaraeck -- Waraukameck -- a. small lake in the same county, is now known as "Fever Cot or Pine Swamp." The Indian namie is p…

It is claimed to be from the Wyandot or Huron-Iroquoian dialect. In History of Detroit the Algonquin is quoted the claim made Waweatunong, that the reference was interpreted to the bend" Circuitous in the Straitapproach," at Detroitand at an elevation " from which a view of the whole broad river " could be had. In Shawano, Wawia'tan describes bending or eddying water -- with locative, "Where …

"to a place opposite Sagertyes Kil, called Saaskahampka." The stream is now known as Livingston's Creek. ^ Wachanekassik, Indian deed to Livingston, 1683 ; Waghankasick, patent to Van Rensselaer, 1649, ^^'d other ortliographies, is written as the name of a small creek which marked the place of beginning of the northwest boundmark of the Livingston Patent and the place of ending of the southwest b…

The deed to Livingston conveyed lands "On both sides of Roelof Jansen's Kill,- called by the Indians Saulchenak," including lands "along the river's bank from said Roeloft" Jansen's Kill, northwards up, to a small stream opposite CatskiU named Wachanekasseck, and southwards down the river to opposite the Sagertjes Kill, called by the Indians Saaskahampka." In the Livingston Patent of 1684: "Eighte…

water" is not marked on Beatty's map. nor on the map of survey of the paten't in 1798, but it is marked, from existence or presumed existence, on a m.ip of the boundary line between New York and Massachusetts and seems to have been one of the several small streams that flow down the bluff from the surface, apparently abcmt two miles and a half north of Roelof Jansen's Kill, in the vicinity of the …

While the name is repeatedly given as tha.t of the stream, it was probably that of a, place or point on the limestone bluff which here bounds the Hudson on the east for- several miles. Surveyor Beatty's description, "Beginning at a place where," and the omission of the stream on his map, and its omission on subsequent maps of the manor, and the specific entry in the amended patent of 1715, "Begin…

R., about five miles south of the city of Hudson, was so called from a hill in the interior just north of the line of the town of Livingston, from wh[ch the land slopes west towards the Hudson and south to Roelof Jansen's Kill. jj ' Vastrix is a compression of Dutch f'l'asfe Rak as written on Van der Donck's map of 1656, meaning, "The fast or steady reach or sailing course," which began here. The…

The kill flows through a valley of broad and fertile flats, but near the Hudson it breaks through the limestone bluff which forms the east line of the Hudson, and its banks are steep and rocky. Saaskahampka, Indian deed ; Suaskahampka patent of 1684 -- the southwest boundmark of the Livingston Patent, is described as "A dry gully at Hudson's River." It is located about opposite Sawyer's Creek, no…

Wawanaquasik, Claverack Patent, 1649; Wazvanaquassick, Livingston Patent of 1686 ; IVazvauaquossick and Mawaiiapqiiassek, patent of 1715 ; Mawanagzvassik, surveyor's noitation, 1715 ; now written Mawaiiaquassick--a. boundmark of the Claverack Patent of 1649, and also of the Livingston Patent, is described in the Claverack Patent, "To the high woodland called Wawanaquasik," and in the Livingston Pa…

The name may have described this poinlt or promontory, or it may have referred to the place of meeting near the head of the creek, or to the end of the marsih, but it is claimed that it was the name of the heap of stones, and thait it is from Mide, or Miyde, "Together" -- Mawcna, "Meeting," "Assembly"-- frequently met in local names and accepted as meaning, " Where paths or streams or boundaries c…

NAMES ON THE EAST FROM MANHATTAN NORTH. 51 the map of survey of the patent, in 1798, the second station is marked "j\Ianor Rock," and the third, "Wavvanaquassick," is located 123 chains and 34 hnks (a fraction over one and one-half miles) north of Manor Rock, as the corner of an angle. In the survey of 1715, the first station is "the foot of the hill" -- "the high woodland" -- which seems to have…

Sergeant wrote, in 1734, that though the Indians "each threw a stone" as they passed, they had entirely lost the knowledge of the reason for doing so," and an inquiry by Rev. Hawley, in 1758, was not attended by a better result.^ The heaps were usually met at resting places on the path and the custom of throwing the stone a sign-language indicating that one of the tribe had passed and which way he…

Eliot also wrote -pick or -p'sk, in compound words, meaning ''Rock," or "stone," as qualified by the adjectival prefix, Omp'sk, " Standing rock." ^ Literally, "A meeting point," or sharp extremity of a hill. 'Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1039. The heap referred to by Rev. Hawley was on the path leading to Schohare. It gave name to what was long known as the "Stoneheap Patent." The heap is now in the t…

Taghkanick, the name of a town in Columbia County and primarily of a tract of land included in the Livingston Patent and located "behind Potkoke," is written Tachkanick in the Indian deed of 1685; Tachhanick in the Indian deed of 1687-8; "Land called Tachkanick which the owners reserved to plant upon when they sold him Tachhanick, with the land called Quissichkook ;" Tachkanick, "having the kill…

Tlie deed-sentence, "When they sold him Tachanick," reads literally, from the name, "When they sold him the woods." The name was extended to the reserved field, to the stream and to the mountain.* The latter is famiHar to geologists * The purchasers claimed but the Indians denied having sold the mountain. It was heavil}' wooded no doubt. Livingston claimed it from having bought "the woods.'' Th…

Nachawawakkano, given as the name of a creek described as a "creek which comes into another creek," is an equivalent of Lechauivakhanne (Lenape), "The fork of a river," a stream that forks another stream. Aupaumut, the Stockbridge H'isitorian, wrote, with locative suffix, N aukhuivivhnauk , "At the fork of the streams." Mawichnauk -- "the place where the two streams meet being -called Mawidmauk…

TauwatOr wique-ak, "A place in the wilderness." (Gerard.) Sahkaqua, " the south end of a sma.ll piece of land called Sahkaqua and Nakawaewick" ; "to a run of water on ye east end of a certain flat or piece of land called in ye Indian tongue, Sahkahka ; then south * * one hundred and forty rods to * * where two runs of water come together on the south side of the said flat ; then west * * to a roc…

From the map it seems to have been a long, narrow piece of land between the hills. Quissichkook, Quassighkook, etc., one of the two places reserved by the Indians "to plant upon" when they sold Tachkanik, is described in the deed as a place "lying upon this {i. e. the west) side of Roelof Jansen's Kill" and "near Tachanik," the course running "thence along a small hill to a valley that leads to a …

Y., iii, 617), and also as "Lying to the east of Major Abraham's patent of Claverack." ^ Specifically, in a caveat filed by John Van * Kinderhook is an anglicism of Dutch Kinder-hoek, meaning, literally, " Children's point, angle or corner." It dates from the Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and hence is one of the oldest names on Hudson's River. It is supposed to have been applied from a gathering o…

Of record it dates back to De Laet's map of 1625-6, and is obviously much older. It is possible that the " three bare places " were fields of white clover, as has been claimed by one writer, but there is no record stating that fact. Dankers and Sluyter, who wrote only fifty-four years after the application of the name, no doubt gave correctly the account of its origin as it was related to them by …

Rensseliier, in 1761, "From the mouth of Major Staats, or Kinderhook Kdll, south along the river to a point opposite the south end of Vastrix Island, thence easterly twenity-four English miles," etc. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 307. See also, Wachanekasaik.) It was an immense tract, covering about eigli't miles on the Hudson b}- twenty-four miles deep, and became known as "The Lower Manor of Renssela…

It means, "The falls of a stream." With the suffix, -oke (Mass. -auke), "Land, ground, place, unlimited" -- "the country around the falls," or the falls country. (See Potick.) Ciskhekainck and Cicklekawick are forms of the name of a place granted by patent to Major Abraham Staats, March 25, 1667, and to his son in 1715, described as "Lying north of Claverack [Hudson], on the east side of the riv…

It may be called a series of falls as the water primarily descended on shelves or steps. It was noted as rexrrarkable by Dankens and Slu>ter in 1679- 80.^ Qaverack Creek unites with Stoclq)ort Creek just Vv-est of the falls. In other connections both streams are called mill streams. In the Stephen Bayard patent of 1741, the name of the fall on Stockport Creek is noted as "A certain fall * * called…

On the opposite side of the Hudson the same name apparently, appears in Keesieway, Kesewey, etc., as that of a "chief or sachem" of the Katskill Indians. ( See Keessienwev's Hoeck.l ^ " We came to a creek, where, near the river, lives a man whom they call the Child of Liixury (f kinder van walde). He had a sawmill on the creek or ■waterfall, which is a singular one. The water falls quite steep in…

Mawighanuck, Mawighunk, Waweighanuck, Wawighnuck, forms of the name preserved as that of the Bayard Patent, Columbia County, described as a place "Lying to the northwest of Kinderhook, about fifteen miles from Hudson's River, upon Kinderhook River and some branches thereof, part of which tract is known by the Indian name of Mawig'hanuck." The particular "part" noted has not been located, but it se…

It is described of record as a place "lying on both sides of Kinderhook Creek," and may have taken its name from an adjacent feature. Wapemwatsjo, the name of a hill in Columbia County, is a Dutch orthography of JVapim-ivadchu, "Chestnut Hill." The interpretation iscorrectly given in the accompanying alternate, "or Karstengeberg" (Kastanjeberg, Dutch), "Chestnut Hill." Kaunaumeek, an Indian villa…

Hendrick Aupaumut, the Historian of the Stockbridge-Mahicans, wrote: "Ukhkokpeck; it signifies snake-water, or water where snakes are abundant." On a map of the boundary line between Mas'sachusetts and New York an Indian village is located at the outlet of the lake, presumably that known as Scompamuck. Kaphack, on Westenhook River, a place described as " Beginning at an Indian burying-place hard b…

from Skootay, Old Algonquian (Squta, Williams), "fire," and -ack, "place," literally, "Fire Place," or place of council. It was extended to Smack's Island, opposite Albany, whioh was known to the early Dutch as "Schotack, or Aepjen's Island." It is probable, however, that the correct derivative is to be found in Esquatak, or Eskwatak, the record name of the ridge of land east of Castleton, near wh…

It has been claimed that the landing which Hudson made and so particularly described in Juet's Journal, w^as at Schodac.''^ The Journal relates that the "Master's mate" first "went on land with an old savage, the governor of the country, who carried him to his house and made him good oheere." The next day Hudson himself "Sailed to the shore, in one of their can'oe'S, with an old man who was chief …

This would be about five miles (statute) north of the present city of Hudson. " But," wrote Brodhead, ' Latitudes were not as easily determined in those days as they are now ; and a careful computation of the distances run by the Half-Moon, as recorded in Juet's day-book, shows that on the i8th of September, 1609, when the landing occurred, she must have been ' up six leagues higher ' than Hudson,…

Gesmesseeck, a tract of land so called, otherwise entered of record "Nawanemit's particular land called Semesseerse, lying on the east bank, opposite Castle Island, off unto Fort Orange." "Item -- from Petanoc, the mill stream, away north to Negagonse." In addition Van Rensselaer then purchased lands held in common by several owners, "extending up the river, south and north^* from Fort Orange, "un…

The original was, no doubt, Patuck qua pang, as in Greenwich, Ct., meaning "Round pond." The Dutch changed paug to paen destriptive of the land -- low land -- so we have, as it stands, "Round land," "elevated hassocks of earth, roots," etc. (See Patuckquapaug. ) The second name is written in several forms -- Taescameatuck, Taescameesick, and Gessmesseecks. Greenhush is an anglicism of Grcsn Bosch,…

Poesten Kill, the name of a stream and of a town in Rensselaer County, is entered in deed to Van Rensselaer in 1630, "Petanac, the mill stream" ; in other records, ''Petanac, the Molen Kil," and "De Laet's Marlen Kil and Waterval." Petanac, the Indian name, is an equivalent of Stockbridge Patternac, which King Ninham, in an affidavit, in 1762, declared meant "A fall of water, and nothing more." "M…

Abnaki, pen, plural, penak. Other species were designated by prefixes to this generic, and, in the compositions of place names, was employed to denote locality {auk, auki, ock, etc.), or by an abundance verb (kanti-kadi) . Thus p'sai-pen, 'wild onions,' with the suffix for place, ock, gave p'sai-p en-auk, or as written by the Dutch, Passapenock, .387.)Indian name for Beeren Island." (J. H. Tru…

At the date of settlement by Van der Huyden (1720), it is said there were stripes or patches within the limits of the present city which were known as "The corn-lands of the Indians," ' from which the interpretation in French's Gazetteer, "Fields of corn," whidh the name never meant in any language. The name may have had an Indian antecedent, hnt as it stands it is Dutch from Paan-pacht, meaning "…

The Indian name does not belong to the woodland; it locates the tract near the island, in which connection it is probably an equivalent 1 Weise's Hist, of Troy. * Woodward's Reminiscences of Troy. ' "Whale-fishing Island" is a mistranslation of "Walvish Eiland" (Dutch), meaning simply "Whale Island." It is related by Van der Donck (1656) the thatoneduring river, the great of which freshet o…

Wallumschack, so written in return of survey of patent granted to Cornelius van Ness and others, in 1738, for lands now in Washington County ; IValloomscook, and other forms ; now preserved inWalloomsac, as the name of a place, a district of country, and a stream flowing from a pond on the Green Mountains, in the town of Woodford, near Bennington, Vermont.^ It has not been specifically located, bu…

By exposure the slate becomes disintegrated and forms an ochery clay of several colors, which the Indians used as paint. The washing away of the rock left the quartz exposed in tlie form of sharp points, wliich were largely used by the Indians for making axes, lance-heads, arrow points, etc. Some of the ochre beds have been extensively worked, and plumbago has also been obtained. White Creek, in t…

It was a well-known fording place for many years, and later became the site of Buskirk's Bridge. Sanckhaick, now San Coick, a place in North Hoosick, Rensselaer County, appears of record in petition of John de Peyster in 1730, and in Indian deed to Cornelius van Ness and others, in 1732, for a certain tract of land "near a place called Sanckhaick." The place, as now known, is near the junction of …

Schaghticoke, now so written as the name of a town in the northeast corner of Rensselaer County, and in other connections, is from Pishgachtigok Mohegan, meaning "Land on the branch or division of a stream." The locative of the name was at the mouth of Hoosick River on the Hudson, in Washington County. The earliest record (1685) reads, "Land at Schautecogue" (-ohke). It is a generic name and appea…

Writes Mr, Gerard, "The name would probably be correctly written P'skaghtuk-uk," when with locative "at." ^ Although first of record in 1685, its application was probably as early as 1675, when the Pennacooks of Connecticut, fleeing from the disasterous results of King Phillip's War in which they were allies, found refuge among their kindred Mahicans, and later were assigned lands at Schaghticoke …

At one time they are said to have numbered six hundred warriors. (See Shekomeko.) Quequick and Quequicke are orthographies of the name of a certain fall on Hoosick River, in Rensselaer County. In petition of Maria van Rensselaer, in 1684, the lands applied for were described as "Lying on both sides of a certain creek called Hoosock, beginning at ye bounds of Schaakook, and so to a fall called Que…

The first fall east of Schaakook (Schagticoke) Patent is now known as Valley Falls, in the town of Pittstown (Pittstown Station). Pahhaoke, a local name in Hoosick Valley, is probably an equivalent of Paiiqna-ohke, "Clear land," "open country." It is frequently met in Connecticut in different forms, as in Pahqui-oke, Paquiag, etc., the name of Danbury Plains. The form here is said to be from the S…

Trumbull, "of Powntucksuck, 'falls of a brook,' or outlet, "Powntiick, a general name for all falls," according to Indian testimony quoted by the same writer. "Pantiick, falls of a stream." (Zeisb.) Several interpretations of the name have been suggested, of which the most probably correct is from Massachusetts Pontoosuck, which would readily be converted to Hoosick or Panhoosick (Pontoosuck). It …

Heckewelder's tradition, "The Naked or Hairless Bear," has its culmination at a place "lying east oi the Hudson," where the last one of those fabulous animals was killed. "The s'tory," writes Dr. Brinton, "was that the bear was immense in size and the most vicious of animals. Its skin was bare except a tuft of white hair on the back. It attacked and ate the natives and the only means of escape fro…

It was captured by the French and their Indians in 1746. The general course of the stream is north, west, and south to the Hudson in the northwest corner of Rensselaer County, directly opposite the village of Stillwater, Saratoga County. There are no less than three falls on its eastern division, of which the most considerable are Hoosick Falls, \Vhere the stream descends, in rapids and cascades, …

Dwight's attention, known to the Iroquois as the Tioneenda-hozve, or " The river at the hemlocks." ^ Cossayuna, said to be from the Mohawk dialect and to signify "Lake of the pines," is quoted as the name of a lake in the town of Argyle, Washington County. The translation is correct, substantially, but the naine is Algonquian -- a corruption of Codssa, "Pine," ^ and Gmnmee, "Lake," or standing wa…

The late Horatio Hale wrote me: "Ti-ononda-hoive is evidently a compound term involving the word ononda (or ononta), 'hill or mountain.' Ti-oneenda-howe, in like manner, includes the word onenda (or onenta), 'hemlock.' There may have been certain notable hills or hemlocks which as landmarks gave names to the streams or located them. The final syllables hozve, are uncertain." (See Di-ononda-howe.) …

