Bolton, Robert Jr. A History of the County of Westchester, from its First Settlement to the Present Time, Vol. I. New York: Alexander S. Gould, 1848.

I was sick and nigh to death as 1 sail'd, pL'nS!''''''bT;t And 1 was sick and nigh to death, and I vowed at every breath, lorgetteih hia To walk in wisdom's ways as I sail'd. ^"^^^• I thought I was undone as I sail'd, as I sail'd, I thought I was undone as T sail'd, I thought I was undone and my wicked glass had run, But my health did soon return as 1 sail'd. My repentance …

I spy'd three ships from France, as I sail'd, as I sail'd, I spy'd three ships from France, as I sail'd, I spy'd three ships from France, to them I did advance, And took them all by chance, as I sail'd. I spy'd three ships of Spain, as I sail'd, as I sail'd, I spy'd three ships of Spain as I sail'd, I spy'd ihree ships of Spain, I fired on them amain, Till most of them were …

Thus being o'ertaken at last, I must die, I must die, Thus being o'ertaken at last, I must die. Thus being o'ertaken at last, and into prison cast, And sentence being pass'd, I must die. ' Farewell the raging sea, I must die, I must die, Farewell the raging main, I must die, Farewell the raging main, to Turkey, France, and Spain, I ne'er shall see you again, I must die. He …

But I must bear the shock, I must die. Come all you young and old, see me die, see me die, Come all you young and old, see me die, Come all you young and old, you're welcome to my gold. For by it I've lost my soul, and must die. And deciareth Take warning now by me, for I must die, for I must die, that he must go Take warning now by me, for I must die, ^° ^^'dT'^ h^3 Take …

Smith, the historian, observes, " that it is certain the pirates were frequently in the Sound, and supplied with provisions by the inhabitants of Long Island, who, for many years afterwards, were so infatuated with a notion, that the pirates buried great quantities of money along the coast, that there is scarce a point of land, or an island, without the marks of their au7H …

i Geology of N. Y. Vol. vii. x\o. 200, p. 12^(. COUNTY OF WESTCHESTER. 439 short distance from the village, and east of the steamboat landing, is Davenport's neck, a designated in the early division of the town as Lagler's (Leisler's) and Le Count's neck, containing two hundred acres. This neck was formerly the property and residence of the Lispenards, an ancient French …

A further interest is imparted to this locality from its being the spot upon which the first house in this town was erected, the remains of which are still visible. There is a tradition that one of the old Huguenots would daily repair to this place, " and turning his eyes in the direction where he supposed France was situated, would sing one of Marot^s hymns, and send to …

On the property of David Harrison, Esq. (in this vicinity,) there is a sloop landing and place of business. A short distance from the neck is situated Chrystal Lake, which abounds with every variety of fresh water fish such as pickerel, perch, cat and sun fish, &c. The water is pure and from it great quantities of ice are annually trans})orted to the New York market. The lake …

These were originally laid out in parallel narrow strips, containing each from fifty to sixty acres, and distinguished from the southern, by the name of the eastern and western divisions. Many of the early settlers had double lots, and some from eight to ten, amounting to four or five hundred acres in all. The southern division of the town was also laid out in a similar …

This remarkable man was the son of a Quaker, a stay-maker by trade, and was born at I'hetford, Norfolk, England, in 1737. His mother was the daughter of an attorney, herself a member of the Church of England. In her religious principles the son appears to have been educated, for we find lie was confirmed at the usual age by the Bishop of jNorwich, After leaving school, (at the …

A large portion of the Coutant farm, which originally consisted of 307 acres, is now occupied by Philemon Carpenter and Thomas L. Servoss. The present Coutant residence was erected in 1769, and the cemetery in 1775. The latter contains a monument to John Le Fevre, a native of France besides others. , - 1j John Parcott was one of the original Huguenots of this place. c The name …

As a work of merit, it was well suited to the times in which it was first publisha^l ; but, as his own biographer remarks, "it is defective in arrangement, inelegant in diction, with a few exceptions showing little profundity of argument, no facility of remark, no extent of research, and no classical allusion, and cannot be appealed to as authority on government." Its …

His infidel and revolutionary principles were opposed by the powerful and eloquent Burke, who, with other noble-minded coadjutors, crushed the revolution in that country, and sentenced Paine as an outlaw. To promote the " revolution of the world,"'^ he published his "Age of Reason," well entitled a complete piece of ribaldry. » Tho " Revolution of the World'' was a toeiat …

Soon after his arrival in New York, we find him in possession of the farm at New Rochelle, A portion of the house in which he lived (at this period) is still standing: here he had a small room, the furniture of which embraced a miserable straw bed, deal table, a chair, bible, and jug of spirituous liquors. His breakfast table is thus described by an eye witness (Mr. Carver) …

Paine had gone into the next cell, and left his own door open back to the wall, thus having the door inside out. Just then came the chalkers, and probably being drunk, crossed the inside of Paine's door. Next morning, when the guard came with an order to bring out twenty-four, and finding only twenty-three chalks, (Paine being in bed and the door shut,) they took a prisoner …

Shortly after his decease, his body was brought up from New York, and interred on the farm, near the site of the present monument. In 1819 the remains of Paine \ were disinterred by William Cobbett, and conveyed to England. ^ The site of his grave has been recently purchased by his friends, and a handsome marble monument erected upon it. On tlie side facing the road is a …

Whilst in New Rochelle, the enemy were joined by the second division of Germans, under the command of General Knyphausen, and by an incomplete regiment of cavalry from Ireland, some of which had been captured on their passage. The Scotch Highland battalion occupied the heights of New Rochelle. From this place both armies moved toward White » Abridged from Cheetham's Life of …

On the highlands grow chesnut, oak and hickory ; on the lower grounds ash, birch, maple, elm, pine and hemlock, &c. It is also sufficiently watered by springs and brooks. New Rochelle furnishes an extensive list of minerals. Among the most important may be mentioned quartZ; drusy, calcedony, agate, jasper, serpentine of almost every variety, and chromate of iron. Hydrate of …

The present township was organized on the 7th of March. 1788.^ From the general tenor of the Indian grant, made to Nathaniel Turner, of New Haven, in 1640, we infer, that the greater part of these lands originally belonged to the Indian sachems Ponus and Wascussue. At this early period, however, the Indians were in the habit of making repeated and almost unlimited grants of …

