For the enlightenment of his masters, the States- General, and incidentally for the instruction of posterity, the careful Secretary Van Tienhoven in 1650 wrote a re])ort that contained a section relating to the conveyance of farmers and handicraftsmen, the charges and responsibilities for which were assumed by the Patroon or land patentee. A large fly boat of 200 lasts, which would be chartered for the voyage out for fl. 6000. A vessel of 200 lasts would probably carry over 250 persons exclusive of the ships crew: they would re<iuire for food, for the voyage at least 30 guilders, fl. 7500. Every 250 farmers would require a superintendant.

Early Settlers of the Hudson Valley 97

A clergyman, or in his place provisionally, a comforter of the sick, who could also act as schoolmaster. A surgeon, provided with medicines. A blacksmith who is conversent with the treatment of horses and cattle. Three or four house carpenters who can lay brick. One cooper. One wheelwright. Other tradesmen such as tailors and shoemakers, follow with tinie. A necessary supply of the munitions of war, for the defence of the Colonists, in case of misunderstanding with the natives.

In a colony the necessary stock for beginning was provided to each tenant by the landlord. This stocking included one ]:>air of draught cattle, two cows, and one or two sows. " If in the course of time, with God's blessing, the stock multiph-, the bouweries can be fully stocked with necessary cattle, and new bouweries set off with the remainder, as is the practice in Rensselaer's Colonic and other places, and so on, dc novo, so as to lay out no money for stock." The houses used at first by those who settled the new lands were rude affairs, often consisting of nothing more than a pit, dug cellar fashion, encased, and floored with timber, and roofed with spars covered with bark and sod.