The late Superintendent of the Bureau of Ethnology, Prof. J. W. Powell, wrote me : "From the best expert information in this office, it may be said that the phonetic value of the final two syllahles howe is far from definite ; but assuming that they are equivalent to huwi (with the European vowel values), the word-sentence Di-ononda-howe means, 'There it has interposed (a) mountain,' Written in th…

It is descriptive ofthe situation of the creek, but not of the creek itself, and is applicable to any mountain or high hill which appears between a speaker and some other object." (See Hoosick.) Caniade=rioit is given as the name of Lake George, and " The tail of the lake" as the definition, "on account of its connection wlith Lake Champlain." (Spofiford's Gazetteer.) Father Jogues, who gave t…

"north," nor does it mean "lake" or "silver water," ^ The present name was conferred by Sir William Johnson, in honor of King George III, of England, Ticonderoga, familiar as the name of the historic fortress at Lake George, was written by Sir William Johnson, in 1756, Tionderogue and Ticonderoro, and in grant of lands in 1760, "near the fort at Ticonderoga." Gov, Golden wrote Ticontarogen, and a…

Ticonderoga as now written, is from Te or Ti, "dual," two; Kaniatare, "lake," and -ogen, "intervallum, divisionem" (Bruyas), the combination meaning, literally, "Between two lakes." Horatio Hale wrote me of one of the forms : "Dekariaderage, in modern orthography, T ekaniataroken, from which Ticonderoga, means, simply, 'Between two lakes.' It is derived from Tioken, 'between,' and Kaniatara, 'lake…

Morhicans is the form on Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and Mahicans by the Dutch on the Hudson. The several forms indicate that the tribe was the Moricans or Mourigans of the French, the Maikans or Mahikans of the Dutch and the Mohegans of the English. It is certain that that tribe held the headwaters of the Connecticut as well as of the Hudson. The novelist, Cooper, gave life to De Laet's orthogra…

Caniade=riguarunte is given by Governor Pownal as the Iroquoian name of Lake Champlain, with the legend, "The Lake that is the gate of the country." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1190.) The lake was the route taken by the Algonquians of Canada in their forays against the Mohawks. Later, it became a link in the great highway of travel and commerce between New York and Quebeck, via. Hudson's River, in whi…

It was in use by the Europeans as a medium of trade with the Indians, as well as among themselves, by the Indians especially for the manufacture of their historic peace, tribute, treaty and war belts, called Paumaimck {Pau-pau-mennmzve, Mass.), "an offering."* Meitoiiawack, the material, Waufaaeek and Sczvaun, the colors ; Paumanack, the use, "an offering." The suffix of either term {hock, hagki, …

The belts which they made were in universal use among the nations as an offering, the white belts denoting good, as peace, friendship, etc., the black, the reverse. The ruling sachem, or peace-chief, was the keeper and interpreter of the belts of his nation, and his place sornetimes took its name from that fact. That several of the sachems did sign their names, or that their names were signed by s…

The occupants of the island were a distinct group of Algonquian stock, speaking on the east a dialect more or less of the Massachusetts type, and on the west that known as Monsey-Lenape, both types, however, being largely controlled by the Dutch and the English orthographies in which local notings appear. They were almost constantly at war with the Pequods and Narragansetts, but there is no eviden…

The derivatives are Nar. Wompan (from Wompi, white, bright), "It is full daylight, bright day," hence the Orient, the East, the place of light, and -anit, "To be more than," extending beyond the ordinary limit. The same word appears in Wompandnd, "The Eastern God" (Williams), the deity of light. From Wompi, also Wapan in Wapanachkik, "Those of the eastern region," now written Ahanaqui and Ahnaki, …

No doubt, however, the Indians saw, as do visitors of to-day, at the utmost end of the Montauk Peninsula, in its breast of rock against which the ocean^waves dash with fearful force; its glittering sun-light and in its general features, aWompandnd, or Eastern God, that which was " more than ordinary, wonderful, surpassing," but those features are not referred to in Wompenanit, except, perhaps, as …

The orthography usually quoted for interpretation appears first in South Hampton Records in an Indian deed of 1640, "Manatacut, his X mark," the grantor being given the name of the place which he represented, as appears from the same records (1662), "Wyandanch, Meantacut sadhem," or sachem of Meantac. The Indian deed reads : "The neck of land commonly known by the name of Meantacquit," * * " Unto …

The swamp still exists, and the dwarf trees also at the specific east bound of the lands conveyed. (See Napeak. ) Napeak, East Hampton deed of 1648, generally written Napeaka Neppeage and Napeague, and applied by Mather (Geological Survey) to a beach and a marsh, and in local records to the neck connecting Montauk Point wi'th the main island, means "Water land," or "Land overflowed by water." The…

Mash-antack-uk, Moh., was translated by Dr. Trumbull from Mish-untugh-et, Mass., " Place of much wood." Manna"dak5o is quoted as the Abn. word for "cedar;" Mishquazvtuck, Nar., "Red cedar." Mendntachk, "Swamp" (Len. Eng. Die), is explained by Rev. Anthony, "with trees meeting above." Menantac, "Spruce, cedar or pine swamp" (Zeisb.), from the kind of trees growing in the swamp, but obviously antac …

It would be correctly described b}^ Qitinne or Quazvnopaug, " Long pond," but certainly not by Quawnotiwock, the animate plural suffix -week, showing that it belonged to the people -- " People living on the Long River." ^ (See Quantuck and Connecticut.) Assup, given as the name of a neck of land -- " A tree marked X 'hard by the northward side of a cove of meadow" -- means "A cove." It is an equi…

They claimed to be the "true owners of the eastern end of Long Island," but acknowledged the primacy of Wyandanch, sachem of the Montauks, who had been elected by other sachems as chief sachem or the "sachem of sachem" of the many clans. The name is probably from the root Shin, or Schind, "Spruce-pine" (Zeisb.) ; Schindikeu, "Spruce-pine forest" ; Shinak-ing, "At the land of spruce-pines."" (Brint…

Y., xiii, 58), was son of Mechowodt, sachem of Marsepingh, and probably succeeded his father as sachem of that clan. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 540.) His last possession was Cow Neck, in the present town of North Hampton, which was given to him by his father; it may have been the Mochgonnekonk of 1643, De Vries met him in conference in 1645, and notes him as a speaker of force, and as having only one…

Mochgonneck-onck the name of his sachemdom in 1643, has not been identified further than that be was the owner of Cow Neck, now called Manhasset (Manhas'et), Queens County, the largest neck or point of land on the coast. Quaunontowunk, Quannotowonk, Konkhonganik and Konghonganoc, are forms of two distinct names applied respectively to the north and south ends of Fort Pond, as per deed for the trac…

Wompaskit, "At or in the swamp, or marsh." Poosepatuck, a place so called and now known as the Indian Reservation, back of Forge River at Mastick, probably means "On the other side," or "Beyond the river," from Azvossi, "Over, over there, on the other side, beyond," and -tuck, "Tidal river." Speonk, the name of a village in Southampton near East Bay, on an inlet of the ocean, to which flows thro…

Probably from Pohqn'unantak, "Cleared ^ The deed reads : "The north fence from the pond to the sea, shall be kept by the were the fences town there ; the when south the fence, landto was the sold. sea, by the Indians." Presumably ^ Wyandach, or Wyandance, is said to have been the brother of Paggatacut, sachem of Manhas'set or Shelter Island, the chief sachem of fifteen sachemdoms. On the d…

Putting the lost vowel e back in the word, we have Yapclicinck, in Lenape Rapchdnek, "Where the stream ebbs and flows." The name is written Yampkanke in Indian deed. (Gerard.) The name is now applied to a small tributary of the Connecticut, but no doubt belongs to a place on the Connecticut where the current is affected by the tide. (See Connecticut.) Monowautuck is quoted as the Indian name of M…

It is an equivalent of Quinnituckquet, "Longriver land," as in Connecticut. (Trumbull.) Quinnitiik, "Long river" ; with locative -ct or -it, "Land or place on the long-river." The stream is the outlet of Ronkonkoma Lake, and flows south to Fire-place Bay, where the name is of primary record. There were two streams to which it was applied ; one is a small stream in Islip, and the other, the largest…

It is probably a pronunciation of Accomh-suck-ohke , "Land or place at the outlet beyond." The record name of Bellport is Occombomeck, Accobamuck, etc., meaning, "Fishing-place beyond," which, as the deeds show, was a fishing-place at a freshwater pond, now dried up. The name is readily confused with Aquebogue. Moriches, a neck of land "lying at Unquetague, on the south side of Long Island, being …

Amcessak, Zeisb.; Anmesooak, Abn., Aumsiiog, Mass., "small fishes." As a generic suffix, -ama'ug, Mass., -ama'uk, Del, "fishing-place." 82 INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Maritches (Morichi, Mariche), from Moriche Palniita (Latin), meaning, in popular use, any plant thougfht to resemble a palm. Maiiritia a species of Mauriticae, or South-American palm, so called in honor of Prince Maurice of Nassau. …

Trumbull translated from Nde-amuck, "Between the fishing places." Local tradition affirms that centuries ago the Indians made a canal here for the purpose of passing their canoes from Mecox Bay to Paconic Bay. Mongotucksee, the hero of the story, was a chieftain who reigned over the Montauks in the days of their pride and power. The tradition has no other merit than the fact that Niamug was a plac…

togue, meaning 'Burned-over land.' Whether the mainland or Fire Island was the 'Burned-over land,' history does not tell us." Lands were burned over by the Indians to destroy the bushes and coarse grasses, and probably some field of this character was referred to by the Indian grantors, from which the name was extended to the Neck and to Fire Island, although it is said that fires were kindled on …

Trumbull, "At or near the fishing place" y root Am, "to take by tihe mouth" ; Amau, "he fishes" ; Abn., Ama"'ga", "ou peche Id." "he fishes there," (Rasles) ; s, diminutive or derogatory ; ett, "Near or a'bout," that is, the tract was near a small or inferior fishing-place, which is precisely what the composition describes. , Peconic, now so written and applied to Pecoriic Bay and Peconic River, …

Kepehikan from Kepehike, 'he closes up,' or obstructs, i. e. 'dams.' " The bounds of the Shinnec'ock Indians extended east to this stream ; or, as the record reads, "To a river where they did use to catch the fish commonly called alewives, the name of which creek was Pehickkonuk, or Peconic." (Town Records.) Agwam, Agawam, is quoted by French as the name of Southampton, L. I, Dr. Trumbull wrote: …

Presumably the same name is met in Mattatuck, Gt., written Matetacoke, 1637, Matitacoocke, 1673, which was translated by Dr. Trumbull from Eliot's Mat-uh'tugh-auke, "A place without wood," or badly wooded. (See Titicus.) Cutchogue, Plymouth Records, 1637 ; " Curchaug, or Fort Neck;" Corch'aki, deed of 1648; now Cutchogue, a village in Southold, in the vicinity of which was an Indian fort, the rem…

It is from Sagahonak, "Ground nuts, or Indian potatoes." (Trumbull.) The name is of record as that of a boundmark "two miles from the east side of a Great Pond," and is described as a "pond or swamp" to which the name of the tuber was extended from its product. Ketchepunak, quoted as the name of Westhampton, describes "The greatest ground-nut place," or "The greatest ground-nuts." (See Kestaubni…

Massapeage -- Massapeag, 1636; Massapeague, Rassapeage -- a place-name from which extended to an Indian clan whose principal seat is said to have been on Fort Neck, in the town of Oyster Bay, was translated by Dr. Trumbull from Massa, "great" ; pe, the radical of water, and auke, "land," or "Land on the great cove." Thompson (Hist. L. I.) assigns the name to "a swamp on the south side of Oyster Ba…

Y., iv, 15, 16.) In Prime's and other local histories the date is given as 1653, on the authority of " Hubbard's Indian Wars," and Capt. Underbill is assigned to the command in the attack on the largest fort. The official Dutch record, however, assigns that honor to Capt. Pieter Cock. The year was surely 1644, (Brodhead's Hist. N. Y., i, 91.) The prefix Mass, appears in many forms -- Massa, Marsa,…

Maskutchoung, a neck of land so called forming one of the boundaries of Hempstead Patent as entered in confirmatory deed of "Takapousha, sachem of Marsapeage," and "Wantagh, the Montauke sachem," July 4th, 1657: "Beginning at a marked tree standing at the east side of the Great Plain, and from thence running on a due south line, and at the South Sea by a marked tree in a neck called Maskutchoimg, …

Merick, the nanie of a village in Hempstead, Queens County, is said to have been the site of an Indian village called Merick-oke. It has been interpreted as an apheresis of a form of Nanmnock, written Namerick, "Fish place." (See Moriches.) Curiously enough, Merrick was a proper name for man among the ancient Brittons, and the corruption would seem to have been introduced here by the early English…

Suffolk County, as "the first point east of Rockaway where access can be had to the ocean without crossing the bay," has been read as a contraction of Quaquaunantuck, but seems to be from Poque-ogue, "Clear, open space," an equivalent of Poque-auke, Mass. Rechqua=akie, De Vries; Reckkouwhacky, deed of 1639; now applied to a neck on the south side of Long Island and preserved in Rockaway, was inter…

The name is a pronunciation of Tomaque, or K'tamaque, Del., Amique, Moh., "beaver." "Amique, when aspirated, is written Jamaique, hence Yameco, Jamico, and modern Jamaica." (O'Callaghan.) The bay has no claim to the name as a beaver resort, but beavers were abundant in the stream flowing into it. Kestateuw, "the westernmost," Castuteeuw, "the middlemost," and Casteteuzv, "the eastermost," names of…

On the Lower Potomac and Chesapeake Bay the name is ^ The names in the treaty of 1645, as written by Dr. O'Callaghan, are " Marechkawicks, Nayecks, and their neighbors" ; in the treaty of 1656, " Rockaway and Canorise." The latter name appears to have been introduced after 1645 in exchange for Marechkawick. (See Canarise.) Rechqua is met on the Hudson in Reckgawaw-onck, the Haverstraw flats. It …

The point or place described on the Delaware (now Bombay Hook) was the end of the island, knowm on old maps as "Deep Point," and the "Hook" was the bend in the currents around it forming the marshy inlet-bay on the southwest connecting with a marshy channel or stream, and the latter on the north with a small stream by which the island was constituted. Considered from the standpoint of an Algonquia…

Brinton translated Ganawese from Guneu (Del.), "Long," but did not add that the sufifix -- zvese, or as Roger Williams wrote it, qucse, means "Little, small," the combination describing Bambo grasses, i. e. "long, small" grasses, which, in some cases reach the growth of trees, but on Long Island and on the Delaware only from long marsh grasses to reeds, as primarily in and around Jamaica Bay and G…

I., ii, 175.) The Dutch called the former Conynen, and the latter Conyne Hoeck -- "f Conijen Conine." Jasper Dankers wrote in 1679: "On the south (of Staten Island) is the great bay, which is enclosed by Najaq, t' Conijen Island, Neversink," etc. Conijen (modern Dutch, Konijn), signifies "Rabbit" -- Cony, Coney -- inferentially "Small" -- Hterally, "Rabbit, or Coney Island," in Dutch. The Indian …

It was that of a place on a small stream, the description in the Indian deed of 1639, reading: "Stretching southward to a certain kil or little low bushes." The land conveyed is described as being "overflowed at every tide, and covered with salt-meadow grass." The latter gave to it its value. The claim that the name was that of an Indian owner is not well sustained. The evidence of the Dutch descr…

G.), "Bay, cove, inlet, retreat," etc., literally "Widgeon Bay." "Situate on the bay of Merechkawick," is entered on map of 1646 in Stiles' "History of Brooklyn." Merica was the Mayan name of the American Continent. It is spread all over South America and was applied to many objects as in the Latinized Mereca Americani. The early Dutch navigators were no doubt familiar with it in application to th…

Manette, so written of record -- "near Mannato hill," about thirty miles from Brooklyn and midway between the north and south sides of the island -- has been interpreted from its equivalent, 'Wallabout Bay takes its first name from Dutch Waal, "gulf, abyss/' etc., and Bochf, "bend," It was spoken of colloquially by the early Dutch as "The bay of the foreigners,"' referring to the Walloons who had…

It is harmless fiction. Rennaquakonck, Rinnegahonck, a landmark so called in the boundaries of a tract on Wallabout Bay, described in deed as "A certain swamp where the water runs over tlie stones," and, in a subsequent deed, "At the sweet marsh" (Hist, of Brooklyn), is an ortihography of Winnegackonck, meaning "At the sweet place," so called from some plant which was found there, or to distinguis…

Witli the suffix -ak, the name means "Land or place at the point." (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.) Bankers and Sluyter wrote in their Journal (1679-80) : "We went part of the way through the wtoods and fine, new-made land, and so along the shore to the west end of the island called Najack. * * Continuing onward from' there, we came to the plantation of the Najack Indians, which was planted with maize, …

The suffix -set, cannot be applied to an animate object ; it is a locative meaning "Les's tlhan at." In addition to this objection, Nassaconset is otiherwise written Ne:ssaquauke^acoompt-set, showing that the name belonged to a place tihat was "On the other side" of Nessaquauke." Neesaquauke stands for Neese-saqii-aiike, from Nisse, "two," Sank, "Outlet," and -auke, "Land" or place, and describes …