On ploughing the ground (in this vicinity) a few years ago, extensive '•'heds of clam shella^^ were discovered beneath the soil. These, together with Indian utensils found tliere, prove this was a favorite place of resort. From this spot are some charming views, loth of the pond and surrounding hills. There are also some vestiges of Indian villages on the banks of the Armonck …

From the summit of this mount, (which is between two and three hundred feet above the valley,) on a clear day, may be seen the distant mountains be^^ond the Hudson, the hills of North Castle and Greenburgh, the village of White Plains, the country bordering the Sound as far as the eye can stretch, and the Bronx meandering through a rich and fertile valley -- the tout ensemble …

Upon the 19th of October, 1696, Caleb Heathcote obtained a further release from ihe Indian sachems Wampus, Patlhunck, and others, " of all that tract of land situate, lyino^ and being in the county of Westchester, &c. : bounded north by Croton River, easterly with Byram River and Bedford line, northerly by the land of John Harrison and his associates, and the line stretching …

Joseph Purdy, of Mannaroneck and Rye, have bargained and sold, and do by these presents bargain, sell and alienate unto the said Colonel Caleb Heathcote, Joseph Theal, John Horton, and Joseph Purdy, their heirs and assigns for ever, a certain parcel and tract of land, bounded as followeth, southerly by Byram river, northerly to the northwest corner of a great swamp, commonly …

COUNTY OF WESTCHESTER. 449 premises, without any lett, hindrance, or molestation, from us the said Scrrinqua, Quarrarequash, Wyapera, Paithunk, tlinir lieirs and assigns for ever, or from any by, for, or under them, in witness whereof the said Serrinqua, Quarrarequash, Wyapera, Patthunk, have hereunto set their hands and seal, this eleventh day of June, in the year of our Lord …

James Mott, Robert liOckiiard, Gershom Lockhard, Jonathan Lockhard, Nathaniel Sellick, Richard Scofield, Gershom Lockhard, Gershom's son, and Henry Disbrow. of the one part, and Seringoe, Raresquash, VVashpaken, Ramiione ai d Packanain on the other part, witnesseih, that the said Scrringoc, Raresquash, Washpaken, Ramhone and Packanain, in consideration of a certain sum of good …

" A certain parcel or tract of land, bounded as follovveth, to begin at Byram river at the colony line, and so to run to Mehanas river as said line goes, running northerly on Mehanas river, as the river goes, a mile into the woods, and from the colony line on Byram river, three miles northerly as the river runs into the woods, and from the head of said line to the head of the …

Caleb Heathcote of Mamaroneck, gentleman, Joseph Theal and Lieutenants John Horton and Joseph Purdy of Rye, » The above sale embraced that tract of land called the White Fields. COUNTY OF WESTCHESTER. 451 " All that tract of land bounded southerly by colony line, easterly by Mehanas river, northerly by Bedford line, and nnarked trees to Mehanas river and southerly as said …

Governor and Commander-in-chief of our Province of New York and territories depending thereon in America, &c., and prayed our grant and confirmation of a certain tract of land in the county of Westchester, bounded southerly by the colony line of Connecticut, easterly by Mahanas river, northerly by Bedford line and marked trees to Mahanas river again, and southerly as the said …

Cornelius Depeyster, Richard Slater, John Chollwell, Robert Lurting and Barne Cosens, all the afore recited tract of land within the county of Westchester, and within the limits and bounds aforesaid, together with ail and singular the woods, underwoods, trees, timber, feedings, pastures, naeadovvs, marshes, swamps, ponds, poo's, waters, water-courses, rivers, rivulets, runs …

In testimony whereof, we have caused the great seal of our said Province to be hereunto afhxed. Witness John Nanfan, Esq., our Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-chief of our Province of New York and territories depending thereon in America, and Vice-Admiral of the same, at our Fort in New York, this ITth day of February, 1701-2, and in the fourteenth year of our reign."* …

"All the land above mentioned, from the said north-west side of said pond, running west northerly three miles more or less, and from thence running norih-eastwardly four miles, more or less, on a run or river caj^ed Bruncks's river, and from thence east northerly three English miles, more or less, and then from thence runs soulh-westerdly to the place from whence it began …

On the 2Sih of Marcli, 1705, the Indian proprietors Serrino;oe, Raresquash. and Paqucrekin, (for and in consideration of a vahiable consideration in hand paid,) release to George Booth and his heirs, <fec. " A certain tract of land in Westchester county, bounded south by a certain tract of land formerly sold by said Serringoe, &c., to Richard Schnfield,b ar.d on the west by …

A further release from the Indian proprietors Serringoe, Magerack, and Pawenackj occurs on the 14th day of July, 1705, to George Booth, John Bond, Andreis Meyer and John van Home, <fcc., viz : "of all the land, swamp and meadow that the said Indians have in Westchester county,"a ^^c. From this time we hear no more of the aboriginal proprietors of North Castle. The western …

"Anne, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c., To all to whom this shall come, sendeth greeting : Whereas by our letters patent bearing date the 2d day of March, 1705, b in the fourth year of our reign, we have given, granted, ratified and confirmed nnto our loving subjects, Anne Bridges, Roger Mompesson, George Booth …

C, and thence westerdly in a direct line to the head of Cohamong brook as it runs to the place where it begun, bounded west by Byram river, east by Mehannus river, north by Bedford line and Cohamong brook, and south by colony line, together with all the woods, underwoods, \c., &c. And whereas said Anne Bridges, Roger Mompesson, &c., &c.,by their indenture of lease and release …

over our province of New York and territories thereon depending in America, and vice-admiral of the same, &c., in council therein, setting forth that having made some improvements on the said lands, and fearing some disputes may arise hereafter what shall be esteemed a settlement, &c., the which petition wee being minded to grant, Know yee, that for diverse considerations us …

John the Baptist, the yearly rent or sum of jC2 \0s, current money of the province of New York, &c., this 25th day of Sept., in the seventh year of our reign, A.D. 1708.* "Edward Cornbury." In 1724 we find the inhabitants of the Liberty of North Castle petitioning the court of general sessions for permission to erect a public pound. b Benjamin Piatt appears to have been …

In 1766, a partition of the middle and west patent took place, (in* pursuance of an act of the lieutenant governor, the council and general assembly of the colony of New York, passed on the eighth day of January, 1762,) "for the more effectual collecting of his majesty's quit-rents." Upon the 23d day of June, 1766, the several allotments were balloted for, and sold to numerous …

