Tower, Fayette B. Illustrations of the Croton Aqueduct. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1843.

Provision is made for four pipes of 3 feet diameter, but at present only two are laid which answer the demands of the city at this time. At the bottom of the valley waste cocks are provided which discharge into a sewer leading to the Hudson River, a distance of half a mile. The lowest point in the pipes is 102 feet below the bottom of the water way of the Aqueduct on the north …

Plate XXI. is a view of a portion of the work at Clendinning Valley showing the three bridges ; and comprises a length of about 700 feet. The greatest height from the foundation to the top of the work is 50 feet, and the width at the bottom of the Aqueduct is 30 feet. Parapet walls are built on the sides of the wall above the bottom of the Aqueduct to support a covering of …

is considered that this is only one of the parts which make up the whole. From Clendinning Valley the Aqueduct soon reaches the Receiving Reservoir which is thirty-eight miles from the Croton Dam. This Reservoir occupies an elevated part of the island between 79th and 86th streets and between the 6th and 7th Avenues. It covers seven of the city blocks ; is divided into two …

the rock, which over the whole island, presents a singularly broken and uneven formation. In almost every instance of excavation, the rock was found above the proposed bottom of the Reservoir, and the difficulty of preventing leakage along the surface of this rock may easily be conceived ; but considering that measures are taken to prevent such an occurrence, another …

They are about 20 feet wide on the top, and increase in thickness towards the base by a slope on both sides : the outside face of the Reservoir bank has a slope of 1 foot horizontal to 3 feet vertical : the inside has a slope of li foot horizontal to 1 foot vertical. The outside face is protected by a stone wall 4 feet thick having the face laid in mortar : the inside face is …

water a depth of 20 feet over the whole, but a quantity of rock was left, as the capacity was thought to be sufficient without taking it out. The southern division has 30 feet of water where the bottom was filled in with embankment, and 25 where excavation was made. A portion of rock was left in this division for the same reason as that in the northern division ; the greater …

A connection pipe of cast iron is placed in the division bank at C. to allow the water to flow from one division into the other in order to equalize the level ; it is placed 10 feet below top water line and has a stop-cock to close or open it. @2 eg ,Ufl a IUJ] o Esfl At D. is a waste weir, where surplus water may pass off: it is so arranged that the water, when it rises to a …

Those houses on the east side denoted by E, F, are the ones from which pipes lead to the lower or Distributing Reservoir, and those on the west side denoted by G, H, are intended for supplying the western part of the city north of the Distributing Reservoir. There is a vault within the eastern bank to accommodate the pipes which leave the house E, and passing along, connect …

The pipes are placed at a level below the bottom of the division from which they draw : the bottom of the interior of those from the southern division being 2 feet below, and that of those from the northern 5 feet below. The exterior walls of this Reservoir present a face of rough-hammered masonry, finished in a manner to give them neatness and durability. As a specimen of …

been located farther down, bringing the store of water more nearly in the centre of the city. Plate XXIV. is an isometrical view of the Distributing Reservoir showing the front on the 5th Avenue and on 42nd street. The pipes which leave the Receiving Reservoir follow along the 5th Avenue until they reach 42nd street, where they turn and enter the Distributing Reservoir at the …

On the south side of the Reservoir a pipe of 3 feet diameter leaves each division and they are arranged with branches so as to draw from one or both divisions. The house standing across the division wall is directly over the mouth of the effluent pipes, and is constructed like those at the Receiving Reservoir, with a gate and screen frame of timber. ; The central pilaster on …

This Reservoir is 420 feet square on the top, measuring on the cornice of the main wall ; it is 425 feet square at the top of the cornice of the pilasters, and 436 feet square at the base, measuring from outside to outside of the corner pilasters, covering a little over four acres. The height of the walls is 45 feet above the streets around, and about 50 feet above the …