■tihe great river." Mas is an abbreviation of Massa, Missi, etc.^ "great," and Sepc, mean's "river." It was probably used compara- .tively -- the largest compared with some other stream. (See Mass- €pe.) Unsheamuck, otherwise written Unthemiamuk, given as the name of Fresh Pond, on tihe boundary line between Huritington and Smithtown, means "Eel-fislhing place." (Tooker.) Suggamuck, the name of …

In 'his will Richard Smith wrote : "I give to my daug*hter Sarah, 130 acres of land at the tivo swamps called Cuttscunsuck." The first word seems to stand for Ksiicqon, "Heavy" (Zeisb.), by metonymie, "Stone," -es, "Small," and -uck, locative, "Place of small stone." Ksiicqon may be employed as an adjectival^ prefix. Eliot wrote, "Qussukquemin, Stone fruit," tihe cherry. Mespaechtes, deed to Gover…

Mech), a comparative term -- "great," as distinguished from "small," the largest of two, and Sepees {Sepoiis, Septals), "a brook." Sepe, Sipo, Sipti, etc., is generally applied to a long stream. The west branch of Mespatt Kill has the record name of Quandoequareus. Flint wrote: "The Canapauke, or Dutch Kills, sluggishly winding its way through the meadows of bronzed grass'es." Canapauke stands for…

The locative was long known as "Head of Cow Neck." Matinnecock is noted in a survey for Lewis Morris, in 1685 : "A tract of land lying upon the north side of Long Island, within the township of Oyster Bay, in Queens County, and known by the name of Matinicock," and. in another survey : "A certain small neck of land at a place called Mattinicock." Extended also to an island and to an Indian clan. …

On the rivers are numerous valleys of sweet and salt meadows." The name has, wit!h probable correctness, been interpreted from Metanak-ok (Lenape, Mctanak-onk; Abn., Metanak-ook), meaning, "Along the edge of the island," or, as Van Tienhoven wrote, "About this bay." The same name appears on the Delaware as that of what is now known as Burlington Island." It is corrupted in New Jersey to Tinnicum, …

Muchito, the name of w'hat is now Glen Cove, near Hempstead Harbor, is otherwise written Muschedo, Mosquito aaid Muscota. ' A corruption from " Martin." '^ Mattinacunk, Matinneconke, Matinnekonck -- " having been formerly known by the name of Kipp's Island, and by ye Indian name of Koomenakanok-onck." (Col. Hist. N. Y.) Koo-menakanok-onck was the largest of two islands in the Delaware and was pa…

Land Papers, p. 60 : "To the eastward of the town of Huntington and to the westward of Nesaquack, commonly called by the Indians Katazi-aniake and in English by the name of Crope Meadow ;" in another entry, "Crab iMeadow," by which last name the particular tract was known for many years. "Crope" and "Crab" are English equivalents for a species of grass called "finger-grass or wire-grass," and were…

Opcutkontycke, now assigned to a brook entering Northfield Harbor, and primarily given as t^he name of a boundary stream (see Katawamake), seems to be a corruption of Ogkome (Acoom-), "On the other side," and -tuck, "A tidal stream or estuary." It was a place on the other side of the estuary. Aupauquack, the name of a creek in West Hampton, is entered, in 1665, Aupaucock and described as a boundar…

Aquel?ogue, Aquebauke-- "on the north side of Aquebauke or Piaconnock River " (C'Ol. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 600) -- means, "Land or place on this side," i. e. on the side towards the speaker, as is obvious from fhe description, "On the north side," and from the deed of 1648, which reads : "The whole tract of land called Ocquebauck, together with the lands and meadows lying on the other side of the wate…

Wopowag, more correctly IVepowage, given as the name of Stony Brook, town of Brookhaven, 'describes a place "At the narrows," t. e. of a brook or cove, and usually "The crossing place." (Trumbull.) So'was'set, correctly Cozvas'sctt (Moh.), the name of what is now Port Jefferson, signifies, "Near a place of small pine trees." (Trumbull.) The name was applied to what was long known as the "Drowned …

The substantival is Pootapaug, Mass., "A bog." The adjectival may stand for Mass, "Great," or Matt, derogative. Manowtassquott, or Manowtatassquott, is assigned to Blue Point, in Great South Bay, town of Brookhaven. The record reads : "Bounded easterly by a brook or river to tihe westward of a point called the Blue Point, known by the Indian name of Manowtatassquott." The name belongs to a place w…

Potunk, a neck of land on S'hinnecock Bay, is written Potuncke in Smithtown Records, in 1662. "A swamp at Potunk," is another entry. Dr. Trumbull quoted it as a form of Po'dunk, Conn., which is of primary record, "Called Potaecke," and given as the name of a "brook or river." In Brookfield, Mass., a brook bearing the name is said to have been so called "from a tract of meadow adjoining." In Washin…

Manah=ackaquasu=U'anock, given as the name of Shelter Island, is a composition of two names, as shown by the record entry, "All that their i.^Iand of Aliaquacu-'wainuck, otherwise called Manhansack." Ahaqua.zn-zvamnck is no doubt the equivalent of Aiihaquassu (Nar.), "Sheltered," and -amuck is an equivalent of ■■amaug, "Fishing-place," literally, "Sheltered fishing-place." Menhansack is Manhansick…

Adriaen Block, who, having lost his vessel by burning at Manhattan, constructed here another which he called the "Onrust" or "Restless," in 1614. It was the first vessel constructed by Europeans in New York waters. In this vessel Block made extended surveys of Hudson's River, the Connecticut, the Sound, etc. Acquiring from his residence among them a knowledge of the Connecticut coast dialects, he …

A writer in 1684 notes : "Where the town of Perth is now building is on a shelf of land rising twenty, thirty and forty feet." Smith (Hist. of New Jersey) wrote : "Ambo, in Indian, 'A point ;' " but there is no such word as Ambo, meaning "A point," in any Indian dialect, Heckewelder's interpretation : "Ompoge, from which Aniboy IS derived, and also Emboli, means 'A bottle,' or a place resembling a…

Lindstrom's Naratic-on, on the lower Delaware, was probably Cape May, and an equivalent substantially of the New England Nayantiikq-iit, "A point on a tidal river," and Raritan was the point of the peninsulla which the clan occupied terminating on Raritan Bay, where, probably, the name was first met by Dutch navigators. The dialectic exchange o'f N and R, and of the surd tmutes k and t are clear i…

Van Tienhoven wrote that it had been compelled to remove further inland on account of freshets, but mainly from its inability to resist the raids of the southern Indians ; that the lands whidh they left unoccupied was between "two high moimtains far distant from one to the other ;" that it was "the handsomest and pleasantest country that man can bdhold." The great southern trunk-line Indian path l…

pure and simple, but evidently introduced to represent the sound of an Indian word. What that word was may, probably, be traced from the name given as that of the sachem, Aiironge (Treaty of 1645), which seems to be an apheresis of IV'scha-jd-won-ge, "On the hill side," or "On the side of a hill." (Zeisb.) Awonge, Auronge, Oranje, Orange, is an intelligible progression, and, in connection with "fr…

The first deed (1667) placed the boundmark of the tract "At the foot of the great mountain," and the second deed (1677) extended the limit "To the top of the mountain called Watchung." Achkinckeshacky; Hackinkcshacky, 1645 ^ Hackinghsa-ckin, Hackinkesack (1660); Hackensack (1685); Ackinsack, Hockquiri' dachque ; Hackquinsack, are early necord forms of the name of primary application to the stream…

N. ^ Before entering New York Harbor, Hudson anchored his ship below the Narrows and sent out an exploring party in a boat, who entered the Narrows and ascended as far as Bergen Point, where they encountered a second channel which they explored as far as Newark Baj^ The place where the second channel was met they called " The Kils," or channels, and so it has remained -- incorrectly " Kills." The…

Thomas Campanus (Holm), who was chaplain to the Swedish settlements on the Delaware, 1642-9, and who collected a vocabulary, wrote Hdckiing (ueiig), "Hook." This sound of the word may have led the Dutch to adopt Hackingh as an orthography -- modern Haking, " Hooking," incurved as a hook. is ^anJasper arm ofDankers and land the main Peteron Sluyter wrote the west side inoftheir the Journal : "G…

Although clearly a Dutch name it has •been claimed as Indian, from Lenape Gamenozvinink (Zeisb.), "England, on the other side of the sea." Gamoenapaug, one of the forms of the name, is quoted as the basis of this claim; also, Acomnnipag, "On the other side of the bay." The Dutdh did substitute paen for pang in some cases, but it is very doubtful if they did here. Ahasimus -- Achasscmus in deed to…

Arisheck -- "The Little Island Aressick" (See Ahasimus), called by the Dutch Aresseck Houck, Hoeren Houck, and Paulus Houck -- now the eastern point of Jersey City -- was purdhased from the Indians by Michael Pauw, Nov. 22, 1630, with "the land called Ahasimus," and, with the "Island Hobokan-Hackingh," purchased by him in July of the same year, was included in his plantation under the general name…

The West India Company ihad a trading post 'there conducted by one Michael Paulis, from wihom it was called Paulus' Hook, which it re'tains, Pauw also estalblished a trading post there which, as it lay directly in the line of the great Indian 'trunk-path (see Saponickan), so seriously interfered with the trade of the Dutch post that the Company purchased the land from him in 1638, and in the same …

N, Y., xiii, 3.) The Indian name, Arisheck or Aresseck, is so badly corrupted that the original cannot be satisfactorily detected, but, by exchanging n for r, and adding the initial K, we would have Kaniskeck, "A long grassy marsh or meadow." Hoboken, now so written -- Hohocan-Hacking, July, 1630; Hobokan-Hacking, Nov. 1630; Hohokina, 1635; Hohocken, 1643; Hohoken, iG/i^y ; Hohuck and Harhoken, 1…

Y., xiii, 2, 3, 4.) In "Free- ^tion-- Ana hill. ancient view of the shore-line represents it as a considerable eleva- * Castle Point is just below Wehawken Cove in which Hudson is supposed to have anchored his ship in 1609. In Juet's Journal this land is described as "beautiful" and the cliff as of "the color of white green, as though it was either a copper or silver mine." It has long been a n…

This done the whole Pavonia was immediately in flames." ^ (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 98.) The deed stateuTent, "By us named," is explicit, and obviously impHes that the terms in the name were Dutch and not Indian, and Dutch they surely were. Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "Hoboken, called after a village on the river Scheldt, a few miles below Antwerp," and after a high ele…

The West India Company was to erect a small house for him. Presumably this house is referred to in the narrative. It was north of Hoboken Kill. ' Now a commercial village of Belgium. The prevailing dialect spoken there was Flemish, usually classed as Low German. The Low German di. lects of three centuries ago are imperfectly represented in modern orthogr:- phies. In and around Manhattan eighteen …

Other orthographies are Wiehacken, Wheliockan, Weehacken, Wehauk, obvious corruptions of the original, but all retaining a resemblance in sound. The name is preserved as that of a village, a ferr}', and a railroad station about three miles north of Jersey City, and is historically noted for its association with the ancient custom of dueling, the particular resort for that purpose being a rough she…

■tition was by Samuel Bayarfd, wh'o then owned the land on boith sides of Wiehacken Creek, for a ferry charter covering the passage "Between the southernmost cliffs of Tappaen and New York Island, at a place called Wiehake," the landing-place of which was establisihed at or near the mouth of Awiehacken Creek just be'low what is now known as King's Point. Of the location generally Winfield (Hist..…

The place to which 'the name was applied in the deed of 1658 seems to have been an open tract between the streams named, presumably afield lying along the Hudson, from the description, "running back towards the woods," suggesting that it was from the Lenape radical Tmava, as Vv^ritten by Zeisberger in Tauzui-echen, "Open ;" as a noun, "Open or unobstructed space, clear land, without trees." Droppi…

Trumbull wrote that Wehaiving "Seemed" to him as "most probably from Wehoak, Mohegan, arid -ing, Lenape, locative, 'At the end (of the Palisades)' " and in his interpretation violated his own rules of interpretation which require that translation of Indian names must be sought in the dialect spoken in the district where tlie name HUDSON S RIVER ON THE WEST. Ill appears. The word for "End," in th…

Siskakes, now Secaucus, is written as the name of a tract on Hackensack meadows, from which it was extended to Snake Hill. It is from Sikkakaskeg, meaning "Salt sedge marsh." (Gerard.) The Dutch found snakes on Snake Hill and called it Slangberg, literally, "Snake Hill." Passaic is a modern orthography of Pasaeck (Unami -Lenape), German notation, signifying "Vale or valley." Zeisberger wrote …

J. to Pom'pton, written Pachquak'onck by Van der Donck (1656) ; Paquan-nock or Pasqueck, in 1694; Paqunneck, Indian deed of 1709, and in other forms, was the name of a certain field, from which it was extended to the 112 INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. stream. Dr. Trumbull recognized it as the equivalent of Mass. Paquan'noc, Peqnan'niic, Pohqu'un-auke, etc., "A name common to all cleared land, i. e…

Peram-sepus also appears as Wieramius, suggesting that Pera, Para, Wara, and Wiera were written as equivalemt sounds, from the root IVil {Willi, Winne, Wirri, Waure), meaning, "Good, fine, pleasant," etc. The suffix varies, Sepiis meaning "Brook"; Pcake (-/^ei^^)," Water-place," and Anes, "Small stieam," or, substantially, Septis, which, by the prefix Ware, was proniounccd "A fine stream," or plac…

The suffixed locative, -uiik, seems to have been generally used in connectioii with the names of hills. Pompton -- Ponton, East N. J. Records, 1695 ; Pompeton, Pumpton, Pompeto)!, N. Y. Records -- now preserved in Pompton as the name of a village at the junction of the Pequannock, the Wynokie, and the Ramapo, and coutinued as the name of the united stream south of Pompton Village to its junction w…

A reasonable suggestion is that the original was Pom of en, a representative town, or a combination of towns. ^ wihich would readily be converted to Pompton. In 1710, "Memerescum, 'sole sachem of all the nations (towns or families) of Indians on Remopuck River, and on the east and west branches thereof, on Saddle River, Pasqueck River, Narranshunk River and Tappan,' gave title to all the lands in …

Obviously, however, the term described them as of the most eastern family of the Minsis or Minisinks, which they were. Ramapo, now so written and applied to a village and a town in Rockland Coun'ty, and also to a valley, a stream of water and adjacent hills, is written Ramepog in N. Y. Records, 1695 ; Ramepogh, 171 1, and Ramapog in 1775. In New Jersey Records the orthographies are Ramopock, Romo…

Records, 1695 • "^ certain tract of land in Orange Coimty called Ramepogh, being upon Pompton Creek, about twenty miles above ye mouth of said creek where it falls into Pequanneck River, being a piece of low land lying at ye forks on ye west side of ye creek, and going down the said creek for ye space of six or seven miles to a small run running into said creek out of a small lake, several pieces …

The somewhat poetic interpretation of the name, "Many ponds," is without warrant, nor does the name belong to a "Round pond," or to the stream, now the Ramapo except by extension to it. Apparently, by dia- ^ The territory in which the Pomptons claimed an interest included northern New Jersey as bounded on the north by a line drawn from Cochecton, Sullivan County, to the mouth of Tappan Creek on t…

Ramapo Pass, beginning about a mile below Pierson's, is fourteen miles long. (See Pompton.) Wynokie, now so written as the name of a stream flowing to the Pequannock at Pompton, takes that name from a beautiful valley through which it passes, about thirteen miles northwest of Paterson. The stream is the outlet of Greenwood Lake and is entered on old maps as the Ringwood. The name is in several or…

Smock, late State Geologist of New Jersey, wrote me of the location of the name at Suffern : "There is the name of the stream and the name of the settlement (in Rockland County, near the New Jersey line), and the land is low-lying, and along the creek, and above a forks, i. e. above the forks at Suffern. On the 1774 map in my possession, Romapock is certainly the present Ramapo. The term 'Slantin…

The name seems to have been that of a bend in the river at some point in the vicinity of Tuxedo Pond to which it was extended from a certain bend or bends in the stream. A modern interpretation from F'.tuksit, "Round foot," is of no merit except in its first word. It was the metaphorical name, among the Delawares, of the v/olf. It would be a misnomer applied to either a river or a pond. Scpo is ge…

Ziesberger WTote, "Wisachgak, Black oak," the bark of which is bitter and astringent. A black oak tree on "the west-southwest side" of the plain may have given name to the plain. Narranshaw, Nanaschunck, etc., a place so called in the Kakiate Patent boundary, is probably a corruption of Van der Donck's Narrntschocn, "A promontory" or high point. (See Nyack-on-the- Hudson.) Kakiate, the name of pa…

Eng.) The hill is claimed to have been the northwest boundmark of the Plaverstraw Patent. In recent times it has been applied to two elevations, the Little Torne, west of the Hudson, and the Great Torne, near the Hudson, south of Haverstraw. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 46.) Cheesek=ook, Cheesek=okes, Cheesec=oks, Cheesquaki, are forms of the name given as that of a tract of "Upland and meadow," so d…

The final ^ in some forms, is an English plural : it does not belong to the root. (See Coxackie.) In pronunciation the accent should not be thrown on the letter k ; that let-. ter belongs to the first word. There is no Kook about it. Tappans, Carte Figurative of date (presumed) 1614-16, is entered thereon as the name of an Indian village in Lat. 41° 15', claimed, traditionally, to have been at or…