Shubel Rowley. > -.^ - , „ -^ ' ( Masters. Joseph Green, 3 Jonathan Ogden, Pounder. Samuel Dean, ) Fence and John Merritt, \ Damage Viewers. '•At a lawful town meeting held in North Castle on Tuesday the 7th of April, 1772, by the West and Middle patents to choose and elect town officers, and to make such prudential acts as said patents or the inhabitants thereof hath power …

Smith. * Mile Sqiiare^^ is a pleasant hamlet adjoining it on the west^ consisting of a tavern, several dwellings and stores. St. Stephen's church, North Castle, is situated mid-way between the two settlements, on the road leading from White Plains to Bedford. From the primed parochial reports of 1843, we take • In this tavern a parly of Continental troops were stationed during …

Several providential circumstances, which might be mentioned if space would allow, occurred to encourage and aid us. The work was accomplished without delay, and in a manner exceeding our most sanguine expectations. A beautiful church of wood, (42 by 36.) with a handsome tower, and vestry room (12 by 18,) in the rear, and gallery across, has been thoroughly finished by day's …

About $675 were given by them." The church was consecrated, September 13, by the bishop of the diocese, twelve of the clergy being in attendance. There is an interesting historical fact connected with the church in this town, which it may be well here to record. Previous to the Revolution, a site was selected for a church edifice, not half a mile from the spot now occupied for …

Caleb Merritt, Sen., 0thniel Sands, James Hall, Thomas Nash, Charles Green, and John Ferris, trustees.*^ The Friends meeting house was erected about 1798, A little west froii the latter flows Wampus brook, which issues out of the pond of that name. Upon this stream is the grist mill of Mr. Evans, 'i and the woollen manufactory of Job and Wm. Sands and Co. One of the principal …

<i Upon the 5lh of April, 1737, John Halleck received permission to erect a mill on Wampus brook, near Abel Wceks's. « lu 1728, James Sands of Nassau Island, conveyed to his son Othniel Sands, a /aran situated in the township of Oyster Day. E. rreant per fesse or and gule«r. ilarid. -Dinah Sarah--Raymond. Mary^Nilea. I Walker. nat. nat. 167J. 1683. Jol- ^/aring. John …

- £ 5 -- r 3 ?5 > o" E : ST (w i 'i ' ^ ^^ ^ < ■ P g •? c : II ^ =■ Jill •n 11 f er i s ! II i ^ ►„ " § r ^ iOW [ ^ p a • e r E.N : !? S M -fl •e 1 Es? 5 . c oT » *■ ? = k -^ COUNTY OF WESTCHESTER. quently removed to Nortk Castle. On the 16th of October, 1790, Thomas Sands (son of Caleb) purchased of William Latting and Sarah his wife, " one hundred and twenty acres of land …

iColonel Jameson's headquarters at North Castle The building attached to the barn on tlie left is the one in \vhich Andre was confined. Within a few rods from Mr. Sands' residence stands an old wooden barn, formerly the head quarters of Lieutenant Colonel Jameson of the Continental army. Here (on the 23d of September, 1780,) the unfortunate Andre was delivered up to thajt …

In 1660, with filteen others, he purchased Blocli island of the Indians, | called iWanisses ; for which they ohlained a charter in 1672 by the name of Shorum. JVal. I6d2, ob. 13 March, 1095, at.-73. Capf. Jotin 8andys=Pybil da, of removed to Cow neck, | Simon Kay L. I, lOUO. -Nat. 161(1, of Block ob. March 15, 1712. island, ob. James of Sands point,, removed to Malmecock, cir …

Thomas Lord of the manor. Caleb nat. at Oyster Bay, 1727 -Peninah Owen, mar. 1756 i Col, Samuel SS^si If Croiuwctl Robert Ul, Sands Point, 21 Feb. 1718: Caleb Tliomas John- .11. May, 1749, ob 20 Jan. 1795. =2C Tnelia I Lott Ruth ob. a. p. I I ^i u Sarnuei--Susannaii da. of Israel TowiiseuU David Stephen Caleb^Haigljt Joseph=l Halght. & g. 2 Martha da. orJolm Hnllickof Norih …

(Colonel Jameson's head-quarters at North Castle The building attached to the barn on the left is thy one ia which Andre was confined. Within a few rods from Mr. Sands' residence stands an old wooden barn, formerly the head quarters of Lieutenant Colonel Jameson of the Continental army. Here (on the 23J of September, 1780,) the unfortunate Andre was delivered up to that …

How far he was influenced by the persuasion or advice of Andre is uncertain ; but it cannot be doubted, that all the address of the latter v/as used to advance a purpose, which opened the only possible door for their escape. Could he proceed to Arnold at West Point before the report of his capture should go abroad, it might be practicable for them both to get within the …

Jameson penned a hasty line to Arnold, saying merely that he sent forward, under the charge of Lieutenant Allen and a guard, a certain John Anderson, who had been taken while going towards New York. He had a passport, said Jameson, signed in your name ; and a parcel of papers taken from under his stockings, which 1 think of a very dangerous fendency. He then described these …

Perceiving the mischievous tendency of the papers, and knowing them to have been copied by Arnold, at the same moment that he sent Andre under guard to West Point, he dispatched an express with the papers to meet General Washington, tlien supposed to be on the road returning from his interview with the French commanders at Hartford. Two reasons were subsequently assigned by …

To his mind the case was so clear, or at all events was attended by such peculiar circumstances, as not only to justify but require prompt, bold, and energetic measures on the part of Jameson. In short he declared his suspicions of Arnold, and ofl^ered to take on himself the entire responsibility of proceeding upon that ground. To this idea Jameson would not listen- He was …

<-From some circumstances, which I have just discovered/' said he to that officer, " I have reason to fear that a party of the enemy is above ; and as 1 would not have Anderson retaken, or get away, 1 desire that you will proceed to Lower Salem with him, and deliver him to Captain Hoogland. You will leave the guard with Captain Hoogland, also, except one man, whom yon may take …

As soon as Major Tallmadge saw the prisoner, and especially when he observed his manner of walking to and fro on the floor, and turning on his heel to retrace his steps, he was struck with his military deportment, and conceived that he had been bred to arms. Jameson gradually came into the same way of thinking, though there is no proof of his confidence in Arnold having been …