One object of this arrangement is to obtain the greatest breadth with a given quantity of material ; another is to afford an opportunity to examine the work so as to guard against leakage and another, to prevent any moisture finding its way through to the exterior so as to cause injury to the wall by the action of frost. This kind of open work of the wall rises to within about …

wide 16 feet below the top, and 76 feet wide at the bottom : the cornice projects on the outside and the coping on the inside so as to make the width of the top 21 feet. An iron railing bounds the outside and inside of the walk around the top. The outside of the Reservoir is built on a slope of one sixth its height, or two inches to the foot, and an Egyptian cornice projects …

for distributing the water in the city, will make the total cost of supplying the city of New- York with water about 12,000,000 dollars* The water was introduced into the Distributing Reservoir on the 4th of July, 1842, and the event was hailed by the citizens of New-York with an interest scarcely less than that pervading the whole American people at the remembrance of the …

The 14th of October following was set apart as a day for the celebration of the introduction of the water into the city : and it was an occasion of unrestrained enthusiasm and joy. Multitudes came in from the country around, and from sister cities : -- all business was laid aside for the pleasing ceremonies of the day, and the Croton water, with the beauty and grandeur of its …

With cleanly streets, and the public parks beautified with the fountains which send forth cooling and refreshing vapours upon the air, the citizens will forget to leave the city during the warm months of summer, and the sea-shore, the mountain-tops, and watering-places, will fancy their beauty has faded, since they cease to be visited. The foreigner who visits this country …

Leaving the valley of the Croton we come out upon the Hudson at the head of the "great waters of the Tappan Zee," beyond which the early inhabitants of New-Amsterdam dared not to voyage without first " settling their family affairs, and making their wills." As we approach Tarrytown we find the localities which were pictured in the " Legend of Sleepy Hollow," and easily …

( Chiefly compiled from the works of Thomson, Pereira, Whewell and others.) Water was regarded by the ancients as an elementary substance, and as a constituent of most other bodies. This opinion was somewhat modified by the experiments of Van Helmont and Mr. Boyle, who maintained that it could be changed into all vegetable substances, as well as into earth ; but it was …

supposed to be the cause of the blue color to the sky ; and in a vesicular form, in which state it constitutes the clouds. Terrestrial water forms about three-fourths of the surface of the terraqueous globe. The average depth of the ocean is calculated at between two and three miles. Now as the height of dry land above the surface of the sea is less than two miles, it is …

Even in those rocks which merely supply springs, the amount of disseminated water must be enormous ; for they so far resemble filters, that are necessarily charged with the fluid before they permit it to pass out. De La Beche has advanced the opinion that capillary attraction has great power, both in mechanically disseminating water among rocks, and in retaining it in them …

But though water is thus generally diffused over the surface of the globe, yet it is not found perfectly pure in any place ; even the rain and the snow that descend from the clouds, the condensation, as it were, of a natural distillation, are slightly tainted by saline matters ; which circumstance can only arise from the great solvent power of water enabling it to take up a …

Water, therefore, which is transparent, colorless, inodorous, and tasteless, is called good and pure, and none other can be called such ; though some medical writers are of opinion, that it is not necessary it should be in this pure state for common use. Such opinion however is undoubtedly erroneous II. In the organized kingdom. Water enters largely into the composition of …

According to Chevreul, pure water alone can reduce organized substances to this state of softness ; although salt water, alcohol, ether, and oil, are also imbibed by dry animal textures. Moist animal tissues, by virtue of their porosity, allow soluble matters, which come into contact with them, to be dissolved by the water which they contain, and which oils their pores : if …

It is almost incompressible, a pressure equal to 2000 atmospheres occasioning a diminution of only one-ninth of its bulk; or, when submitted to a compressing force equal to 30,000 lbs. on the square inch, 14 volumes of this fluid are condensed into 13 volumes ; proving that it is elastic. Water being the substance most easily procured in every part of the earth in a state of …

Caustic potash (potassa fusa) and slaked lime may be instanced as compounds of water, and basic substances ; these are therefore called hydrates. The crystallized salts, such as alum, common salt, sulphate of soda, sulphate of magnesia, borate of soda, (borax,) &c., contain a large amount of water as a chemical constituent, called water of crystallization. Water rapidly …