Wassenaer wrote, in 1621-25, Tapanis ; DeLaet wrote, in 1624, Tappaans; in Breeden Raedt, Tappanders; Tappaen, De Vries, 1639; Tappaen, Van der Horst deed, 165 1 : Tappaens, ofiicial Dutch; ''Savages of Tappaen"; Tappa-ans, Van der Donck, are the early orthographies of the name and establish itas having been written by the Dutch with the long sound of a in the last word -- paan (-paen) -- which ma…

It is difficult to believe that Tappan was transferred to those distant parts from an Indian name on Hudson's River ; on the contrary its presence in those parts forces the conclusion that it was conferred by the Dutch from their own, or from some dialect with which they were familiar, precisely as it was on Hudson's River and was descriptive of a district of country the features of which supply t…

above the water, lying under the mountains, along the river," presumed to have been in the meadows south of Piermont, into which flows from the mountains Tappan Creek, now called Spar Kill/ as well as the overflow of Tappan Zee, of which he wrote without other name than "bay" : "There flows here a strong flood and ebb, but the ebb is not more than four feet on account of the great quantity of wate…

The root is Saupde (Eliot), 'soft,' i. e. 'made soft by water,' as Saupde manoosh, 'mortar,' literally 'softened clay.' Hence the Dutch word Sappaen -- adopted by Webster Se-pawn." Other examples could be quoted but are not necessary to establish the meaning of Dutch Tappaan, or Tappaen. An interpretation by Rev. Heckewelder, quoted by Yates & Moulton, and adopted by Brodhead presumably without ex…

The cove and mouth of the creek was no doubt the landing-place from which the Indian village was approached, and the latter was accepted for many years as the boundmark on the Hudson of the jurisdiction of New Jersey. ' Strickland Plain was the site of the terrible massacre of Indians by English and Dutch troops under Capt. Underbill, in March, 1645. (Broadhead, Hist. N. Y., i, 390.) About eight …

Mattaconck was "a swampy or hassocky meadow," lying on the west side of Ouaspeck Pond, from whence the line ran north, 72° east, "to the south side of the rock on the top of the hill," called Mattasinck. In the surveyor's notes the rock is described as "a certain rock in the form of a sugar loaf." The name is probably an equivalent of Mat-assin-ink, "At (or to) a bad rock," or a rock of unusual fo…

It means "Land or place at the angle, point or corner," from Nciak (Del.), "Where there is a point." (See Nyack, L. I.) The root appears in many forms in record orthographies, due largely to the efforts of European scribes to express the sound in either the German or the English alphabet. Adriaen Block wrote, in 1614-16, Ahihicaiis as the name of the people on Montauk Point ; Eliot wrote Naiyag {-…

The root is the same in all cases, Van der Donck's Narratschoan on the Hudson, and Narraticoii on the Delaware, meaning "The point of a mountain which has the character of a promontory," kindred to Neivas (Del.), "A promontory," or a high point.^ The Indian name of Verdrietig Hoek, or Tedious Point, is of record Nezvas-ink in the DeHart Patent, and in several other forms of record -- ^Navish, Navo…

Trumbull wrote: ''Nai, 'Having corners'; Naiyan, 'A corner or angle'; 'Naig-an-eag, 'The people about the point.'" William R. Gerard wrote: "The Algonquian root Ne (written bj' the English Nm) means 'To come to a point,' or 'To form a point.' From this came Ojibwe N aid' ski, 'Point of land in a body of water.' The Lenape Neivds, with the locative affix, makes Newds-ing, 'At the promontory.' The L…

Menisak=cungue, so written in Indian deed to De Hart in 1666, and also in deed from De Hart to Johannes Minnie in 1695, is written Amisconge on Pownal's map, as the name of a stream in the town of Haverstraw. As De Hart was the first purchaser of lands at Haverstraw, the name could not have been from that of a later owner, as locally supposed. Pownal's orthography suggests that the original was Om…

* The equivalent Mass. word is paug, "Where water is," or ''Place of water." (Trumbull.) Quassa-paug or Quas-paug, is the largest lake in Woodbury, Ct. Dr. Trumbull failed to detect the derivative of Quas. but suggested. Kiche, "Great." Probably a satisfactory interpretation will be found in Kussiik, "High." (See Quassaick.) ^ Kontii, an abundance verb, is sometimes written contce, easily corrupt…

Land Papers, 162.) The south side of Stony Point was then accepted as the "North side of the land called Haverstraw." The hills in immediate proximity, at varying points of compass, are the Bochberg (Dutch, Bochelberg, "Humpback hill"), and the Donderberg, neither of which, however, have connection with Stony Point, leaving the conclusion certain that from the fact that the line had its beginning …

The name being generic was easily shifted about and so it was that in adjusting the northwest line of the Evans Patent it came to have permanent abode as that of the hill now known as Schunnemunk in the town of Cornwall, Orange County, to the advantage of the proprietors of the Minisink Patent.^ Reference to the old patent line will be met in other connections. 'The patent to Capt. John Evans was…

The general meaning, with the locative -nk or -ink, is "At the sandy place," and the reference to the sandy flats, at Haverstraw, where Sesegehout presumably resided. There is no reason for placing this clan on Long Island. Nawasink, Yan Dakah, Caquaney and Aquamack, are entered in the Indian deed to DeHart as names for lands purchased by him at Haverstraw in 1666. The deed reads : "A piece of lan…

Another line was projected in 1765-6, by the proprietors of the Minisink Patent, running further northeast and the boundmark shifted to a pond north of Sam's Point, the name going with it. The transaction formed the well-known Minisink Angle, and netted the Minisink proprietors 56,000 acres of unoccupied lands. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 986.) Compare Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 164, 168, 171, 172, and M…

Caquancy is so badly corrupted that its derivative is not recognizable. Aquamack seems to be the same word that we have in Accomack, Va., meaning, "On the Other side," or "Other side lands." In deed to Florus Crom is mentioned "Another parcel of upland and meadow known by the name of Ahequerenoy, lying north of the brook called Florus Falls and extending to Stony Point," the south line of which …

Probably an equivalent of Natick Sonkippog, "Cool water." Poplopen's Creek, now so written, the name of the stream flowing to the Hudson between the sites of the Revolutionary forts Clinton and Montgomery, south of West Point, and also the name of one of the ponds of which the stream is the outlet, seems to be from English Pop-looping (Dutch Loopen), and to describe the stream as flowing out quic…

Land Papers, 99), from Assin, "stone"; Napa, "lake, pond," or place of water, and -ink, locative, literally, "Place of water at or on the stone." The current interpretation, "Water from the solid rock," is not specially inappropriate, as the lake is at the foot of the rocks of Bare Mountain. At a certain place in the course of the stream a legal description reads: "A whitewood tree standing near t…

Prince's Falls, so called in description of survey of patent to Samuel Staats, 1712: "Beginning at ye mouth of a small rivulet called by the Indians Assin-napa-ink, then up the river (Hudson) as it runs, two hundred chains, which is about four chains north of Prince's Falls, including a small rocky isle and a small piece of boggy meadow called John Cantton Huck ; also a small slip of land on each …

west side of Hudson's River, beginning on the south side of a creek called Assinapink, together with a certain island and parcel of meadow called ^Nlanahawaghin, and by the Christians Salisbury Island." The island lies about one mile south of directly opposite Anthony's Xose. and is divided from the main land by a narrow channel or marshy water-course. The tract of land lies immediately north of…

Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter wrote the name in their Journal in 1679-80, indicating that the island was then well known by that title. On \'an der Donck's map of 1656 the island is named Kaes Eiland. Dutch Kaas (cheese) Eiland. Dankers and Sluyter also wrote, "'Boter-berg (Butter-hill), because it is like the rolls of butter which the farmers of Holland take to market." Read in connection the …

Brodhead suggested (Note K, Vol. i) that Pollepel Island was that known in early Dutch history as Prince's Island, or Murderer's Creek Island, and that thereon was erected Fort Wilhelmus, referred to by Wassenaer in 1626. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 35.) The evidence is quite clear, however, that the island to which Wassenaer referred was in the vicinity of Schodac, where there was also a Murderer's C…

It was employed to locate the place of settlement of the Palatine immigrants in 1709 -- "The Parish of Quassaick," later, "The Parish of Newburgh." It is now preserved as the name of the creek which bounds (in part) the city of Newburgh on the south. "Near to a place called Quasek," indicates that the place of settlement was located by the name of some other place whioh was near to it and generall…

I think that Quassaick, changed from Ouasek (1709), is one of these corruptions. The original word probably referred to some place at the end of a swamp. The word would easily become Quasekek, Quasek, and Quassaick. The formative -ek, in words meaning swamp, marsh, etc., was often dropped by both Dutch and English scribes." This conjecture would seem to locate the name as that of the end of Big Sw…

Ktissuhkoe, meaning "High ;" with substantive Kussuhkohke, "High lands," the place of settlement being described as "Near the Highlands," which became the official designation of "The Precinct of the Highlands." Kussuhk is pretty certainly met in Cheesek-ook, the name of patented lands in the Highlands, described as "Uplands and meadows ;" also in Qttasigh-ook, Columbia County, which is described …

reason was not regarded with favor.^ The eastern face of the hilt is a rugged wall of gneiss ; the western face slopes gradually to a swamp not far from its base and to a small lake, the latter now utilized for supplying the city of Newburgh with water, with a primary outlet through a passage -under a spur of the hill, which the Indians may have regarded as a mysterious or bad place. In local nome…

Tradition affirms in explanation of the Dutch Moordenaars that an early company of traders entered their vessel in the mouth of the stream ; that they were enticed on shore at Sloop Hill and there murdered. Paulding, in his beautiful story, "Naoman," related the massacre of a pioneer family at the same place. The event, however, which probably gave the name to the stream occurred in August, 1643, …

Hist. N. Y., iv, 12), the narrative locating the occurence by the name "den Moordenaars' Kil," i. c. the kill from which the attacking party issued forth or on which the murderers resided. The first appearance of the name in English records is in a deed to Governor Dongan, in 1685, in which the lands purchased by him included "the lands of the Murderers' Creek Indians," the stream being then well …

In 1750 Schunnamunk appears, and in 1774, on Sauthier's map (1776) Schunnamank is applied to the range of hills which have been described as "The High Hills to the west of the Highlands." 'In a legal brief in the controversy to determine finally the northwest line of the Evans Patent, the name is written Skonanake, and the claim made that it was the hill named Skoonnemoghky in the deed from the In…

In this case we may read the name, "Alaringoman's Town," which may or may not have been palisaded. It seems to have been the seat of the "Murderer's Creek Indians." The burial ground of the clan is marked on a map of the Wilson and Aske Patent, and has been located by Surveyor Fred J. McKnight (1898) on the north side of the Cornwall and Monroe line and very near the present road past the Houghton…

Land Papers, 91), in which connection it seems to be another form of Mahican Wanunketukok, "At the winding of the river" -- "A bend-of-the-riverplace." Presumably the reference is to a place where the stream bends in the vicinity of the hill. The name appears in an abstract of an Indian deed to Sir Henry Ashurst, in 1709, for a tract of land of about sixteen square miles. The purchase was not pate…

The southwesterly corner of that patent is in a southwesterly direction from said Page's house." In the controversy in regard to the northwest line of the Evans Patent, one of the counsel said: "It is also remarkable that the Murderers' Creek extends to the hill Skonanaky, and that the Indian, Maringoman, who sold the lands, did live on the south side of Murderers' Creek, opposite the house where…

It is probable, h(.)wever, that the name is a corruption of Dutch Rondbocht, meaning, "A tortuous pool, puddle, marsh," at or near which the chief may have resided. Rombout (Dutch) means "Bull-fly." It could hardly have been the name of a run of water. Mistucky, the name of a small stream in the town of Warwick, has lost some of its letters. Mishqudwtucke (Nar.), would read, "Place of red cedars."…

The land on which he lived and in which he was buried came into possession of Daniel Burt, an early settler, who gave decent sepulture to the bones of the chief.^ ^ The traditional places of residence of several of the sachems who signed the Wawayanda deed is stated by a writer in "Magazine of American History," and may be repeated on that authority, viz: "Oshaquememus, chief of a village, near t…

Samuel Staats, of Albany, and others, for license to purchase "A tract of land called Wawayanda, in the county of Ulster, containing by estimation about five thousand acres, more or less, lying about thirty miles backward in the woods from Hudson's River." (Land Papers, 56.) In February of the same year the parties filed a second petition for license to "purchase five thousand acres adjoining ther…

Specifically the tract called Wawayanda or Woerawin was never located, nor were the several "certain tracts of land called Wawayanda" purchased by Dr. Bridges. The former learned in a short died about 1730 at the Delaware Water-Gap.'' The names given by the writer do not inchide all the signers of the deed. One of the unnamed grantors was Clans, so called from Klaas (Dutch), "A tall ninny"; an im…

In adjusting the boundary line between New York and New Jersey it was cut oflf from Orange County and is now in Vernon. New Jersey, where it is stilt known as the "Wawayanda Homestead." Within a musket-shot of the site of the ancient dwelling flows Wawayanda Creek, and with the exception of the meadows through which it flows in a remarkably sinuous course, is the only object in proximity to the ])…

Wawai, or Waway-anda, 'many' or 'several' windings, as a complex of river bends." As the name stands it is a participial or verbal noun. Waivay, "Winding around many times"; -anda, "action, motion" (radical -an, "to move, to go"), and, inferentially, the place where the action of the verb is performed, as in Guttanda, "Taste it," the action of the throat in tasting being referred to, and in Popach…

Ralph Wisner, of Florida, Orange County, recently reproduced in the Warwick Advertiser, an affidavit made by Adam Wisner, May 19th, 1785, at a hearing in Chester, in the contention to determine the boundary line of the Cheesec-ock Patent, in which he stated that he was 86 years old on the 15th of April past; that he had lived on the Wawayanda Patent since 1715; that he "learned the Indian language…

By dialectic exchange of / for r and giving to the Dutch oe its English equivalent ii as in bull, it is probably from the root Wul, "Good, fine, handsome," etc., with the verbal termination -wi (Chippeway -zvin), indicating "objective existence," hence "place," a most appropriate description for many places in the Wawayanda or Warwick Valley. Monhagen, the name of a stream in the town of Wallkill,…

In addition to its general course Wawayanda Creek is especially sinuous in the New Milford and Sandfordville districts of Warwick, the bends multiplying at short distances, and also in the vicinity of the DeKay homestead in Vernon. In Warwick the stream has been known as "Wandering River" for many years. The patented lands are on this stream. Its name. Long-house Creek, was, no doubt, from one of …

Pochuck is from a generic meaning "A recess or corner." It is met in several places. (See Wawayanda and Pochuck.) Gentge=kamike, "A field appropriated for holding dances," may reasonably have been the Indian name of the plateau adjoining the rocky point, at the head of Newburgh Bay, whicli, from very early times, has been known as The Dans Kamer (Dance Qiamber), a designation which appears of rec…

Couwenhoven, who was lying with his sloop opposite the Dans Kamer, wrote, under date of August 14th, that "the Indians thereabout on the river side" made "a great uproar every night, firing guns and Kintecaying, so that the woods rang again." There can be no doubt from the records that the plateau was an established place for holding the many dances of the Indians. The word Kinte is a form of Gent…

singing and dancing." Every Indian captive doomed to death, Asked and was granted the privilege of singing and dancing his Kinteka}c, or death song. War dances were riotous ; the scenes of actual battle were enacted. The religious dances and rites were so wonderful that even the missionaries shrank from them, and the English government forbade their being held within one hundred miles of European …

Arackook, Kachawaweek, and Oghgotacton are record but unlocated names of places on the east side of the Wallkill, by some presumed to have been in the vicinity of Walden, Orange County, from the description : "Beginning at a fall called Arackook and running thence northwesterly on the east side of Paltz Creek until it comes to Kachawaweek." The petitioner for the tract was Robert Sanders, a noted …

Twischsawkin is quoted as the name of the Wallkill at some place in New Jerse3^ On Sauthier's miap it stands wihere two small ponds are represented and seems to have reference to the outlet. Twisch may be an equivalent of TiscJi, "Strong," and Sawkin may be an equivalent of Heckewelder's Sancon, "Outle't," or mouth of a river, pond, etc. Wallkill, the name of the stream as now written, is an angli…

The locative is made specific in a grant to Thomas Lloyd in 1687;* in a grant to Severeign Tenhout in 1702,^ and iiij ^ "Land lying about six or seven miles beyond ye Town where ye Walloons dwell, upon ye same creek; ye name of ye place is Chauwanghungh and'^ Nescotack, two small parcels of land lying together." (N. Y. Land Papers, 29, 30.) ' "Comprehending all those lands, meadows and woods cal…

In 1744, Jacobus Bruyn was the owner of the Lloyd tract. ^ The distribution of the name over the district as a general locative is distinctly traceable from this center. It was never the name of the mountain, nor of the stream, and it should be distinctly understood that it does not appear in Kregier's Journal of the Second Esopus War, nor in any record prior to 1684, and could not have been that …