From the gloomy woods of this valley issues the northern branch of the Bronx. a On the east side of the Dark Valley rises "VVhifpoor-will Hill, an appellation given to rt on account of its being a haunt of that well known bird.b "The notes of thi'S solitary bird, (observes Wilson, the ornithologist,) from the ideas which are naturally associated with them, seem like the voice …

Every morning and evening his shrill and rapid repetitions are heard from the adjoining woods ; and when two or more are' calling out at the same time, as is often the case in the pairing season, and at no great distance from each other, the noise, mingling with the echoes from the mountains, is really surprising." " These notes seem pretty plainly to articulate the words …

Wilson,) in the manner of some, attempt to amuse the reader with a repetition of the unintelligible names given to this bird by the Indians, or the superstitious notions generally entertained of it by the same people. These seem as various as the tribes, or even families, with wljich 3'ou converse ; scarcely two of them will tell you the same story. It is easy, however, to …

Night, to minds of this complexion, brings with it its kindred horrors, its apparitions, strange sounds, and awful sights ; and this solitary and inoffensive bird, being a frequent wanderer in these hours of ghosts and hobgoblins, is considered by the Indians as being, by habit and repute, little better than one of them. All these people, however, are not so credulous : I have …

The anthor of the " History of Virginia" makes mention of a bird, said to contain the soul of ono of their princes, by the Indians. P. 185. COUNTY OF WESTCHESTER. 465 The favorite places of resort for these birds are on high, dry situations ; it is probably on this account, that they are to be found here in such numbers. The following lines are so appropriate, that no apology …

Wo ! to the night moth that flits in my way, Wo ! to the tribes in the still air that play. Wo ! to the wretch in the night dew that sings, For the death spirit waits on the rush of my wings ; High and low, swift and slow, through the shadow I fly, While the wolf's in her track, and the owl hooteth nigh; When the moon from her cloud-cinctured car brightly gleams, And starts …

Byram Lake lies in the north-east part of the town towards Bedford, not far from the village of North Castle. This lake is fed by numerous springs from the Cohamong or Armonck hills, which border it on the east. The north western shore is bounded by steep rocky acclivities covered with woods.b It is an extensive and beautiful sheet of water, constituting the head of Byram …

It is related by his grand son that during the entertainment, Captain Lyon being blind, handed the General a draught of good cheer, with these words, " General ! the ladies say you are a very handsome man, but I cannot see." " Tell the ladies," rejoined Washington, "I am afraid they are as blind as yourself."'! Samuel Lyon, his eldest son, received from Governor Tryon a …

d The silver cup used upon this occasion is still preserved in the family. COUNTY OF WESTCHESTER. 467 their prisoner to New York. His brother Capt. Gilbert L^^on also held a commission in the continental service.^ The son of Major Lyon, is the present Samuel Lyon, Esq. of North Castle. Opposite the site of the old residence on Lyon hill, lies the family cemetery, which …

Within this part of North Castle rises the Mehanas river, which after running some distance north into Bedford, turns and takes a southerly course, forming the boundary between North Castle and Poundrige on the east. In the Mahanas valley is a small settlement consisting of a Methodist church and several scattered dwellings. The Methodist society appears to have been first …

Here is a Methodist church, two woollfin manufactories, a saw and grist mill, a spring and carriage manufactory, two stores and several dwellings. In the north-west angle of Connecticut which projects into this town, lies the boundary rock, marked with the royal initials, G. R.^ The heights of North Castle are well known in the annals of the Revolution. It was to these hills …

» Four towns abut upon Clapp's ridge in the south-east corner of North Castle, b SpafFord's Gazetteer. « Disturuell's Gazetteer. COUNTY OF WESTCHESTER. NORTH SALEM. North Salem is situated twenty four miles north of the village of White Plains, distant fifty six miles from New York, and one hundred and twen- I ty two from Albany, W^^^^ bounded north by St. James's Church …

D. 1699, Sachima Wicker, sachem of Kightawonck and his associates sold to Stephanus van Cortlandt, all their rights as owners and proprietors in the " land lying and being v/ithin Cortlandt's manor, beginning on the south side of Kightawonck creek, and so along the said creek to a place called Kewighecock, and from thence along a creek called Peppeneghek to the head thereof …

The Indian burying ground is situated on the estate of the Hon. Isaac Purdy, in this town, a little northwest of the mansion house. In 177S upwards of forty mounds were visible. The Titiciis River still retains a portion of its ancient Indian naiiie; Midi ghti coos. ^ This beautiful stream rises from the West Mountain, in the town of Ridgefield, Connecticut, upon the estate of …

The latter certainly bears ample testimony to the fact, that the vast gorges of the Highlands and these vales once abounded with the buffalo. c Van der Donck, the patroon of Yonkers, writing in 1656, says of this animal -- " Buffaloes are also tolerably plenty: these animals mostly keep towards the southwest, where few people go." "Again, it is remarked (says the same writer) …

Stephanus van Cortlandt, the first grantee under the Indians, by his last will, dated 14th of April, 1700, devised and bequeathed the whole manor of Cortlandt to his eleven children, who thus became seized in fee. In 1734 the devisees and the legal heirs of those who were dead, made a partition of the manor among themselves. By this division, North Salem fell to the share of …

This indenture, made the twenty-ninth day of December, in the year one thousand seven hundred and forty-four, between James de Lancey, Esq., chief justice of the province of New York, of the one part, and Stephen de Lancey, son of the said James de Lancey, of the other part, witnesseth, that the said James, for, and in consideration of the natural love and affection which he …

Soc vol, i. 168. b For a full account of this family, see Mamaroneck. 472 HISTORY OF THE of his natural life, and after his decease to and for the use of his said son Stephen for and during the term of his natural life, and after his decease to the use and behoof of the heirs male of his body, lawfully begotten, and for default of such issue, to the use and behoof of the right …

The De Lancey Patent, as it was sometimes called, embraced Great North Lot No. 9 and 10 of the manor of Cortlandt. These were again subdivided into thirty six smaller lots or farms. The whole was about four miles square. In the year 1769, Stephen de Lancey, and Hannah, his wife, conveyed to the Rev. Epenetus Townsend certain lands situate in North Lot No. 10. The same year …