Heat is communicated through water in a different manner, from that observed in relation to solids, for it is not conducted as in them, from one particle to another, but carried with the parts of the fluid by means of an intestine motion. Water expands and becomes lighter by heat, and therefore it is, that if the upper portion of water be cooled below the lower, the former …

The different temperatures of its upper and lower parts produce a current which draws the seas, and by means of the seas, the air, towards the mean temperature. This circulation is also carried on between distant tracts of the ocean ; as we see in the case of the Gulf Stream, which rushing from the Gulf of Mexico across the Atlantic to the western shores of Europe, carries …

But though water expands by heat and contracts by cold, there is even a limit to this law, for had there not been, the lower parts of water would have frozen first, and thus entire lakes, rivers and oceans, perhaps, become solid, and had they become thus frozen, they would have remained so ; for, as the heat at the surface would not have descended far through the colder parts …

Hence we never can have ice formed at the bottom of deep water, though it is not uncommon to find it thus situated, in shallow streams or rivers of rapid flow. Here the temperature of the whole body of water is brought down to the freezing point, and in freezing the ice adheres to the sides and bottom of the stream. What a beautiful provision is this, that the coldest water …

contraction without limit, a great portion of the earth would be bound in fetters of ice. Such a disastrous result, is prevented by the substitution of expansion for contraction, when the temperature is reduced to 40°, and the benevolent purposes of an all-wise Designer, are made still more manifest by the further expansion of water in the act of freezing. As water becomes ice …

Now the pressure of the latter is measured by the barometrical column, about 30 inches of mercury, while that of watery vapor is equal to one inch of mercury at the constituent temperature of 80 degrees, and to one fifth of an inch at the temperature of 32 degrees. If the atmosphere of air by which we are supported were annihilated, there would still remain, an atmosphere of …

Whenever the temperature becomes lower than the constituent temperature, requisite for the maintenance of the vapory state, some of the vapor, or invisible steam, will be condensed, and become water. This may be seen illustrated in the condensation of the steam, as it issues from the spout of a tea-kettle. Clouds not only moderate the fervor of the sun, but they also check …

The expansion of water during its congelation, at which time its volume increases one twelfth, and its contraction in bulk during a thaw, tend to pulverize the soil, to separate its parts from each other, and to make it more permeable to the influence of the air. When ice changes to water, or water to steam, although at an invariable degree of temperature, yet the change is …

The 13 inches of water are of course supplied by evaporation from the sea, and are carried back to the land through the atmosphere. Vapor is perpetually rising from the ocean, and is condensed by cold in the hills and high lands, as is easily recognized by the mists and rains, which are frequent in such regions ; whence it descends through their pores and crevices, till it is …

Rain Water is the purest kind of all natural waters, though subject to some variations. Thus, when collected in large towns or cities, it is less pure than when obtained in the country ; moreover it is usually loaded with impurities at the commencement of a shower, but after some hours of continuous rain it becomes nearly pure ; for the first water which falls brings down the …

These combinations, in the small quantities in which they exist, in no degree injure the diluent properties of rain water. It is indeed to the presence of the two elastic gases, that rain water owes the taste which renders it palatable to animals and useful to vegetables. Ice water, being destitute of these gases is extremely vapid ; fish cannot live in it ; and it does not …

According to Liebig, it is the atmospheric ammonia which furnishes the nitrogen of plants. The traces of nitric acid which have been detected in the air, are referable to the oxidation of the constituents of ammonia ; and not to the direct union of the oxygen and free nitrogen of the atmosphere. Dr. Pereira states that a carbonaceous (sooty) substance, and traces of sulphates …

it is more apt to become contaminated with lead from roofs, gutters, cisterns, and water pipes. To purify rain water and render it useful, for the delicate purposes of chemical experiment, Morveau recommends dropping into it a little barytic water and then exposing it for some time to the atmospheric air. This combines with the carbonic acid, which being the solvent of the …