The location is certain from the will of Jacobus Bruyn in 1744- ^ The most worthless interpretation is that in Spofford's Gazeteer and copied by Mather in his Geological Survey: "Shazven, in the Mohegan language, means 'White,' also 'Salt.' and Gunk, 'A large pile of rocks,' hence 'White Rocks' or mountain." The trouble with it is that there is no such word as Shazven, meaning "White" in any Algo…

Since first settlement the location has bee;i known as "New Fort." It is on the east side of the stream about three miles west of the village of Wallkill.^ In the treaty of 1664 the site and the fields around it were conceded, with other lands, to the Dutch, by the Indians, as having been "conquered by the sword," but were subsequently included (1684) in the purchase by Governor Dongan. Later were…

It is a place full of history, full of poetry, full of the footprints of ^ The monosyllable SJiaw or ScJiaiv. radical Scha, means "Side, edge, border, shore," etc. S chaiizvunnp pcquc , "On the shore of the lake." Endatacht-scIiaK'ungc, "At the narrows where the hill comes close to the river." (Heck.) Scliajazvonge, "Hill-side" (Zeisb.), from which Schawong-unk, "On the hill-side," or at the side…

"Great, strong," etc., and Towatazvik, "Wilderness"-- the great wilderness, or uninhabited district. Gatawanuk seems to be from Kitchi, "Strong," -aivan, impersonal verb termination, and -iik, locative, and to describe a place on a strong current or flowing stream. The same name seems to appear in Kitchawan, now Croton River. It may have located lands on the Wallkill. Nescotack, a certain place so…

Smedes, 1709, is described as "Land lying near a small hill called, in ye Indian tongue, Wickqutenhonck," in another paper Wickquatennhonck, "Land lying near the end of the hill." The name means, "At the end of the hill," from Wequa, "End of" ; -atcnne (-achtenne, Zeisb.), "hill," and -unk, "at." The location was near the end of what is still known as the Hoogte-berg (Hooge-berg, Dutch), a range…

At a previous date (Sept. 22) Mott asked for a patent for four hundred acres "at a place called S'hawungunk," which was "given him when a child by the Indians." Whether the two tracts were the same or not does not appear; but in 1702, June 10, Severeyn TenTiout remonstrated against granting to Mott the land which he had petitioned for, and accompanied his remonstrance by an extract from the minut…

should "have a proportion of the good land upon the said river" -- obviously a section of low land or meadow, described by the name of a place thereon called Maskcck (Zeisb.), meaning "Swamp, bog" ; Maskeht (Eliot), "Grass." The radical is ask, "green," raw, immature." The suffix -cghs represents an intensive form of the guttural formative, which the German missionaries softened to -ech and -ck,…

The deed description reads : "Extending from the Paltz," i. e. from the southeast boundmark of the Paltz Patent on the Hudson, now known as Blue Point (see Magaat- Ramis), south "along the river to the lands of the Indians at Murderers' Kill, thence west to die foot of the high hills called Pitkiskaker and Aioskawasting, thence southwesterly all along the said hills and the river called Peakadasin…

About one mile further north lies "The Great Salt Pond," so called in records of the town of Shawongunk. It is now called Lake Minnewaska, a name introduced from the Chippeway dialect, said to mean "Colored water," which has been changed to "Frozen water." being of"Set into the hills like a bowl." It haslake The is particularly an altitude feet and as of 1,600described a depth seventy to ninety…

The prefix, Aioska, cannot be dropped and the name have a meaning, and the adjectival, Awoss, cannot be used as a substantive and followed by the locative -ing, "at, on," etc. Awoss means "Beyond," surely, but must be followed by a substantive telling what it is that is "beyond." The particular features of the Shawongunk range covered by the boundary line of the deed are "The Traps," a cleft whic…

Its name is from Samuel Gonsaulus, who owned the tract. Gertruyd's Nose, the name of another point, was so called from the fancied resemblance of its shadow to the nose of Mrs. Gertrude, wife of Jacobus Bruyn, who owned the tract. The pass, cleft or clove known as "The Traps," was so called from the supposed character of the rock which it divides. The rock, however, is not Trappean. The pass is 65…

In a brief submitted in the boundary contention, it is said that the line of the Dongan purchase ran "along the foot of the hills from a place called Pachanasink, where the Indians who sold the land had a large village and place," and from thence "to the head of the said river, and no where else the said river is called by that name." The evidence is cumulative that the name was that of the domin…

The exposed surface of the precipice is marked by strata in the conglomerate as primarily laid down. The entire district is a region of split rocks. Verkerde Kill takes that name from Dutch rerkeerd, meaning "Wrong, bad, angry, turbulent," etc. It is the outlet of Meretange Pond near Sam's Point. It flows from the pond to the falls and from the falls at nearly a right angle over a series of cascad…

The first word is heard in Alaska, which is said, on competent authority, to mean, "The high bald rocks"; with locative -ing, "At (or on) the high bald rocks." This interpretation is a literal description of the hill, and Aioskawasting may have the same meaning, although those who wrote the former may not have had a thought about the latter.^ (See Pitkiskaker.) Achsinink, quoted by the late Rev. …

Moggonck, Maggonck, Moggonick, Moggoneck, Mohonk, etc., are forms of the name given as that of the "high hill" which forms the southwest boundmark of the Paltz Patent, so known, now generally called locally, Paltz Point, and widely known as Mohunk. The hill is a point of rock formation on the Shawongunk range. It rises about 1,000 feet above the plain below and is crowned by an apex which rises as…

Land Papers, 15), reads: "Beginning at the high hill called Moggonck, then southeast to Juffrouw's Hook in the Long Reach, on the Great River (called in Indian Magaat Ramis), thence north to the island called Raphoos, lying in the Kromme Elbow at the commencement of the Long Reach, thence west to the high hill to a place [called] Warachaes and Tawarataque, along the high hill to Moggonck." The tra…

So it came about that they hurried to Governor Andros and secured an amended wording in the patent of the deed description, and Surveyor-General Graham, when he came upon the scene in 1709, to run the patent lines, found the locatives "fixed," and wrote in his description, "Beginning at a certain point on the hill called Moggonick, * * thence south, thirty-six degrees easterly, to a certain small …

This record narrative is more fully explained by the following certificate which is on file in the office of the Clerk of Ulster County : "These are to certify, that the inhabitants of the town of New Paltz, being desirous that the first station of their patent, named Moggonck, might be kept in remembrance, did desire us, Joseph Horsbrouck, John Hardenburgh, and RoelofT Elting, Esqs., Justices of…

His testimony, given forty-five years after the sale by the Indians, was simply confirmatory in general terms of a location which had been made in 1677, and the interpretation of what he said was obviously given by the Justices in terms to correspond with what his employers wished him to say. In the days of the locations of boundmarks of patents, his testimony would have been regarded with suspici…

Algonquian students who have been consulted, regard the name as it stands as without meaning ; that some part of the original was lost by mishearing or dropped in pronunciation ; that in the dialect which is supposed to have been spoken here the suffix -onck is classed as a locative and the adjectival Mogg is not complete. Several restorations of presumed lost letters have been suggested to give t…

There may have been a certain great tree at the foot of the hill, from which the name was extended to the hill, and there may have been one on the Wallkill, which Ankerop said "Was the right Indian name of the place." It will be remembered that the deed boundmark was "The foot of the hill." It is safe to say that the name never could have described "A small run of water and a swamp," nor did it me…

Schoolcraft wrote, "Rock, or solid formation of rock." No particular part of the hill was referred to, the text reading, "There being Ankerop, the Indian, then brought us to the High Mountain which he named Maggeanapogh." The time has passed when the name could have been made permanent. For all coming time the hill will bear the familiar name of Mohonk, the Moggonck of 1677, the Paltz Point and th…

The Dutch name, Juffrouzv's Hook, wtis obviously employed by the purchasers to locate the boundmark by terms which were then generally understood. Juffrouw, the first word, means "Maiden," one of the meanings of which is "Haai-rog" ; "rog" means "skate," or Angel-fish, of special application to a species of shark, but in English shad, or any fish of the herring family, especially the female. Hook …

What that word was, however, may be inferred from the description, "Juffrou's Hook, in the Long Reach, on the Great River (called in Indian Magaat-Ramis)," or as written in the patent, "To a certain Point or Hooke called the Jeuffrou's Hooke, lying in the Long Reach, named by the Indians Magaat-Ramis." That the name was that of the river at that place -- the Long Reach -- is made clear by the sent…

Rappoos, which formed the northeast boundmark of the Paltz Patent, is specifically located in the Indian deed "Thence north [from Juffrou's Hook] along the river to the island called Rappoos, lying in the Kromme Elbow, at the commencement of the Long Reach." The island is now known as Little Esopus Island, taking that name from Little Esopus Creek, which flows to the Hudson at that point. It lies …

The root is JVab, or JVap, meaning, "A light or open place between two shores." (Brinton.) Tawarataque, now written and pronounced Tower-a-tauch, the name of the northwestern boundmark of the Paltz Patent, is described inthe Indian deed already quoted: "Thence [from Rappoos] west to the high hills to a place called Warachoes and Tawarataque," which may refer to one and the same place, or two diff…

Ralph LeFever, editor of the "New Paltz Independent," from personal knowledge. Tawarataque was the name of this clove. It embodies the root IValak prefixed by the radical Tau or Tazv, meaning "Open," as an open space, a hollow, a clove, an open field, etc., suffixed by the verb termination -aque, meaning "Place," or -dke as Zeisberger wrote in Wochitdke, "Upon the house." The reading in Tawarataqu…

I think, but am not certain, that the rock can be seen as you pass on the railroad. It is of the character known as Esopus Millstone, a white or gray conglomerate. I cannot say that it bears the Surveyor's inscription." It is not often that four boundmarks are met that stand out with the distinctness of those of the Paltz Patent, or that are clothed with deeper interest as geological features, or…

It is from Sepn, "River," and -es, "small." On the Carte Figurative it is written on the east side of the river near a stream north of Wappingers' Creek, as it may have been legitimately, but in 1623 it came to be located permanently at what is now Rondout Creek, from -which it was extended to several streams/ to the Dutch settlement now Kingston, to the resident Indians, and to a large district o…

De Laet wrote in his "New World" (Leyden edition) : "This reach [Vischer's, covering Newburgh Bay] extends to another narrow pass, where, on the west side of the river, there is a point of land juts out covered with sand, opposite a bend in the river on which another nation of savages called the IVaoranccks, have their abode at a place called Esopus. A little beyond, on the west side of the river,…

Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me : "If the Warana-wan-ka lived on a bay or cove of Hudson's River, their name is certainly from Walina, which means ' hollowing, concave site,' and 'cove, bay,' in several eastern languages. A good parallel are the Wawenocks of S. W. Maine, now living at St. Francis, who call themselves Walinaki, or those living on a cove -- 'cove dwellers' -- in refer…

On the latter, near Port Jervis, is met of record JVarinsags-kanieck, which is surely the equivalent of IValina-ask-kameck, "A hollowing or concave site, a meadow or field." It was written by Arent Schuyler, the noted interpreter, as the name of a field which he described as "A meadow or vly." Vly is a contraction of Dutch Vallei, meaning "A hollow or depression in which water stands in the rainy …

As it stands the name is one of the oldest and most sonorous in the valley of Hudson's River. Ponkhockie is the familiar form of the name of the point, co\'e or landing-place on the south side of Kingston Point. It is from Dutch Punthoekje, meaning, "Point of a small hook, or angle." The local interpretation, "Canoe harbor," is not in the name, except inferentially from the fact that the cove was …

ly a restoration of the early Dutch Rondhout, The stockade was erected by Director Stuyvesant, at the suggestion of the Ainsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, about 1660. There were Dutch traders here certainly as early as 1622, and presumably as early as 1614, but no permanent settlement appears of record prior to 1652-3, nor is there evidence that there was a Rondhout here prior to 1657-8…

It does not seem probable that the Dutch had a Tennis Court here at that early date, but the record so reads.- The hook or cove, was the most desirable place for landing on the south side of the Point. It has since been the commercial centre of the town and city. Punthoekje is certainly not without interesting history. Atkarkarton, claimed by some local authorities as the Indian name of Kingston, …

Y., iii, 103.) The Reverend writer obviously quoted the name as of general appHcation, although it would seem to have been that of a particular place. As stated in another connection, Esopus, Sypous, and Sopus were at first (1623) applied to a trading-post on the Hudson, from which it was extended inland as a general name and later became specific as that of the first palisaded Dutch village named…

It was separated from the low lands of the Esopus Valley by a ridge of moderate heig'ht extending on the north, east, and west, and had on the south "a swampish morass" which was required to be drained, in 1669, for the health of the town "and the improvement of so much ground." The Groot Plat in the Esopus Valley was a garden spot ready for the plougli and was regarded as of size sufficient for "…

P>om the description quoted, and present conditions, it may be said with certainty that the site of the Old Village of Wildwijk was a knoll in an area of prairie and marsh. Neither of the village sites seem to have been occupied by the Indians except by temporary huts and corn-lands. The Wildwijk site was given to Director Stuyvesant by the Indians, in 1658, "to grease his feet with" after his "lo…

It is sufficient to say here that the Indians lost the lands in controversy and a much larger territory. Interpretation of the name can only be made conjecturally. William R. Gerard wrote me: "I think Atkarkarton simply disguises Atuk-ak-aten, meaning 'Deerhill,' from Atnk, 'Deer' ; ak, plural, and aten, 'hill' The rs in the name ■do not mean anything ; they simply indicate that the a's wliioh pre…

The Dutch recovered possession in 1673, and changed the name to Swanendale, and the English restored Kingston in 1674. (See Atkarkarton.) Nanoseck, Manoseck, forms of the. name of a small island in Rondout Creek, so "called by the Indians" says the record, may be from Natick Nohoosik, "Pointed or tapering." The Dutch called it "Little Cupper's Island." Clipper, "One w'ho applies a cupping glass."…

Judge Sohoonmaker wrote : "Supposed to have been located in Marbletown." Preumaker's Land, a tract described as "Lying upon Esopus Kil, within the bounds of Hurley," granted to Venike Rosen, April i, 1686, was the place of residence of Preumaker, "The oldest and best" of the Esopus sachems, whose life was tragically ended by Dutch soldiers in the war of 1660. The location of his "house" is descri…

Y.. xiii.) Supposed to have been at LeFever's Falls in Rosendale. (Schoonmaker.) l62 INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. A creek now bears the name of the sachem, who was a hero if he was a savage. I'rudyachkamik, so written in treaty-deed of 1677 as the name of a place on the Hudson at the mouth of Esopus (now Saugerties) Creek, is written Tintiagquanneck in deed of 1767 (Cal. Land Papers, 454), and by …

In 1683, in a survey of the Meals Patent, covering lands now included in Saugerties, it is written : "Being part of the land called Sagers," and in another, "Between Cattskill and Sager's Kill." It is also of record that a man known by the surname of Zager located on the stream prior to 1663, obtained a cession of the lands on the kill from Kaelcop, an Esopus sachem, and later disappeared without …

Three or four miles north is W anion Island, the site of a traditionary battle between the Mohawks and the Katskill Indians. It is now the northeast boundmark of Ulster County. Neither of these islands could have been the boundmark of the lands granted by the Indians. Wanton seems to be from IVanquon (IVankon, Del.), "Heel" -- resembling a human heel in shape -- pertuberant. The letter t in t…

spoken of without name in connection with a district of country admitted by the Indians to have been "conquered by the sword," inchiding the "two captured forts." In the subsequent treaty (1665) with Governor Nicolls the ceded district is described as "A certain parcel of land lying and being to the west or southwest of a certain creek or river called by the name of Kaihanksen, and so up to the he…

The only stream that has been certainly identified as the Maggowasinghingh is the Rondout, where it flows from the west to its junction with the Sandberg Kill, east of Honk Falls, and this identification certainly places Kahanksen south of that stream. And in this connection it may be stated that the conquered lands did not extend west of the Rondout. The Beekman and the Beake patents were held pr…

Colonel Rutsen's land has not been located ; he held several tracts at different times, and one especially on the west line of Marbletown known as Rosindale. iWhatever its location it shows that its name of Kahankasinck was extended to it or from it from some g"eneral feature. Obviously from the ancient treaty and deed boundaries the site of the Old Fort has not been ascertained, nor has the Great…

Under date of July 31, 1663, Kregier wrote: "In the morning at dawn of day set fire to the fort and all the houses, and while they were in full blaze marched out in good order." And so disappeared forever the historic Indian settlement, not even the name by which it was known certainly translatable in the absence of knowledge of the topography of its precise location.^ Magowasinghinck, so written…

The Beekman grant was on both sides of Rondout Creek west ^nd immediately above Honk Falls, where a large rock lying in the kill was the boundmark to which the name referred and from which it was extended to the stream and place. The George Davis grant has not been located, and may never have been taken up. Beekman sold to Peter Lowe in 1708, and the survey of the latter, in 1722, described his bo…

Here, amid the roar, the swirl and dash of waters breaking through rocky barriers, with the rapids at the falls, the Great Rock was an object to be remembered as a boundmark." Without knowledge of the locative of the name or of the facts of record concerning it, the late Dr. D. G. Brinton, replying to inquiry, wrote me : "I take Magozv or M o ggew-assing-ink to be from Macheu (Del.), 'It is great…