" In the name of God, Amen, I, Stephen de Lancey a reader of divine service of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Beeckmantown, in the county of DiUchess and state of New York, esquire, and first principally I do commit my precious, immortal, and never dying soul into the hands of my most merciful Creator, whose I am and whom I desire to serve in the Holy Gospel of our Lord …

Upon the 8th of June, 1731, his excellency, John Montgomerie, governor of the province, granted letters patent to Thomas Hawley and Company for all that " tract of land situated north of and near unto Long pond, which is bounded as follows, viz. : beginning at Jonah Keeler's^- north-west corner, and running north seventy-seven degrees and a half, containing three hundred and …

Of this family was Ezekiel Havvley, son of Joseph Ha\vley,fi one of the proprietors of the Oblong in 1754. Ezekie Hawloy was a commissioned officer in the continental service and chairman of the committee of public safety ; in the latter capacity he served throughout the Revolution. He died suddenly in 17SS, leaving four sons, Ezekiel, Peter, Joel, and David. Joel, the third …

Daniel Purdy, ) Thomas Vail, j Timothy Yanscoy, > Overseers of the Poor. Thomas Vail, ) Timothy Yanscoy, | Benajah Star, ! Trustees to provide a place for the Stephen Baker, -f receipts for the poor. Michajah Fuller, J Benjamin Close, Jacob Wallace, David Baxter, Isaac Keeler, Reuben Zump, Solomon Close, Path Masters. » This individual was a distinguished scholar and …

At no great distance from it is situated Beaver pond. The village of North Salem occupies a beautiful position on the north bank of the Mutighticoos, commanding a fine view of the valley and surrounding mountains. It contains about 200 inhabitants, thirty-five dwellings, one Episcopal, one Presbyterian, one Methodist and one Universalist church, two taverns, three stores, one …

Tompkins, vice president of the United States, Colonel Tallmadge and brother, and the Hon. James Kent, L. L. D. " After tli€ removal of Mr. Lewis, the institution appears to have declined for a few years. A revival of its prosperity, however, occurred about 1801, under the Rev. Mr. McNiece. This gentleman is said to have been one of the Irish patriots of 1795, who left his …

Tozer. For the last eight years North Salem Academy has held a respectable standing among its sister institutions in this part of the state ; sometime numbering nearly one hundred students and generally during the winter sessions, from seventy to ninety. The last annual catalogue contained the names of one hundred and forty-five pupils. During the revolution, the Academy was …

When the French army passed through this town in 1781, on their way from Rhode Island to Dobb's Ferry, where they crossed the Hudson to join Washington, they encamped near the Academy two days, and the officers occupied the building."a The situation of the Academy is exceedingly beautiful, and the view of the Mutighticoos valley is such as can seldom » Communicated by Mr. John …

" Here are two streams which meet and run under the road, the one flowing '. from the east along the road side, enters the ground twenty-five or thirty feet east of where it seems to cross the road, the stream from the north east, appears to run nearly straight, directly under the road, and issues from the earth again, after falling ten or fifteen feet lower than where it …

D.^ The first notice of this parish, occurs in a letter addressed by the Rev. Samuel Auchmuty, D. D., Rector of Trinity Church, New York, to the Venerable Propagation Society in England, dated October 17th, 1767, enclosing a petition from the chnrch people of Salem, wherein " they represent their want of religious instruction and the regular administration of God's word and …

b This gentleman also gave three quarters of an acre of land bordering the Somers town road for the same purpose, and by his last will bequeathed the church a b^ll. 480 HISTORY OF THE first organized by our ancestors, previous to the revolutionary ^var; and, the Rev. Epenetus Townsend, the missionary (a candidate for holy orders) went to England with the necessary credentials …

He has baptized within the year, two adults and thirty infants, and admitted four to the communion. In 1772, his congregation are increasing, had baptized sixty-two infants and two adults.^ In the year 1774, the Rev. Epenetus Townsend again informs tlie society, " that he preaches in parts adjacent, and from Lady day to Michaelmas, had baptized twenty-one infants and one …

This ship foundered in Boston bay, and every soul on board perished."^ Thus terminated the short and sad career of the first rector of the parish. Mr. Townsend was one of the numerous descendants of the three brothers, John, Henry, and Richard Townsend, who settled at Oyster bay, in 1667.^ Previous to his embarkation, Mr. Townsend had deposited in the hands of the Rev. Benj …

Upon the decease of John Wallace and Ebenezer Lobdell, first wardens of the parish, their successors, Benjamin Close and Gershoni Hanford,^ together widi the vestry, resolved on the erection of the present building. The corner stone was laid on the 30th of August, 1810, by the Rev. Nathan Felch, who delivered a well adapted discourse upon the occasion. The principal …

James's parish, amounting (according to an inventory of his estate) to 83000, which, after deducting general expenses, dec, left a balance of 82000. The church, however, owing to the failure of his executors, only obtained the sum of $1100. In 1837 the present vestry room was added to the church at a cost of $100. In 1842 the wardens and vestrymen erected the parsonage house …

(( Reuben Hubbard, " u 1816, il George Weller,'i " u » The fomrer parsonage was erected by the Rev. Epenetus Townsend upon the ^ebe. The church glebe is " bounded on the south by the highway leading westerly from Ridgefieid to Somers, on the east by land of Epenetus Howe, on the north by land of Benjamin B. Gray, and on the west by land of S. Howe and Charles Cable, containing …

Upon an elevated piece of ground, on the west side of the church, is a large enclosure, in which numerous interments have taken place. Here repose the mortal remains of the celebrated Sarah Bishop, the hermitess. Also the following : -- Col. Thaddeus Crane, Erected died to the memory of the Sept. 1st, 1800, ■• Rev. Abraham Purdy, A, M., aged 71 years, 5 mo. who died at Some …

In the immediate vicinity stands the Presbyterian Church, a very handsome wooden edifice, erected in 1847, and dedicated on the 15th of October of the same year. From a date on a semicircular stone, lying in front of the door, we learn that the old church, which stood east of the present building,a was erected as early as 1764. This is confirmed by the followinor items, taken …

Little is known concerning the early history of this church, except that from J 764 to 1832 it was strictly independent in its organization, and Congregational in its form of government and worship. The first settled pastor appears to have been the Rev. Joel Benedict, in 1783. Prior to this, the congregation must have depended on occasional supplies, or employed the services …