But this malady occurs at Sumatra, where ice and snow are never seen ; while, on the contrary, the disease is quite unknown in Chili and Thibet, although the rivers of these countries are chiefly supplied by the melting of the snow, with which the mountains are covered. Ice is said not to quench thirst, but on the contrary to augment it, and that the natives of the Arctic …

always contains more or less of the sulphate and carbonate of lime, and it generally contains a trace of common salt, and the usual proportions of air and carbonic acid gas. The presence of these is detected by subacetate of lead, which displays the smallest portion of carbonic acid or a carbonate, and nitrate of silver, which detects the muriates by the formation of muriate …

Mountain streams, which generally issue from siliceous rocks, and run over stony or pebbly beds, are, for the most part, comparatively pure and soft.. The river water of New-England, and the other hilly portions of the United States,, is usually of this description, though in the time of floods, and after heavy rains, they contain much sedimentary matter. River water gradually …

month or two in a closed cask, on opening it, a quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, of the most offensive odor escapes, and the water is so black and nauseous as to be unfit for use. But on racking it off, it clears, depositing a quantity of slimy mud, and becomes remarkably clear, sweet and palatable. As the matters deposited in such rivers are merely mingled with the body …

Avoirdupois, Source ofthe Chelsea. In the City of Grand Junc- Source of the At its source New-York as at 62° Fah., Chelsea Wa- CrotonLake it issues from tion Water ter WorkB or 70, grs. Avoirdupois. Works Com- the pipes. pany. Company. Grains. Grains. Grains. Carbonate of Lime,. ----„- 16-000 Grains. 16-500 1-42 1-52 Sulphate of Lime, > •00 •44 Chloride of Sodium, J 3-400 …

Carbonate of Lime, - 45.86 2.293 53.67 2.190 Carbonate of Magnesia, 18.78 .939 11.87 0.484 Alkaline Carbonates, - 16.57 .828 4.53 0.185 Alkaline Chlorides, 3.87 .193 3.75 0.153 Oxide of Iron, 2.21 .110 Silica, 7.18 .359 9.68 0.395 Organic Matter, 5.53 .276 0.88 0.036 Parts, 100.00 grs. 4.998 Alumina and Oxide of Iron, 1.88 0.077 Alkaline Sulphates, - 13.74 0.560 Parts, 100 …

solid matters, though amounting to only one half a grain to the gallon. It appears from the above table, that the amount of impurities contained in the Thames water, exceeds those of the Croton by nearly six fold, and that the quantity of lime, held in solution in the former, surpasses that of the latter, about fifteen times. The Thames water differs also from the Croton, in …

In a trial at Nottingham, England, in 1836, it was proved that dysentery of an aggravated form, was caused in cattle by the use of water contaminated with putrescent vegetable matter, produced by the refuse of a starch manufactory. The fish, (perch, pike, roach, dace, «fec.,) and frogs in the pond, through which the brook ran, were destroyed, and all the animals which drank of …

There are many instances on record where troops have sickened and many died of putrid fever and dysentery, from drinking the water of stagnant pools and ditches or of rivers, as of the river Lee, near Cork, (Ireland,) which, in passing through the city, receives the contents of the sewers from the houses, and is otherwise unwholesome. The organic matter contained in river …

same as spring water, but liable to impregnation, owing to the land springs filtering through the walls, and conveying impurities into it. This is sometimes prevented by lining them with cast-iron cylinders, or by bricks laid in water-cement. Dr. Percival affirms, that bricks harden the softest water, and give it an aluminous impregnation. The old wells must, therefore …

Hard water is a less perfect solvent of organic matter than soft water; hence in the preparation of infusions and decoctions, and for many economical purposes, as making tea and coffee, and brewing, it is much inferior to soft water, and for the same reasons it is improper as a drink in dyspeptic affections, causing irritation, and a sensation of weight in the stomach. The …

Instinct, or experience, has made even the horse himself conscious of this ; for he will never drink hard water, if he has access to soft ; he will leave the most transparent water of the well, for the river, although the water may be turbid, and water can be easily freed from these earthy salts ; boiling precipitates the carbonate of lime by driving off the carbonic acid …

lower part of the city, has always been, more or less, brackish, owing to the percolation of the salt water from the north and east rivers through the loose sandy soil, thus giving them a distinct saline impregnation. The amount of impurities contained in these waters, varies, therefore, in different parts of the city, according to its elevation, and the denseness of the …