Wawarasinke, so written by the surveyor as the name of a tract of land granted to Anna Beake and her children in 1685, has been retained as the name of a village situate in part on that tract, about four miles north of Ellenville. The precise location of the southern boundmark of the patent was on the west bank of the Rondout, south of the mouth of Wawarsing Creek, or Vernooy Kill as now called, w…

By dialectic exchange of n and r, it may be read Wa-wa-nuwas-ink, "At a place w^here the stream winds, bends, twists, or eddies around a point or promontory." This explanation is fully sustained by the topography. Hon. Th. E. Benedict writes me: "The Rondout at that point (the corner of the Anna Beake Patent) winds around at almost a right angle. At the bend is a deep pool with an eddying current…

meaning, "A rapid stream," or a stream flowing down descending slopes." As now written the name means nothing unless read from Dutdh Honck, ''Home, a standing post or place of beginning," but that could not have been the derivative for the name was in place before the falls became the boundmark. The familiar interpretation: "From Honck (Nar.), 'Goose' -- 'Wild-goose Falls,' " is worthless. The loc…

The German missionary orthography is Lechauwak (Zeisb.), "Fork, division, separation," that wliich forks or divides, or oomes together in the form of a fork ; literally, "The Fork." Lcchauzvak, "Fork" ; Lechau-hanne, "Fork of a river," from which Lackawanna ; Lechau-wiechen, "Fork of a road," from which Lackawaxen -- "abbreviated by the Germans to Lecha, and by the English to Lehigh." (Reichel.) …

Mattachonts, a modern orthography, preserves the name of a place in the town of Rochester, Ulster County, and not that of an Indian maiden as locally stated. The boundary description refers to a creek and to a swamp. The record orthographies are Magtigkenighonk and Maghkenighonk, in Calendar of Land Papers, and "Mattekah-onk Kill," local. Amangag=arickan, given as the name of an Indian family in w…

Heckewelder wrote in the Delaware, Saucon, "The outlet of a small stream into a larger one." Ashokan is a pronunciation. The same name is met at the mouth of the East or Paghatagan Branch of the Delaware. Shokan Point is an elevation rising 3100 feet. Koxing Kil, a stream so called in Rosendale, is of record Cocksing and Cucksink -- "A piece of land ; it lyeth almost behind Marbletown." It is not …

Hasbrouck wrote, "Mombakkus is a Dutch term, literally meaning 'Silent head,' from Mom, 'silent,' and Bak or Bakkus, 'head.' It originated from the figure of a man's face cut in a sycamore tree which stood near the confluence of the Mombakkus and Rondout kills on the patent to Tjerck Classen de Witt, and was carved, tradition says, to commemorate a battle fought near the spot," that "for this info…

Usually trees marked in the manner described included other figures commemorative of the deeds of a warrior de- 17° INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. signed to be honored. Sometimes the paintings were drawn by a member of the clan or family to which the subject belonged, and sometimes by the hero himself, who was flattered by the expectation that his memory would thereby be preserved, or his importance…

On Van der Donck's map of 1656 it is written Kats Kill, but he never wrote Kil with two I's. Older than Van der Donck's map it evidently was from the frequent reference to the "Kats Kil Indians" in Fort Orange records. Its origin is, of course, uncertain. Reasonably and presumably it was a colloquial form of Katerakts Kil -- reasonably, because the falls on that stream would have naturally attract…

He might have found a better basis for his conjecture in the fact that in 1650, on the north side of the Kat's Kil reigned in royal majesty, Nipapoa, a squaw sachem, while on the other side Machak-nimano, "The great man of his people," held sway ; that, as they painted on their cabins a rude figure of a wolf, their totemic emblem, easily mistaken for a catamount, the name of "He cat"^ was given to…

Their hereditary enemies were the Mohawks who adjoined them on the west side of the mountains, their respective territories following the line of the watersheds. They came to be more or less mixed with fugitives from the eastern provinces, after the overthrow of King Philip. A palisaded village they had north of the Esopus, and fierce traditional battles with the Mohawks. They disappeared graduall…

Teteachkie, the name of a tract granted to Francis Salisbury and described as "A place lying upon Katskill Creek," has not been located. Teke, from Teke-ne, may stand for "Wood," and -achkie stand for land -- a piece of woodland. Quachanock, modern Qua jack, the name of a place described as the west boundary of a tract sold to Jacob Lockerman, does not mean "Christian corn-lands," as locally inter…

O'Callaghan interpreted the name from Wachcu, "hill," and -keag, "land" or place -- "Hill country," and Dr. Trumbull gave the same meaning from Wadchuauke. The orthography of the second form, however, is probably the most correct -- Machachkeek -- ^which pretty surely, from the locative, stands for Maskckeck, meaning, "Marsh or wet meadow." Wichquanachtekok, the name of the second flat, is no dou…

It is widely distributed. (See Paskack.) Assiskowachok or Assiskowacheck, the name of record as that of the fourth flat, is no doubt from Assiskeu, "Mud" -- Assiskewmighk-iik, "At (or on) a muddy place." Potic, the name of the fifth flat, is also of record Potick, Potatik, and Potateuck, probably an equivalent of Pozvntiicknk (Mass.), denoting, "Country about the falls." (Trumbull.) From the …

The name is sufficiently explained by the description, "On the west side of a hill," or a hill-side, but descriptive of a hill resembling a head -- "high, erect" -- with the accessory meaning of superiority. "Indian Head" is now applied to one of the peaks of the Catskills. The parts of the body were sometimes applied by the Indians to inanimate objects just as we apply them in English -- head of …

Geographical Names.) Kaniskek, or Caniskek, of record as the name of Athens, is described in orignal deeds : "A certain tract o^f land on the west side of North River opposite Claverack, called Caniskek, which stretches along the river from the lands of Peter Bronck down to the valley lying near the point of the main land behind the Barren Island, called Mackawameck," now known as Black Rock, at …

Kessiewey was a peace chief, or resident ruler, whose ofifice it was to negotiate treaties of peace for his own people, or for other clans when requested, and in this capacity, with associates, announced himself at Fort Orange, in 1660, as coming, "in the name of the Esopus sachems, to ask for peace" with them.^ He was engaged in similar work in negotiating the Esopus treaty of 1664 ; signed the d…

1 " * * We have, therefore, gathered information from the Mahicanders, who thought we knew of it, that more than fifteen days ago some Esopus [Indians] had been at Keessienwey's Hoeck who wanted to come up [to Fort Orange], but had been prevented until this time, and in order to get at the truth of the matter, we have concluded to send for two or three sachems of the Katskil Indians, especially Ma…

Henry C. Murphy wrote: "The true orthography isprobably Koek's-rackie (the Cook's Little Reach), to distinguish itfrom the Koek's Reach below the Highlands, near New York." Unfortunately there is no evidence that there was a reach called the Cook's north of the Highlands, while it is certain that the name is Algonquian. Dankers and Sluyter gave no description of the place in 1679-80, but their not…

Stighcook, a tract of land so called, now in Greene County, granted to Casparus Brunk and others in 1743, is located in patent as lying "to the westward of Koghsacky." In Indian deed to Edward Collins, in 1734, the description reads, "Westerly by the high woods known and called by the Indian name Sticktakook." Apparently from Mass. Mishiintugkook, "At a place of much wood." The district seems to h…

The reference seems to have been to land before or on this side of the estuary, or the side toward the speaker, Oniskethau, quoted as the name of CoQjrm.ns' Creek, is said to have been the name of a Sunk-squa, or sachem's wife. Authority not given. The stream descends in two falls at Coeymans' Village, covering seventy-five feet. The same name is met in Onisquathaw, now Niskata, of record as the …

Sankagag, otherwise written Sanckhagag, is given, in deed to Van Rensselaer, 1630, as the name of a tract of land described as "Situated on the west side of the North River, stretching in length from a little above Beeren Island along the river upward to Smack's Island, and in width two days' journey inland." Beeren Island is about twelve miles south of Albany, and Smack's Island is near or at tha…

It is now assigned to a pond in the town of Cairo, Greene County. (See Neweskeke.) Neweskeke, =keek, about ten miles south of Albany, is described as "The corner of a neck of land having a fresh water river running to the east of it." In another paper the neck is located "near a pool of water called Nepeesteek," and "a brook called Napeesteegtock." The name of the brook and that of the pool is fr…

This fort was succeeded, in 1623, by one on or near the present steamboat landing in Albany, to which the name was transferred and which was known as Fort Orange until the English obtained possession (1664), when the name was changed to Fort Albany, from which the present name of the capital of the State.- In addition to the early history of the island the claim is made by Weise, in his "History o…

There is some evidence that French traders visited the river, and that they constructed a fort on Castle Island, but none that they called the river "Norumbega." (See Muhheakunuk.) By the construction of an embankment and the filling of the passage between the island and the main land, the island has nearly disappeared.^ Norman's Kill, so well known locally, took that name from one Albert And…

Aside from the names of the stream it has especial historic interest in connection with early Dutch settlement and the location of Fort Orange where Indians of all nations and tongues assembled for intercourse with the government. (See Pachonahellick.) Dr. Schoolcraft wrote, without any authority that I have been able to find, Tazmsenfha as the name of the mound on which Fort Orange was erected, w…

Heckewelder wrote, in his "Indian Nations," "Gaaschtinick, since called by the name of Norman's Kill," and recited a Delaware tradition, with the coloring of truth, that that nation consented there, under advisement of the Dutch, to take the rank of women, i. e. a nation without authority to make war or sell lands. The tradition is worthless. The Dutch did make "covenants of friendship"" 'here wit…

Mathahenaak, "being a part of a parcel of land called the foreland of the Half-Moon, and by the Indians Mathahenaack, being on the north of the fourth branch or fork of the Mohawk." Matha is an orthography of Macha (Stockbridge, Nauklm; Del. Lechau), with locative' iik, "At the fork" -- now or otherwise known as Half- Moon Point, Waterford. Quahemiscos is a record form of the name of what is now k…

van Dyk, Peter Schu3'ler, and others, July 26, 1683, as "A tract of land called Sarachtogoe" (by the Dutch), "or by the Maquas Ochseratongue or Ochsechrage, and by the Machicanders Amissohaendiek, situated to the north of Albany, beginning at the utmost limits of the land bought from the Indians by Goose Gerritse and Philip Pieterse Schuyler deceased, there being" {i. e. the boundmark) "a kil call…

Specifically, too, the locative of the name, from the language of the deed and contemporary evidence, would seem to have been on the east side of the river -- "the end of the lands of Sarachtoge, bordering on a kil on the east side of the river, called," etc., a place which Governor Dongan selected, in 1685, on which to settle the Mohawk Catholic converts, who had been induced to remove to Canada,…

the fort, in the war of 1746, the settlement was removed to the opposite side of the river and the name went with it, but to which it had no legitimate title. (See Kayauderossa.) Apparently the Mahican name, Amiss ohacndiek, is the oldest. It carries with it a history in connection with the wars between the Mohawks and the Mahicans, At the sale of the lands, the Mahicans who were present reno…

With a view to obtain a satisfactory explanation of the record names, the writer submitted them to the late eminent Iroquoian philologist, Horatio Hale, M. A., of Clinton, Ontario, Canada, and to the eminent Algonquian linguist, the late Dr. D. G. Brinton, of Philadelphia. In reply, Mr. Hale wrote: * * "Your letter has proved very acceptable, as the facts you present have thrown light on an inter…

of the ancient forms, however, which you give from the old Dutch authorities, seems to put us at once on the right track. This form is Ochsechrage. The 'digraph' ch in this word evidently represents the hard guttural aspirate, common to both the Dutch and the German languages. This aspirate is of frequent occurrence in the Iroquois dialects, but it is not a radical element. As I have elsewhere sa…

It may possibly be derived from the verb atona, 'to become' (in its perfect tense atonk), added to osera, in which case the word would mean, 'where a beaver-dam has been forming,' or, as we should express it in English, 'where the beavers have been making a dam.' "With regard to the Mahican name Amissohaendiek or Amissohaendick (whichever it is) I cannot say much, my knowledge of the Algonquin di…

Trumbull wrote : "Amisk, a generic name for beaver-kind, has been retained in the principal Algonquian dialects." The district was a part of Ochsaraga, "The beaver-hunting country of the Confederate Indians," conquered by them about 1624. The evolution from Ochsera-tongue (deed of 1683) appears in Serachtogue (Dongan, 1685} ; Serasteau (contemporary Frendh) ;. Saractoga (Cornbury, 1703) ; Saratoga…

The stream comes down from small lakes and stream's in Lewis and Hamilton counties, and is the principal northwestern affluent of the Hudson. Scharon, Scarron, Schroon, orthographies of the name now conferred on a lake and its outlet, and on a mountain range and a town in Essex County, is said to have been originally given to the lake by French officers in honor of the widow Scarron, the celebrate…

Hewitt.) The little valley is described as "a picture of beauty and repose in strong contrast with the rugged hills around." (Lossing.) Oi-o=gue, the name given by the Mohawks to Father Jogues in 1646, at Lake George, to what we now fondly call Hudson's River, is fully explained in another connection. The stream has its sources among the highest peaks of the Adirondacks, the most quoted springlet…

Wall-face, on the west side, is a perpendicular precipice 800 to 1,000 feet high, and Mt. Mclntyre rises over 3,000 feet. The gorge is seldom traversed, even adventurous tourists are repelled by its ruggedness. ^ By Colvin's survey Mount Marcy has an elevation of 5,344.411 feet "above mean-tide level in the Hudson." It is the highest mountain in the State. Put four Butter Hills on the top of each…

At the foot of the fall the current is divided by a small island which is said to bear on its flat rock surface a petrifaction having the appearance of a big snake, which may have been regarded by the Mohawks with awe as the personification of the spirit of evil, according to the Huron legend, "Onniare jotohatienn tiotkon. The demon takes the figure of a snake." (Bruyas.) Under the rock is a cave…

Throughout the mountainous region above that point several Indian names are quoted by writers in obscure orthographies and very doubtful interpretations, the most tangible, aside from those which have been noticed, being that which is said to 'have been the name of Glen's Falls, but was actually the name of the very large district known as Kay-au-do-ros-sa. In Mohawk, Sandy Hill would probably be …

Kay-au=do=ros=sa (modern), Kancader-osseras, Kanicaderoseras (primary), the name given as that of a stream of water, of a district of country, and of a range of mountains, was originally the name of the stream now known as Fish Greek,^ the outlet of Saratoga Lake, and signifies, literally, "Where the lake mouths itself out." Horatio Hale wrote me: ''Lake, in Iroquois, is, in th€ French missionary …

Lawrence above the present site of Quebec, who were called by the French Algonquins specifically, as representatives of a title which had come to be of general application to a group of tribes speaking radically the same language.^ The term is under- ^ "About Kayaderossres Creek and the lakes in that quarter." "The chief tract nf hunting land we have left, called Kayaderossres, with a great quant…

Stood to mean, "They eat trees," i. e. people Who eat the bark of certain trees for food, presumably from the climatic difficulty in raising corn in the latitude in which they lived.^ Horatio Hale analyzed the name : "From Adi, 'they' ; aronda, 'tree,' and ikeks, "eat.*^" The name was not that of the district,nor is it convertible with ^/^ow^ww. The later is a French rendering of Algoumquin, from …

Y., iv, 909.) Cough-sagh-raga is now written Koghsarage (Elliot) and Kohserake (modern), and signifies "Winter" or "Winter land"; but the older name, Cana-gariarc-hio, means, "The beaver-hunting country." ^ It is not expected that this explanation will affect the ' The bark of the chestnut, the walnut, and of other trees was dried, macerated, and rolled in the fat of bears or other animals, and p…

Osera means "Beaver-dam" as well as "Winter," wrote Horatio Hale. (See Saratoga.) In explanation of Canagariachio Mr. Hale wrote : "Kanagariarchio is a slightly corrupted form of the Iroquois word Kanna' kari-kario , which means simply 'Beaver.' It is a descriptive term compounded of Kannagare, 'Stick' or club, Kakarien, To bite,' and Kario, 'Wild animal.' It is not the most common Iroquois word f…

The nation, however, did not give that name to the stream except in the sense of occupation as the seat of their possessions to ; them it was the O-hyo^hi-yo'ge, ''Large, chief or principal river" (Hewitt) ; written by Van Curler in 1635, Vyoge and Oyoghi, and by Bruyas "Ohioge, a la riviere," now written Ohio as the name of one of the rivers of the west, nor did they apply the word Mohawk to the…

Presumably it was generations prior to the incoming of Europeans and from the discovery of the fire-producing qualities of the flint, which was certainly known to them and to other Indian nations^ in pre-historic times. When the flint ^ Arent Van Curler, in 1635, in his "Journal of a Visit to the Seneca Country," wrote : "I was shown a parcel of flint-stones with which they make a fire when in th…

Sank or San, "stone" (from Assin), and -hikan, "an implement," obviously a flint-stone implement for striking fire, or, as interpreted by Heckewelder, "A fire-lock," and by Zeisberger, "A fire-steel." The French called them Agnic and Agniers, presumably derived from Canienga (Huron, Yanyenge). The Dutch called tJhem Mahakuas, by contraction Maquaas, from Old Algonquian Magkwah (Stockbridge, Mquoh…