Mr. iMead invited to attend." "At a meeting of the Society of the upper end of Salem, 11th of May, 1779, at the upper Presbyterian Meeting House," it was voted " that Jesse Truesdale, Solomon Close and Nathaniel Delavan should form a committee for one year to get preaching." Its incorporation took place on the 18th of February, 1786, under the style of the " Congregationalist …

1835 Rev. Alexander Leadbilher do 1841 Rev. Joseph Nimmo, present minister. a Religious Soc. Co. Rec. Lib A. 8. b Religious Soc Lib. B. 10. Church Notes. 1S36, communicants 21 1847, do 25 The iNIethodist Episcopal Society of North Salem, was first organized in the early part of the present century, and incorporated 6th of January, 1S32 ; Jonas Keeler, Abel Smith, WiUiam Cable …

^^ teresting objects in the ^^^g: village of North Salem, is an immense granitic ^;g boulder or rock, weigh- ^^ ing sixty tons, or upwards, supported about three feet from the ground on the projecting points of five smaller lime stone rocks. This immense block Boulder Stone. vicwcd from the valley beneath has much the appearance of a huge mammoth ascending the hill. From its » …

Upon the old parsonage properly, west of the Presbyterian church, resides Epenetus WaHace. M. D., a distinguished member of the medical profession, and for many years a magistrate of this town. Dr. Wallace is the youngest son of John Wallace, Esq., for along period senior warden of St. James's church, and grand-son of James AVallace, formerly of Ridgefield, Connecticut, a …

The evening is the most propitious season to enjoy the scene, when the valley and neighboring hills are richly illuminated by the setting sun, imparting an effect that surpasses description. To those who have read Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, it will bear strong resemblance to the " Delectable Mountains," mentioned in that beautiful similitude. «^ The Close family have long …

April the 22d, 1643, appeared before the Dutch Director General Kieft in Fort Amsterdam, Oratatrim, sachem of Ack-kin-kashacky. who declared he was deputed by those of Tappan, Reekgawanck, Kicktawanc and Sint Sinck, to conclude a peace with the Dutch in the following manner, viz. : that all the injustices committed by the said nations again.st the Netherlanders, or by the …

COUNTY OF WESTCHESTER. 489 were given on both sides, while God is prayed that this peace may be duly observed by the savages.^- 30 August, 1645. Aepjen, chief sachem of the Mohegans, personally appeared at Fort Amsterdam, as a delegate to the general council held there, in behalf of the Wappinecks, the Weckquaesqueecks, the Sint Sings and the Kicktawancks.^ In the year A. D …

The first grantee, under the Indians of Ossin-ing, was Frederick Philipse to whom on the 24th of August, 1685, they released "all that tract or parcel of land situate, lying, and being by the northermost part of the land late purchased by Frederick Philipse, and so running alongst Hudson's river to the creek or river called Ketchawan, and called by the Indians Sint Sinck, with …

Converse, publisher, IS Y. « Froceedingsof N. Y.Hist. Soc. 1844. YoL. 1. 62 ^♦■ 490 HISTORY OF THE land till it comes to Hudson's river, together with, &c., &c. The grantors were "Weskenane, Crawman, Wappus, Keanarham, Weunicktanon, Aquaines, Mamannane, Weremenhore. Here followeth the schedule or particular of the goods paid by the grantee for the abovesaid lands. 60 feet of …

And whereas the aforesaid Philip Philipse hath by virtue of the said license, and by my approbation, according to the law and practice of this government, for a valuable consideration purchased of the natives and Indian owners all their right, title and interest, claim and demand, of, in and to a certain tract or parcel of land, being a part of the land aforementioned within …

chant, and so running alongst Hudson's river to a certain creek or river called Kitchawan, and from thence running along the said creek two English miles, and from thence running up the country upon a due east line till it comes to a creek called Niperan, by the Christians Yonckers creek, and so running along the said creek until it comes to the northerly bounds of the said …

Spreading on the delightful banks of the Hudson it rises gradually to a height of one hundred and eighty feet above tide water overlooking the magnificent scenery of the Tappan Bay, near its confluence with the Croton. A beautiful ravine intersects the village, running nearly east and west, through which flows a pretty stream called the Sin Sinck run, or Kill brook. These …

The rocks of the same region abound in copper ores, such as copper pyrites, black sulphuret of copper and green carbonate of copper, likewise iron pyrites, but they are not found in such abundance as to warrant any extensive operations. The site of the present village of Sing Sing, is supposed to occupy partly the ground on which stood the ancient Indian settlement of Sing …

These officers are elected annually, on the first Monday in May, their official title being, " The Trustees of the village of Sing Sing." The village of Sing Sing contains several academies and schools ; among the former, is the Mt. Pleasant academy, situated in State street. This institution was first founded by the inhabitants, A. D. 1814. To meet the increasing wants of the …

The first principal was Mr. N. S. Prime, who commenced his duties in 1814. The Rev. Calvin Colton presided over the classical department in 1816. The present principal is Mr. C. F. Maurice. Adjoining this institution on the north, is the Franklin Academy,an incorporated seminary for young ladies. The building is well located, and possesses every desirable advantage for a …

The building is half a mile from the steamboat landing; and while its proximity to the vil- *■ Letters about the Hudson, p. G7. lage, renders it convenient for all purposes of communication, its elevated and retired situation, secures the pupils from all injurious or undesirable intercourse therewith, and is peculiarly suited to encourage them in studious and domestic habits …

The altar and font are of polished marble, richly carved, tlie latter presented by Miss Ludlow. The comnfiiinion service, consisting of a flagon, two chalices and paten, were the gift of Mrs, Jacob Arthur. The tower contains a large bell manufactured by " A. Meneely, West Troy, N. Y., 1835," weight, 15001b. It was purchased by the vestry at a cost of four hundred and fifty …

In the stone were deposited a bible and book of common prayer, as an evidence that the church is spiritually founded upon " apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone," also tlie canons of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, journals of the General and Diocesan Conventions, with other journals and pamphlets, together …

From the church records we extract the following memoranda, 3 October 1833, '-a meeting of Episcopalians residing in this village and vicinity, was held at the house of Mr. Caleb Bacon, who resolved to form themselves into a society for the purpose under Divine favor and assistance of forming a church in said village; and that we will communicate with our Episcopal friends and …

church m this neighborhood, at New Castle* (of wood) faUing to decay, its congregation was broken up, and some of the descendants of its members have become Quakers, notwithstanding portions of them have until lately adhered to the forms of the Episcopal Church, and your memorialists entertain a hope that with the blessing of Divine Providence, by the means of the …