For example, at the Chemical Works on the North River, at 33d street, and at an extensive distillery on the East River, some distance above the Alms House, water cannot be procured in sufficient quantities on their premises, where, but a few years past, it was obtained in great abundance. At the Gas Works on the Collect grounds, where they have a well 20 feet in depth, by 18 …

Some trainers have so much fear of hard or strange water, that they carry with them to the different courses the water that the animal has been accustomed to drink and what they know agrees with it." ; to increase that of another. There is, therefore, every probability that had not water been introduced into the city of New-York from abroad, the supply from the wells would, in …

From 1815 to 1836, it ranged from 30.08 to 22.05, (in 1836), but the mean duration of life for the last 20 years is about 25 years ; and the ratio of mortality, according to population, about as 1 to 35. From the manner, however, in which the inspector's reports have been made, from the imperfection of the law, no great confidence can be placed in the returns, --those carried …

" Within a few years," says the Report, " it has become common in Boston, and the vicinity, to bore for water, and to make what are called Artesian wells. But no certain or valuable result has grown out of these endeavors. There are 33 bored wells, only two of which are stated as furnishing soft water. The same remarks will apply to the public wells of this city, the most of …

This is analogous to lake water, except that it is altogether stagnant and is more loaded with putrescent matter. The sulphates in sea and other waters are decomposed by putrefying vegetable matter, with the evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen ; hence the intolerable stench from marshy and swampy grounds liable to occasional inundations from the sea. Marsh water cannot be drunk …

Lime Water. This is a test for carbonic acid, with which it causes a white precipitate ( carbonate of lime) if employed before the water is boiled. 5. Chloride of Barium. A solution of this salt usually yields, with well water, a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid. This indicates the presence of sulphuric acid (which, in common water, is combined with lime). 6. Oxalate …

If the test produce this effect on the water before, but not after boiling, the iron is in the state of carbonate ; if after, as well as before, in that of sulphate. Tea may be substituted for galls, to which its effects and indications are similar. Fcrro cyanide of potassium yields, with solutions of the sesqui-salts of iron, a blue precipitate, and with the proto-salts a …

Nitrate of silver is the best test for the presence of chloride of soda or common salt. By adding a small quantity of this to the common well water of New-York, a copious, white, flocculent precipitate is immediately formed, which is the chloride of soda. The same test, however, applied to the Croton water, produces no discoloration whatever. Purification of Common water. By …

When alum is used, two or three grains are sufficient for a quart of water. The alum decomposes the carbonate of lime ; sulphate of lime is formed in solution, and the alumina precipitates in flocks, carrying with it mechanical impurities. This agent, however, adds nothing to the chemical purity of the water, but by converting the carbonate into sulphate of lime augments its …

Alkaline carbonates soften water, decompose all the earthy salts (calcareous and magnesian carbonates, sulphates, and chlorides) and precipitate the earthy matters. They leave, however, in solution, an alkaline salt, but which does not communicate to water the property of hardness. Sea-water includes the waters of the ocean and of those lakes, called island seas, which possess …

- 168 " 167 " 76 " At Carshamm, - - - - - 66 " The average quantity of saline matter in sea-water is 3| per cent., and its specific gravity about 1.0274. The composition of sea-water differs also in different localities. Iodine has been found in the Mediterranean sea. Action of Water on Lead. When lead is exposed to atmospheric air, the oxygen of the air combining with it …

* It is now well ascertained, that carbonate of lime has only a slight action on soap, and cannot in the proportions in which it exists in potable waters decompose it, by giving rise to the formation of a clotty precipitate, as we observe with sulphate and nitrate of lime, and chloride of calcium -- and this is probably owing to the excess of carbonic acid which prevents the …