Roger Williams wrote of the Narraganset Indians in 1643: "I have seen a native go into the woods with his hatchet, carrying a basket of corn with him, strike and sconestwoto metalic together strike astones, tire."' just Father Le do as we Junewith wrote, in 1634: a piece "They of flint and iron or steel. * * That is how they light their fire." The "Metalic stones" spoken of are presumed, by…

On a map republished in the Third Annual Report of the State Historian, copied from a map published in Holland in 1666, the first is called Caneray (Van der Donck's Carenay), and the second, Canagera.^ The several names refer in all cases to the same castles tribaUy, in some cases, apparently, by the name of a specific topographical feature near which the castles were located, and in some cases, a…

* State Historian Hastings writes me : "The map of which you inquire, appeared originally in a pamphlet published at Middleburgh, Holland, at the Hague, 1666. It was first reproduced by the late Hon. Henry C. Murphy in his translation of the 'Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland,' etc. His reproduction gives Canagere, as the name of the second castle, and Caneray as the name of the first, precisely as they…

In a Schenectady paper of I'he same year the names of two sachems are subscribed who acted "for themselves" and as "the representatives of ye four Mohock's castles." The French invaded the valley in 1666, and burned all the castles of the early period, and the tribes retreated to tiie north side of river and established themselves, the first at Caughnawaga ; the second about one and one-half miles…

Y., iv, 20, 22.) The castles referred to Caughnawaga, Canagora, and Tiononteogen. A castle on the south side of the Mohawk, said to have been about two miles inland, escaped. Presumably it was the village of the Beaver family, but we have nothing further concerning it. The attack was made on the night of Feb. 16, 1693. The warriors of the first two castles were absent, and the few old men and the …

The Mohawks were the most important factor in the "Five [Six] Nations Confederacy," particularly from the standpoint of their proximity to and relations with the Dutch and the English governments, primarily in trade and later as alliants offensive and defensive under treaty of 1664 and more definitely under treaty of 1683. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 576.) Their written history is graven in no uncertain…

"We go with them into the woods ; we meet with each other, sometimes at an hour's walk from any house, and think no more of it fhan if we met with Christians." The dark side of their character may be seen in a single quotation from Father Jogues's narrative, as related by Father Lalemant: "Happily for the Father the very time when he was entering the gates, a messenger arrived who brought news tha…

So successful were they that many of the nation were drawn off to Canada and became zealous partizans of the French and a scourge to English settlements, especially emphasized in the massacre at Schenectady in February, 1689-90. Those who remained true to the English became no longer "barbarians" inthe full sense of that word, but "Praying Maquas." The subsequent story of the nation may be gleaned…

He wrote that he left Fort Orange in company with Jeronimus la Crock, William Thomasson, and five Mohawks as guides and bearers, "between nine and ten o'clock in the morning," December 12, 1634, and after walking "mostly northwest about eight miles" (Dutch), stopped "at half-past twelve in the evening" (p. m.) "at a little 'hunters' cabin near the stream that runs into their land, of the name of …

The "little hunters' cabin" at which he stopped and which he located "near the Vyoge," he explained in his notes of his second day's travel, as "one hour's walk" from the place where he crossed the stream, which would have taken him to a crossing^lace west of Schenectady, noted in a French- Itinerary of 1757 as about one and one-quarter leagues west of the then fort at that settlement, and, presum…

In considering his miles' travel the survey Of 1792 may be safely referred to.- His miles' travel, which he wrote as "eleven" (Dutch) he wrote on his return as "ten," which, counted as standard Dutch, would have been about thirty-five English miles; if counted by * General Wilson wrote me that the Journal was translated for him by a Hollander, now (1905) dead, and that the manuscript had passed o…

Referring particularly to his Journal: On the morning of the 13th, at three o'clock, he left the "little hunters' cabin" where he passed the night, spent one hour in walking to the crossing-place, crossed "in the dark," resumed his march on the north side "mostly along the aforesaid kill that ran swiftly," and after marching ten miles arrived, "at one o'clock in the evening" (p. m.) "at a little h…

Certainly he did not cross on the ice which had frozen over the rapids east of the mouth of Schohare Creek, for they were never known to freeze over in one night, if at all. Certainly he did not cross east of the rapids, for they extended three and one-half miles east of the mouth of the creek. Obviously, if he crossed Schohare Creek on the ice and "did not know it," as one writer suggests, he n.u…

""Our Lady of Martyrs," whether that castle was east or west of Aurie's Creek, evidences of Indian occupation having been found on a ihill on the west side of the creek as well as on a hill on the east side.^ These evidences, however, prove very little in determining the location of a particular castle three hundred years ago; they only become important when sustained by distances from given point…

He found the castle "built on a hill without any palisades or any defence." He located it east -of Canajohare Creek, a stream which has never lost its identity. When Van Curler visited the castle it contained "sixteen houses, fifty, sixty, seventy or eighty paces long." Detained in this castle by a heavy fall of rain which broke up the streams -- the "January thaw" of 1635 in the Mohawk Valley --…

The very high 'hill, and the flat lands which he referred to, remain. On the 2 1 St, before reaching the second stream which he noted later as having crossed, he wrote that "half a mile" west of Canajohare Creek he came to a village of "nine houses of the name of Osqiiage'' which gave name to the stream now known as the Otsqiiage, which he also called Okqiiage and Okwahohage, "Wolves" -- a village…

It was, he wrote, composed of fifty-five houses like the others. 'It stood in a valley evidently, probably on the bank of the creek, as he wrote that the stream (Otsquaga) which 'he had crossed in the morning "ran past" the castle ; that he saw on the opposite (east) "bank" of the stream "a good many houses filled with com and beans," and also extensive flat lands. Further than this topographical …

General Clark located the castle at Spraker's Basin, thirteen miles by rail west of Aurie's Creek. Van Curler located it on the west side of Otsqiiage Creek. On Simeon DeWitt's map of survey of patents in 1790 (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 420), the direct line from the west side of the mouth of Otsquage Creek to the west side of the mouth of Aurie's Creek is fifteen and three-tenths miles ; following the…

Van Curler's notes supply interesting evidence of the strength of the Mohawks when the Dutch first met them, w'hich was then at its highest known point in number and in the number of their settlements, namely: Two hundred and twenty-five "long houses" in castles and villages, without including villages on the lower Mohawk "where the ice drifted fast," which he passed without particular note, and t…

Beauchamp repeated from Morgan: "A shipwrecked canoe," and, in another connection : "From Kaho, a torrent." Another writer has read it: "Cahoes, 'the parting of the waters,' the reference being to the separation of the stream into three channels at its junction with the Hudson." The late Horatio Hale wrote me : "Morgan gives, as the Iroquois form of the name, Ga-ho-oose (in which a represents the …

The Dutch termination -hoos, meaning in that language, "Water-spout," may have given rise to the interpretation "The Great Falls," but if so the reading was simply descriptive. The presumption that the name was Mohawk-Iroquoian was no doubt from the general impression that the falls were primarily in a Mohav/k district, but the fact is precisely the reverse. The Hudson, on both sides, was held by …

The roar of the falling waters, and in the breaking up and precipitation of ice, was very distinctly heard at Fort Orange, nine miles distant, and the hills on which Albany now stands trembled under the impact. Primarily the falls were much higher than they are now, the stream having cut its way through one hundred feet of rock which rises on either side in massive wall. Below the falls the water …

The flow of water is between walls of rock over a rocky bed, and the rapids extend for a distance of thirty-five or forty feet. (Ses Kahoes.) Niskayune, now so written as the name of a town and of a village in Schenectady County, is from Kanistagionne, primarily located on the north side of the Mohawk, Canastagiozcane (1667) being the oldest form of record. The locative description reads : "Lying…

In Barber's collection it is stated that there was an Indian village here called Canastagaones, or "People of the Eel-place." Naturally there wovild be fishing villages in the vicinity. The location of the Aal-plaat is particularly identified in the Mohawk deed for five small islands lying at Kanastagiowne, in 1667, and by the abstract of title filed by one Evart van Ness in 1715. (Cal. Land Paper…

Schenectady, now so written, is claimed by some authorities to be an anglicism of a Mohawk-Iroquoian verbal primarily applied by them to Fort Orange (Albany), with the interpretations, "The place we arrive at by passing through the pine trees" (Bleecker) ; "Beyond the opening" (L. H. Morgan) ; "Beyond (or on the other side) of the door" (O'Callaghan), and by Horatio Hale : "The name means simply, …

Aside from a critical rendering, it would seem to be evident that all the interpretations are in error, not in the translation of the name as a Mohawk word-sentence, but in the assumption that Schenectady was primarily a Mohawk phrase, instead of a confusion of the Mohawk Skannatati with the original Dutch Schaenhecstede, the primary application of which is amply sustained by official record, whil…

N. Y., i, 691.) Under that name the tract was surveyed (1664), and it has remained apparent in the sviithesis of the many corrupt forms in which it is of record. Schaenechstede is a clear orthographic pronunciation of the Dutch Schoonehetstede, signifying, literally, "The beautiful town." The syllable het is properly hek, "fence, rail, gate," etc., and in this connection indicates an enclosed or p…

Certain it is that the name is not met in any form until after its introduction by the Dutch, and is not of record in any connection except at Sc^henectady, the statement by Brodhead, on the authority of Schoolcraft, that it was applied in one form, by the Mohawks, to a place some two miles above Albany, as "the end of a portage path of the Mohawks coming from the west," being without anterior or …

It is not expected that the correction will be adopted, now that the term has passed to the domain of a "proper name." With the aroma of assumed Mohawk origin and the negative "beyond" clinging to it, it will remain at least as a harmless fiction, although the honor due to a Dutch ancestry would seem to warrant a different result. By ancient measurements Schenectady is "about nine miles (English) …

Skonowe is followed on Van der Donck's map of 1656, by the Dutch legend Schoon Vlaack Land, literally, "Fine, flat land," and for all these 3'ears the name has been accepted as meaning, "Great meadow," or "Great plain." The late Horatio Hale wrote : "The name is readily accounted for by the word Kahenta (or Kahenda), meaning 'plain' -- frequently abridged to Ken fa (or Kenda) -- with the nominal p…

In Pearson's History of Schenectady: "Lands lying near tihe town of Schonn'hectade within three Dutch miles [about twelve English miles] on both sides of the river westward, which ends at Hinquariones [Towareoune], where the last battle was between the Mohoax and North Indians." The last battle in that section of country explains the text. Father Pierron, in 1669, located the batde "In a place tha…

An account of it is given in Jesuit Relations, liii, 137, by Father Pierron, the Jesuit missionary, who was then stationed at Caughnawaga. The war which was then raging was continued until 1673, when the Governor of New York succeeded in negotiating peace and by treaty "linked together" the opposing nations as allies of the English government, a relation which they subsequently sustained until the…

Land Papers, no.) The name is probably an equivalent of Bruyas' Onueja-tsi-cntos, a composition from Onne'ja, "Stone" ; tsi or dsi, augmentative, "Very hard," such as stones used for making hatchets, axes, etc., and entos, plural inflection -- "very hard stones," or "where there are hard stones." The location has been claimed for Flint Hill at Klein, Montgomery County, which, it is said, the name …

This claim is based on what is certainly an erroneous computation of Van Curler's miles' travel, but particularly on the location on Van der Donck's map of Carcnay directly north of a small lake now in the town of Duane, Schenectady County. Van der Donck's map locations are merely approximative, however, and of no other value tihan as showing that the places existed. On an ancient map reprinted by…

The stream came into notice particularly after 1693-4, when the Tortoise tribe retreated from Caughnawaga and located their principal town on the west side of the stream a short distance south of its junction with the Mohawk, taking with them their ancient title of "The First Mohawk Castle," and where its location became known by the name of Ti-onondar-aga andTi-onouta-ogcn ; but later from the lo…

He was otherwise known by the title, "He is the j^reat wood-drift," Ti-onondar=aga and Tiononta-ogen are forms of the name by which the "First Alohawk Castle" was located after the Tortoise tribe was driven by the French from Caugfhnawaga in 1693. The castle was located on the zvcst side and near the mouth of Schohare Creek, as shown by a rough map in Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 902, and also by a Fre…

In the war of the Revolution they professed to be neutral but came to be regarded by the settlers as being composed of spies and informers. So it came about that General Clinton sent out, in 1779, a detachment, captured all the inmates, and seized their stock and property.* There were onl}- four houses -- very good frame buildings -- ^then standing, and on the solicitation of settlers, who- had b…

Gideon Hawley described it, in 1753, as on the southwest side of the creek "Not far from the place where it discharges its waters into Mohawk River." The place is still known as "Fort Hunter," although the fort and the Indian settlement disappeared years ago. ' A. detachment of one hniulred men, sent out for that purpose, surprised the castle on the 29th of October, 1779, making prisoners of "Eve…

Kadarode, of record in 1693 as the name of a tract of land "Lying upon Trinderogues (Schohare) creek, on both sides, made over to John Petersen Mabie by Roode, the Indian, in his life time,^ principal sachem, by and with the consent of the rest of t'he Praying Indian Castle in the Mohawk country" (Land Papers, 61), is further referred to in grant of permission to Mabie, in 1715, to purchase addit…

The record name, Kadarode, has obviously lost some letters. Its locative suggests its derivation from Kanitare, •"Lake," and -oktc, "End, side, edge," etc. Van Curler wrote here, in 1635, Canozvarode, the name of a village which he passed while walking on the ice which had frozen over the Mohawk ; it was evidently on the side of the stream. Carcnay or Kaneray, Van der Donck's name of the castle, m…

Land Papers, 164.) In other -words the name was that of a place at the mouth of the brook. Near the brook at Auriesville, which takes its name from that of the stream, has been located the Shrine, "Our Lady of Martyrs,'' marking the presumed rite of the Mohawk castle called by Father Jogues Osseruenon, in which he suffered martyrdom in 1646.^ The Indian name, Oghrackie, has no meaning as it stands…

Holmes, Chief of the Bureau, wrote me, under date of March 8, 1906, as has been above stated, "The term Osseruenon (or Ossernenon, Asserua, Osserion, Osserrinon) appears to be from the Mohawk dialect of the Iroquoian stock of languages. It signifies, if its English dress gives any approximation to the sound of the original expression, 'At the beaver dam.' " This expert testimony has its value in …

As already stated, the "best expert authority" of the Bureau of Ethnology reads Onekagoncka as signifying, "At the junction of the waters," and Osseruefion, in any of its forms, as signifying "At the beaver-dam." Possibly the names might be read differently by a less expert authority, but Oneka certainly means "Water," and Ossera means "Beaverdam." Add the reading by the late Horatio Hale of Oghra…

It is not strictly correct to say that "castles were frequently removed." Villages that were not palisaded may have been frequently changed to new sites, but the evidence is that palisaded towns remained in one place for a number of years unless the tribe occupying was driven out by an enemy or by continued unhealthfulness. as the known history of all the old castles shows ; nor were they ever rem…

It was obviously about that time that the tribe, retreating from its enemies, rallied west of Schohare Creek and founded the castle of which we are speaking, and there it remained until it was driven out by the French under De Tracey in 1666, when its occupants gathered together at Caughnawaga on the north side of the Mohawk, where they remained until 1693 when their castle was again desitroye…

It was, presumably, the seat oY a sub-tribe or gens of the Tortoise tribe. Its precise location is not important. A gens or sub-tribe was a family of the original stock more or less numerous from natural increase and intermarriages, and always springing from a single pair -- 'the old, old story of Adam and Eve, the founders of the Hebrews. The sachem or first man of these gens was never 2. rul…

Its name appears first in French notation, in Jesuit Relations (1667), Gandaouague} Contemporaneous Dutch scribes wrote it Kaghnuzvaga and Caughnazvaga, and Green'halgh, an English trader, who visited the castle in 1677, wrote it Cahaniaga, and described it as "about a bowshot from the river, doubly stockaded around, with four ports, and twenty-four houses." The most salient points in its histor…

Caughnawaga is accepted as meaning "At the rapids," more correctly "At the rapid current." It is from the Huron radical Gannazva (Bruyas), for which M. Cuoq wrote in his Lexicon Ohnaivagh, "Swift current," or very nearly the Dutch Kaghnazva; with locative particle -ge or -ga, "At the rapids." It is a generic term and is met of record in several places. As has been noted elsewhere, the rapids of…

Beauchamp translated the name, "Stone standing out of the water." The meaning, however, seems to be simply, "Standing stone," or an elevated rock. Its location isstated in the patent description as "lying on the west side of the creek." The place is claimed for Fulton County. (See Caughnawaga.) Canagere, written by Van Curler, in 1635, as the name of the "Second Castle" or tribal town, was writte…

Samuel Kirkland, the noted missionary to the Oneidas, wrote the same word "Kanaohare, or Great Boiling Pot, as it is called by the Six Nations." (Dr. D wight.) The letter /stands for tsi, augmentative, and the radical oharc means "To wash." (Bruyas.) The hole was obviously worn by a round stone or by pebbles, which, moved by the action of the current, literally ' The same word is now written as t…

Osquage, Ohquage, Otsquage, etc., was written by Van Curler as the name of a village of nine houses situated east of what has been known since 1635 as Osquage or Otsquage Creek. The chief of the village was called "Ognoho, that is Wolf." Megapolensis wrote the same term Okwaho; Van Curler later wrote it Ohquage, and in vocabulary "Okivahohage, wolves," accessorily, "Place of wolves." From the form…