The church possesses a convenient parsonage and lot, situated in the village ; the whole valued at $3150. The Methodist Episcopal church is a plain building of wood, fronting on Maine street, erected A.D, 1817. The Methodist Society was first formed in this town, through the exertions of tlic Kev. Messrs. Cornelius Cook and Peter Moriorty, in 1787, who occasionally performed …

Date of Call. Period of Pastorship. John Kitchen 1796 2 y. and 6 mo. Elijah Wheeler 1799 1 y. and 6 mo. Thos. Stephens ISOI 1 y. and 6 mo. Stephen S. Nelson 1S02 12 y. and 0 mo. Jacob H. Brouner 1814 14 y. and 0 mo. P. L. Piatt 1823 1 y. and 6 mo. T. C. F. Frey 1830 2 y. and 4 mo. John Pubies 1833 1 y. and 8 mo. C. C. Williams 1835 2 y. and 6 mo. Wm. M. Doolittle 1839 2 y. and …

This building was erected in the year 1834, at a cost of $7000, just twenty two years after the removal of the old congregation from the lower church. The tower contains a fine toned bell, ^veighing five hundred pounds, inscribed " L. Aspenwall, Albany, 1834." The Presbyterian Society of Mount Pleasant was organized immediately subsequent, if not prior to the American …

LIST OF MINISTERS AND SUPPLIES OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH AT SING SING. Installed or Call. Ministers. Vacated by 1798 Rev. Mr. Townley, resig. 2d Aug. 1814 ' ■' Thomas Jackson, pro temp. ISIS ' ' Asa Lyman, 1S19 ' ' George Bourne, pro. temp. 1825 ' ' Johnson, 1826 ' ' R. W. Dickerson, pro temp. 1830 ' ' Nathaniel S. Prime, Nov. 1832 ' ' James V«r Henry, 1842 ' ' Daniel Teese …

Here lies a son, an only son and heir ; He lived admired, and while he liv'd Him good and just we hoped to see. But death our hopes deceived. Here all our joy and comfort lies ; Here lies our only darling sou -- ' He fell to death a sacrifice, Scarce had his glass began to run : His soul is flown to mansions of the just -- ■ To that great God in whom we weep and trust. Here …

Workman, and the Hudson River Hotel by J. W. Vincent. The latter was formerly kept by Mr. Enoch Crosby, " son of him COUNTY OF WESTCHESTER. 501 of spy memory." Besides ciglitecn stores and groceries, there is one ship yard, one iron foundry, two grist mills, and Brandreth's pill factory. Two newspapers weekly are issued from this place, entitled the Westchester Herald and the …

This family descends from Richard Ward, son of Edmund Ward of Fairfield, Connecticut.^ General Ward's residence is a fine building of Sing Sing marble, presenting a neat Ionic portico to the river, with wings on either side. The interior is embellished with several excellent pictures by native artists, viz.. Falls of Niagara, by Yanderlyn ; St. Nicholas, by Weir ] Boy hoeing …

of the stream. In the vicinity of Brandreth's mill the Croton aqueduct crosses this ravine by means of a handsome arch constructed of solid masonry, in the most durable manner. The space between the abutments is 88 feet, and the rise from the bottom of the creek is about 100 feet. So securely were the foundations of this noble structure laid, that upon the removal of the …

It was in the old Orser residence that a body of continental troops, under the command of Capt. Daniel Williams, were surprised by a superior force of British cavalry, led by Capt. Bearmore ; the circumstances attending the event are thus related by an eye-witness. During the winter of 1782 Capt. Daniel Williams (who had been for some lime stationed at Croton in command of the …

Several were slain upon the ice; among the latter was George iMcChain. Capt. Williams himself fled down the adjoining bank, closely followed by a British dragoon, who was gaining fast upon him, when he suddenly checked his horse, and, as liis pursupr (unable to stop) dashed by him, rose in his stirrups and dealt a back handed biow with his sword, which brought the dragoon to …

Brandreth's pill manufactory is situated Craio-hucky pointy literally crab cove point. The adjoining beach was once famous for its shad fishery : four thousand have been taken at one lift. On the margin of the river, are two deep grooves, apparently chiselled in a hard gneiss rock. These marks indicate the commencement of the two mile line of the manor of Philipsburg, which …

Secondly, a '' rock four chains and sixty links north of the brook," (the first stream above the Sing Sing brook,) " fixed by Bedford committee to begin to measure up the river."^ Mining operations were formerly carried on to a considerable extent in Sing Sing, under the flattering idea that silver ore existed here ; the old shafts sunk for this object are still visible. The …

Galena has teen obtained here in small specimens, as well as several ores of copper ; one specimen of the latter yielding from 50 to 75 per cent, also iron pyrites, Sulphuret of zinc and oxide of manganese occasionally occur in the lime stone rock. "Sing Sing is also celebrated for its marble quarries, which are worked to a great extent by the state prison convicts, who have …

The main prison building is four hundred and eighty-four feet in length, running north and south, and forty-four feet in width, fronting westerly on the Hudson, being five stories in height, and containing one thousand cells ; in front and rear are located work shops of different kinds, which together with the keeper's house are all built of rough dressed marble. Attached to …

tion of a new state prison in the first or second senatorial districts, "vvhich the commissioners appointed for the purpose, thought proper to locate in Mount Pleasant, Sing Sing, owing to its exhausiless bodies of marble, its healthy situation, and its accessibility by water. On the 14ih of May, 1826, Capt. E. Lynds, former agent of the Auburn prison, with one hundred …

The prison grounds contain one hundred and thirty acres, and the wharf is approachable by vessels drawing twelve feet of water. The prison keeper's house, work-shops, (fee, are built of rough dressed stone. The prison for the males is 480 feet in length from north to south, and 44 in width, fronting towards the west or Hudson river. This building is five stories high …

The gnard-hoiise is on the bank or height on the east side of the prison, about one hundred and seventy feet above the level of tlie yard, commanding a perfect view of the east yard and most of the west. Within the last few years an additional building has been erected on the heights east of the main prison, for the purpose of a female prison exclusively, which is capable of …

The duties of the principal officers are defined by law, and are such as the good government and welfare of the institution require. "In this prison the convicts are compelled to labor in silence ; no conversation by word, look or gesture being allowed between or amongst them. If any information is needed by the prisoner in regard to his business, he modestly applies to and …

This is all weighed or measured out each day by the superintendent of the kitchen. The bread is well baked, and the provisions well cooked by some of the convicts employed for that purpose. Their provisions are put in small wooden vessels called kids, which are placed on racks, one of which each prisoner takes as he retires from labor to his cell, in which he is locked, and …

Clean underclothes are* placed in their cells each week. At night they are carefully 'watched by a keeper and four armed guards, who pace the galleries noiselessly with socks on their feet -- observe that all is safe -- notice every noise, and are prepared to quell any disturbance that might possibly arise. This latter is, however, almost impossible, as each prisoner is in a …

They render the convicts more orderly and sober-minded, and divert their attention from less profitable subjects." Zion Hill in the vicinity of the prison, the properly of Mr. Peter Weatherby, is famous as being the scene of Matthias' impositions. A few Revolutionary incidents connected with Sing Sing deserve to be recorded here. In the year 1774, a regiment under the command …

There is still preserved in the village a small cannon, well known by the cognomen of "Old White," which is said to have been the identical piece fired at the Vulture sloop of war, as she lay off Teller's point, on the morning of September 22, 1780. "No sooner (remarks the biographer of Arnold,) had the parties (Arnold and Andre) arrived at Smith's house than a cannonade was …

Colonel Livingston accordingly sent from Verplanck's Point a party with cannon, who fired upon the Vulture and compelled her to remove from the position she had held during the night, and drop farther down the river, till she was beyond the reach of the shot. Andre beheld the scene from the windows of Smith's house with anxious emotion. At length the firing ceased and he …

Every effort of successful art has been made to aid and improve the natural beauty of the surrounding grounds, nor can any things be imagined more beautiful than the views presented from this delightful place. There are also the properties of Mr. James Knowllon, Mr. Rhodes, Mr. Drowley, Mr. Cheetham, Mr. Edward Agate, Mr. Peter Weatherby, Mr. Edward Priestly and Edward Ke 1 …

The Bishop rocks, so called from John Bishop, who purchased these lands in 17S5, lie one mile south of this place. They constitute a portion of the southern boundary of Ossin ing. White Point is a celebrated fishing place in the same neighborhood. '• The surface of this town is mostly hilly, soil productive and well cultivated." There is also a good proportion of interval and …

Isaac van Wart, James Hammond, Jesse Baker, Thomas Dean, Ebenezer Scofield, Henry van Wart, Richard Garrison, overseers of the poor. commissioners. fence viewers. pound masters. =■ Three miles above Frederick Philipse's mills at Sleepy Hollow. See Boundary Letters, secretary of state's office, Hartford, Conn., fol. ii. letter 46. 512 HISTORY OF THE Upon the erection of the …

Chria's Cl.u'c!., rdl.am. g^^^^j^ |. ^ jj^^ Sound.a Prior to the Revohition, Pelharn formed a portion of the old manor of that name, which originally embraced nine thousand one hundred and sixty-six acres. The name itself is of Saxon origin, and compounded of the two words Pel (remote) and IIa7n (mansion.)^ The former, being the ancient surname of the manorial proprietors …

out into the wide world, went first with her disciples to Rhode Island, but not liking to stay there she removed with her family into one of the Dutch plantations culled Hebgate, where within a little while, the Indians murdered her and her whole family, to the number of sixteen persons.^ Chandler in his criminal trials, says, '' the whole family of the Hutchinsons removed …

Collins, with her son Francis, and all the other members of her family, besides a number of otb^er persons in the neighborhood belonging to the families of 3/r. Throgmorton and Mr. Cornhill. Eighteen persons in all fell victims here to these barbarians, who putting the cattle into barns, burnt the whole.''^ To the above account Mr. Drake adds, "a greater slaughter would have …

The daughter of Mrs- Hutchinson remained a prisoner four ^ears, when she was delivered to the Dutch governor at New York, who restored her to her friends. She had forgotten her native lanci^uago, and was unwilling to be taken from the Indians. "=^ The residence of Anne Hutchinson appears to have been situated on Peiham neck, formerly called An)i^s hoeck, literally, Ann's point …

Upon the 14th of November. 1654, Thomas Pell of Fairfield, in Connecticut, obtained a grant frora the ancient Indian proprietors, embracing all that territory bounded on tlie east by a stream called Stoney brook or river, and so running northward as the said brook or river runs, eight English miles into the woods, thence west to Broncks's river, then down the stream of …

It was subsequently confirmed in council. ^ Thomas Pell stated before a court of assize, held in 1665, that he had obtained license to make the purchase, from the authorities of Connecticut, and that he had paid large sums of money for the same.^J In 1654 it was resolved, at a meeting of the director general and council of the New Netherlands, "that whereas a few English are …

Pell's or Anne Hook's neck, be ordered to remove to their usual iviuter quarters , within Hellgate, upon this island ; and further that all canoes belonging to Christians or Indyans on the north side of Long Island to the east of Hellgate shall be (within three days from the publication of this order,) brought to the next townes and delivered to the constables to be secured …

The former was opened some years since, and found to contain a large sized skeleton, by the side of which, lay the stone axe and flint spear head of the tenant of the grave. We have examined several mounds near the water's edge; one of these held the remains of an Indian boy about 12 years old, in a sitting position, together with a beautiful specimen of native pottery formed …

The shores of the " Great Bay of the Island of shells," shaded with their ancient forests of nut and oak, interspersed with grassy glades must have afforded favorite sites for the Indian villages. On the property of Mr. Roosevelt north of the post road, great quantities of Indian arrow heads have been discovered in one particular spot, leading to the supposition, that an …

Whereas, there is a certain tract of land within this government npon the main, situate, lying and being to the eastward of ^Westchester bounds, bounded to the westward with the river called by the Indians, Aqueouncke, commonly known by the English, by the name of Hutchinson's river, which runneth into the bay lying between Throckmorton's neck and Ann Hooks neck, commonly …

Now know ye, that by virtue of the commission and authority unto me given, by his Royal Highness, James Duke of York, (fcc, upon whom by lawful grant and pattent from his majesty, the proprietory and government of that part of the main land, as well as of Long Island, as all the islands adjacent, among other things is settled, I have thought proper to give, grant, confirm and …