Te-onont-ogen, which is probably the most corredt fomi of the name, means "Between two mountains," an intervale or space between, from Te, "two" ; -ononte, "mountain," and -ogen, "between." The same name is met later at the mouth of Schohare Creek. General John S. Clark located this castle at Spraker's Basin, thirteen miles (railroad) ivest of Auriesville and three miles east of Nowedaga Creek, Th…

The tribe rebuilt the castle on the north side of the Mohawk under the name of Onondagowa, "A Great Hill." The French destroyed it again in 1693. and the tribe returned to the south side of the river and located on the flat at the mouth of the Nowadaga or Fort Plain Creek, w^iere the government built, in 1710, Fort Hendrick for its protection, and where it became known as the Upper or Canajohare C…

Kanendenra, "a hill called by the Indians Kanendenra, otherwise by the Christians Anthony's Nose" -- "to a point on Mohawk River near a htll called by the Indians Kanandenra, and by the Christians Anthony's Nose" -- "to a certain hill called Anthony's Nose, whose point comes into the said river" -- "Kanendahhere, a hill on the south side of the Mohawk, by the Christians lately called Anthony's Nos…

Astenrogen, of record as the name of "the first carrying place," now Little Falls, is from Ostenra, "rock," and ogen, "divisionem" (Bruyas), literally, "Divided or separated rock." The east end of the gorge was the eastern boundmark of what is known as the "German Flats," which was purchased and settled by a part of the Palatine immigrants who had been located on the Livingston Patent in 1710. The…

The channel of the stream was very deep and on the subsidence of the ice sheet, which spread over the northern part of the continent, became filled vath drift. The opening in the ridge and the formation of the valley of the Mohawk as now known are studies in the work of creation. The settlements known as the German Flats were on both sides of the river. The one that was on the north side was burne…

Keht-hanne, Heckewelder -- Kittan, Zeisberger -- "The principal or greatest stream," i. e. of the country through which it passes, was the generic name of the Delaware River, and Lcnapezvihittnck, "The river or stream of the Lenape," its specific name, more especially referring to the stream where its waters are affected by tidal currents. In the Minisink country it was known as MiiiisUiks River, …

The West Branch was here known to the Indians as the Namacs-sipu and its equivalent Lamas-scpos, or "Fish River," by Europeans, Fish-Kill, "Because," says an affidavit of 1785, "There was great numbers of Maskunamack (that is Bass) and Ginvam (that is Shad)^ went up that branch at Shokan, and but few or none went up the East [Paghkataghan] Branch." - In the course of time the East or Paghkataghan…

It means, briefly, "Strong water." Heckewelder's Maskek-it-ong and his interpretation of it, "Strong falls at," are wrong, the name which he quoted being that of a swamp in the vicinity of the falls, as noted in Col. Hist. N. Y., and as shown by the name itself. The Delaware was the seat of the Lenni-Lenape (o as a in father, e as a in mate -- Lenahpa), or "Original people," or people born of the …

From their principal seat on the tide-waters of the Delaware, and their jurisdiction on that stream, they became known and are generally met in history as the Delawares. In tribal and subtribal organizations they extended over Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, V'irginia, New Jersey, and New York as far north as the Katskills, speaking dialects radically the same as that of the parent stock.^ They …

The geographical names which they gave to the hills and streams of their native land are their most remindful memorial. While western New York was Iroquoian, southern New York was Lenni-Lenape or Algonquian. Minisink, now so written and preserved as the name of a town in Orange County, appears primarily, in 1656, on Van der Donck's map, "Minnessinck ofte t' Landt van Bacham," which may be read, '…

The former embraced the mountainous country of the Delaware River above the Forks or junction of the Lehigh Branch; the latter was on Minnisink Plains in New Jersey, about eight miles south of Port Jervis, Orange County. It was obviously known to the Dutch long before Van der Donck wrote the name. It was visited, in 1694, by Arent Schuyler, a credited interpreter, who wrote, in his Journal, Miniss…

In August, 1663, they asked the Dutch authorities at New Amsterdam, through Oratamy, sachem of the Hackinsacks, "For a small piece of ordnance to use in their fort against the Sinuakas and protect their corn." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 290.) In the blanket deed which the tribe gave in 1758, to their territory in New Jersey they were styled "Minsis, Monseys, or Minnisinks." Minsis and Mousey s are c…

try,' or brieHy, 'Mountaineers.' It is the synthesis of Minthiu, 'To be scattered,' and Aclisin, 'Stone.' according to the best native authority." Apparently from Alin-assin we have Van der Donck's Minn-cssin; with locative -k, -ck, -g, -gh, Minn-essin-ks, "People of the stony country," back-landers or highlanders. Interpretations of less merit have been made. One that is widely quoted is from Old…

Menagnock, the record name of what has long been known as "The Great Mennirsincks Island" -- "The Great Island of the Mennisinks" -- is probably an equivalent of Menach'hcnak (Minsi) meaning "Islands." The island, so called, is a flat cut up by water courses, forming several small islands. Namenock, an island so called by Rev. Casparus Freymout in '^72)7^ is probably an equivalent of Naman-ock and…

It is an equivalent of Machaak-sok,^ meaning, "The great outlet," or mouth of a river. Although specific in application to the mouth of the river, it is more strictly the name of the stream than that which it now bears. (See JViagaat-Ramis.) Maghagh-kamieck, so written in patent to Arent Schuyler in 1694, and described therein as "A certain tract of land at a place called Maghaghkamieck," which "…

In general terms its boundaries are described in the patent as extending from "The western bounds of the lands called Nepeneck to a small run of water called by the Indian name Assawaghkemek, and so along the same and the lands of Mansjoor, the Indian." It matters not that in later years it was reported by a commission that the patent "Contained no particular botmdaries, but appeared rather to be …

dian settlement in the Journal of Arent Schuyler, in 1694, giving an account of his visit to the Minissinck country, in February of that year, in which the orthography is M agha gh-kaniieck , indicating very clearly that the original was Maghk-aghk-kamighk , a combination of Maghaghk, "Pumpkin,'' and -kamik, "Field," or place limited, where those vegetables were cultivated, and a place that was wi…

Nepeneck, a boundmark so called in the Swartwout-Coddebeck Patent of 1697 -- Napenock, Napenack, Napenough, later forms -- given as the name of the western or southwestern bound of the Maghaghkamick tract, is described: "Beginning at the western bounds of the lands called Nepeneck." The place is presumed to have been at or near Carpenter's Point, on the Delaware, which at times is overflowed by wa…

in, "To a small run of water called Assawaghkemek ■" * and so along the same and the lands of Mansjoor, the Indian," is known by settlement, to have been at and belozv the junction of Basha's Kill and the Neversink, from which the inference seems to be well sustained that "the lands of Mansjoor, the Indian" were the lands or valley of Basha's Kill, which the name describes as an enclosed or …

Peenpack, (Paan, Paen, Pien, Penn) is given, traditionally, as the name of a "Small knoll or rise of ground, some fifty or sixty rods long, ten wide, and about twenty feet high above the level of" Neversink River, "on and around which the settlers of the Maghaghkamik Patent first located their cabins." It has been preserved for many generations as the name of what is known as the Peenpach Vall…

Sokapach, traditionally the name of a spring in Deerpark, means, "A spring." It is an equivalent of Sokapeek, "A spring or pool." 2 26 INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Neversink, the name quoted as that of the stream flowing to the Delaware at Carpenter's Point, is not a river name. It is a corruption ofLenape Newds, "A promontory," and -ink, locative, meaning "At the promontory." The particular prom…

The tract is described in the patent : "Situated upon a river called Mennissincks, before a certain island called Menagnock, which is adjacent to or near a tract of land called by the natives Maghaghkamek." (See Menagnock.) Warensagskemeck, a tract also conveyed to Arent Schuyler in 1697, described as "A parcel of meadow or vly, adjacent to or near a tract called Maghaghkamek," is probably, by ex…

Delaware within the limits of the old county of Orange. He sold the land to one John Decker, and removed to Duchess County. No abstract of title from Decker has been made, and proba'bly cannot be. Decker's name, however, appears in records as one of the first settlers, in company with William Cole and Solomon Davis, in what was long known as "The Lower Neighborhood" ; in New Jersey annals, "Cole's…

In one grave was found a sheet-iron tobacco-box containing a handkerchief covered with hieroglyphics probably reciting the owner's (achievements. Toma'hawks, arrow-heads and other implements have also been found in graves. The place was long known as "Penhausen's Land," from one of the grantors of the deed. The cavern may have had some connection with the burial ground. Walpack, N. J., is probably…

The settlement was primarily a trading post which gathered in the neighborhood of the Groot Yaugh Huys (Dutch, "Great Hunting House"), a large cabin constructed by the Indians for their accommodation when on hunting expeditions,'^ and subsequently maintained by Europeans for the accommodation of hunters and travelers passing over what was known as the "Mamacottin path," a trunk line road connectin…

If the word was -oten it would refer to the trading post or town, as in "Otcniiik, in the town" (Hecke welder), and, with the pre'fix Mamak (Mamach, German notation), root Mach, "evil, bad, naughty" {Mamak, iterative), would describe something that was very bad in the town ; but, if the word was -atin, "Hill or mountain," the name would refer to a place that was at or on a very bad hill. Presumabl…

"Where the twin branches of the Delaware Glide into one, and in their language call'd Chihockcn, or "the meeting of the floods" ;^ the "Willemoc," " and "The Falls of the Mongaup," are also among Street's poetical productions. Shawanoesberg was conferred on a hill in the present town of Mamakating, commemorative of a village of the Shawanoes who settled here in 1694 on invitation of the Minisink…

Land Papers, 699, occurs the entry : "The Beaver Kill or Whitenaughwemack." The date is 1785. The orthography bears evidence of many years' corruption. It may have been shortened to Willewemock and Willernoc, and stand for IVilamochk, "Good, rich, beaver." It was, presumably, a superior resorl; for beavers. ^ Basha's Kill w^ts applied to Mamcotten Kill north of the village of Wurtzboro, south of …

Mongaup, given as the name of a stream which constitutes in part the western boundary of Orange County, is entered on Sauthier's map, "Mangawping or Mangaup." Quinlan (Hist. Sullivan County) claimed for it also Mingapochka and Mingwing, indicating that the stream carried the names of two distinct places. Mongaup is a compression of Dutch M ondgauzvpink , meaninp^, substantially, "At the mouth of a…

Callicoon, the name of a town in Sullivan County, and of a stream, is an anglicism of Kalka^n (Dutch), "Turkey" -- "Wilde Kalkoen, "Wild turkey" -- in application, "Place of turkeys." The 'A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "The Bashas, Bashebas and Betsebas of old explorers of the coast of Maine, I explain by pe'sks, 'one,' and a' pi, 'man,' or person -- 'First man in the land…

Map, i, 586.) Colonel Hathorn passed over part of this path in 1779, in pursuit of Brant, and was disastrously defeated in what is called "The Battle of Minnisink." Cochecton, the name of a town and of a village in Sullivan County, extended on early maps to an island, to a range of hills, and to a fall or rift in the Delaware River, is written Cashieghtunk and in other forms on Sauthier's map of …

Y., iv, 177.) In the Treaty of Easton, 1758, the Indian title to land conveyed to New Jersey is described : "Beginning at the Station Point between the Province of New Jersey and New York, at the most northerly end of an Indian settlement on the Delaware, known by the name of Casheitong." Station Point, called also Station Rock, is about three miles southeast of the present village of Cochecton, o…

Die.) ; Geschiechton, Zeisberger, verbal noun, "To wash," "The act of washing," as by the "overflow of the water of a sea or river. * * The river washed a valley in the plain"; with suffix -itnk {K' schiechton-unk -- compressed to Cushetunk), denoting a place where the action of the verb was performed, i. e. a place where at times the land is washed or overflowed by water, from which the tradition…

Thompson, Major Swartwout, Adam Wisner, interpreter, and two Indians as pilots, for the purpose of ascertaining the cause of the removal ; that the delegation found the residents composed of two totemic families, Wolves and Turkeys; that, having lost their sachem, they were debating "Out of which tribe a successor should be chosen" ; that they had removed from Goshen through fear of the hostile in…

The lands were ultimately included in the Hardenberg Patent, and most of the Indian descendants of its founders of 1744 followed the lead of Brant in the Revolution. They probably deserved a better fate than that which came to tliem. They are gone. The long night with its starless robe has enveloped them in its folds -- the ceaseless wash of the waters of the Delaware upon the beautiful valley of …

" Within the first reach, where the land is low, there dwells a nation of savages named Tappaans. * * The second reach extends upward to a narrow pass named by our people Haverstroo; then comes Seyl-maker's (Zeil-maker's, sail-maker's) reach, as they call it ; and next, a crooked reach, in the form of a crescent, called Koch's reach (Cook's reach). Next is Hooge-rack (High reach); and then follows…

Then follow Backer-rack, John Playser's rack and Vaster rack as far as Hinnenhock. Finally, the Herten-rack (Deer-rack) succeeds as far as Kinderhoek. Beyond Kinderhoek there are several small islands, one of which is called Beeren Island (Bear's Island). After this we come to a sheltered retreat named On wee Ree ( Ofiwereen, to thunder, Ree, quick, sudden thunder storms), and farther on are Sturg…

Achquetuck 177 Casperses Creek 44 Achsinink 148 Cataconoche 80 Ackinckes-hacky 104 Catskill 170 Adirondacks 187 Caughnawaga 213 Aepj in ( Sachem) 59 Caumset 96 Agwam (Agawam) 83 Cawaoge 215 Ahashewaghick 51 Cayudutta 214 Ahasimus 106 Cheesek-ook 117 Aioskawasting 146 Chihocken 229 Alaskayering 148 Chouckhass 133 Albany 178 Ciskhekainck 56 Alipkonck 26 Claverack 55 Amagansett 83 Cobel's Kill 216 Am…

Hackmgsack 104 Lake Champlain 72 Hahnakrois 177 Lake George 71 Hashamomuck 99 Lake Tear-of-the-clouds 185 Hashdisch 140 Little Falls 217 Haverstraw 124 Longhouse Creek 137 Hoboken 107 Machackoesk 58 Hog's Island 96 Hohokus .115 Machawameck 175 Honk Falls 166 'Masfaat-Ramis 152 Hoosick River (fj MagPtsoot 322 Hopcogues 85 Magdalen Island 46 Horikans 71 Maggeanapogli « 151 Hudson's River 12 Maghagh…

I.) -jj, Kittatinny 31 s 168 Koghkehaeje (Coxackie) 176 Mattapan 44 Koghsaraga 188 Matteawan 37 Koxing Kil 168 Mattituck 84 Mawe-nawas-igh ,. . 38 Lackawack Mawichnauk 53 INDEX. Mawighanuck 58 Nanoseck 161 Mawignack 171 Napanoch 167 Mattasink 120 Napeak 76 Meenahga 230 Narranshaw 116 Meghkak-assin 24 Narratschoan Errata iMenagnock 222 Narrioch 90 Menagh 29 Navers-ing 165 Menisak-congue 1…

Mawighanuck 58 Nanoseck 161 Mawignack 171 Napanoch 167 Mattasink 120 Napeak 76 Meenahga 230 Narranshaw 116 Meghkak-assin 24 Narratschoan Errata iMenagnock 222 Narrioch 90 Menagh 29 Navers-ing 165 Menisak-congue 122 Navish 28 Memanusack 94 Nawas-ink 124 Memorasink 143 Nepeneck 224 Merick 87 Nepah-komuk 23 Mespaechtes 94 Neperah (Nipproha) 23 Metambeson 46 Nepestek-oak 177 Minasser-oke …

Passapenoc 6i Rappoos • 153 Patchogue 81 Pattkoke 55 Raritangs Reckgawank .*. 102 Peakadasank 146 Rechqua-akie 87 Peconic 83 Rennaquak-onck 92 Peekskill 30 R'ockaway 87 Peenpack 225 Roelof Jansen's Kill 47 Peningo 33 Ronkonkoma 100 Peppjiieghek 29 Runboldt's Run 133 Pequaock (Oyster Bay) 98 Pequannock iii Sachus (Sachoes) 30 Peram-sepus 112 Sacondaga » 184 Perth Amboy 102 Sacrahung 31…

Wahamanesing 39 Sint-Sink 95 Skoonnenoghky 123 Wallabout Bay 91 Sleepy Hollow 26 Wallam 41 Sohanidisse 215 Wallumsch-ack 64 Sokapach 225 Walpack 228 Wanaksink 144 t So'was'set 99 U Speonk 79 Wapemwatsjo 58 Spuyten Duyvil 21 Wappingers' Creek 39 S'tigh'cook 176 Waragh-kameck 46 Stissing 43 Waranawonkongs 155 Stoney Point 123 Waranecks ^ . . 38 Succabonk 36 Waronawanka 155 Succasunna 104 Warpoes 19…

It should have been assigned to Butter Hill, and Klinkersberg should have been assigned to the Donderberg. Klinkers is from Dutch Klinken, "To sound, to resound." It describes, with the suffic -berg, a hard stone mountain or hill that resounds or echoes -- Echo Hill. Narratschoan, the name of Butter Hill, is from Nai, "It is angular, it corners" -- "having corners or angles." (Trumbull.) The lette…