In 12 ounces of distilled water, contained in a shallow glass basin, loosely covered to exclude the dust, twelve brightly polished lead rods weighing 340 grains, will lose 2J grains in 8 days, and the lead will show evident marks of corrosion ; and this action will go on as long as the water is exposed to the air. While these changes are going on, a small quantity of lead will …

muriates, carbonates, hydriodates, phosphates, nitrates, acetates, tartrates, arsenates, &c. These salts, however, do not possess an equally protective influence, the carbonates and sulphates being most, the chlorides the least energetic of those saline substances commonly met with in waters. As a general rule, it appears that those whose acid forms with the lead a soluble …

The general results of Dr. Christison's investigations, appear to be, that neutral salts in various, and for the most part minute , proportions, retard or prevent the corrosive action of water on lead --allowing the carbonate to deposite itself slowly, and to adhere with such firmness to the lead as not to be afterwards removed by moderate agitation, -- adding subsequently to …

Lead pipes ought not to be used for the purpose of conducting water, at least where the distance is considerable, without a careful examination of the water to be transmitted. 2. The risk of a dangerous impregnation with lead is greatest in the instance o f the purest waters. 3. Water, which tarnishes polished lead when left at rest upon it in a glass vessel for a few hours …

In all cases careful examination should be made of the water after it has been running a few days through the pipes; for it is not improbable that other circumstances, besides those hitherto ascertained, may regulate the preventive influence of the neutral salts. 8. Where the water is of sufficient purity to act on lead, a remedy may b e found, either, in leaving the pipes …

Dr. Dana, of Lowell, has lately investigated this subject and detected lead in the water which had passed through the leadenpipes for the distribution of water in the city of Lowell. The first examination was made from a sample of water taken from the source or spring-head before it had entered the leaden pipes, when the specific gravity was found to be 1,000,18. The pint, on …

* Where water contains a large quantity of carbonic acid, there are some facts which appear to prove, that it may act on lead, to an injurious extent, though there may be present a large amount of neutral salts. ing through the leaden pipes, contains 1.312 grains of the carbonate of lead. Such water, although it would not speedily destroy life, would undoubtedly be attended …

Ifitbetrue that the Schuylkill water does not act upon the lead pipes, it would follow as a matter of course, if the doctrines above laid down be correct, that the Croton, which contains very nearly the same quantity of saline ingredients, would also exert no influence upon this metal. In cases, however, where injurious consequences have resulted from the agency of lead, the …

D. Coggeshall. No 421 Pearl-street in this city, and found the water evidently affected by the lead. He has also obtained similar results in several other instances. If the precaution be used, of not employing the water first drawn from the pipes for dietetic and culinary purposes, no injurious consequences would probably attend the use of water conveyed in this metal, but as …

* Containing 4.05 grains of solid matter to the gallon, or about one 18,000 part. pipes have been highly recommended by our first chemists, and other men of science, as furnishing an effectual safeguard against the corroding effects of pure water This highly ingenious process, strengthens the pipe, without diminishing its elasticity, and although some small portions of the …

Considered in a dietetical point of view, water serves three important purposes in the animal economy ; namely, it repairs the loss of the aqueous part of the blood, caused by the action of the secreting and exhaling organs ; secondly, it is a solvent of various alimentary substances, and therefore assists the stomach in the act of digestion, though, if taken in very large …

The diminution of the fluid part of the body, is the cause of an uneasy sensation, indicating the necessity of repairing the waste of fluids, which we familiarly call thirst. This is a sensation connected with some natural state of the corporeal funo tions, and altogether independent of the occasional excitement of foreign bodies, although it may be induced by these. There is …

This may arise from the absorption of the fluid parts of the saliva ; for it appears to be necessary for the due performance of the functions of the palate and the tongue, that the mucus should possess a certain degree of liquidity. The sensation of thirst is generally indicative of the necessity of a supply of fluid to the system generally ; for although thirst may be …

Alcott, who lives entirely on succulent vegetables, states that he has drunk no fluids for more than a year past, and that he never experiences the sensation of thirst --a similar case is mentioned by Sauvages, of an individual who never thirsted, and passed whole months of the hottest weather without drinking. It is well known that many warm-blooded animals such as mice …

Thus it is greater in infancy and childhood than in adult age, and less in old age ; it is greater in women than in men ; it is varied by constitution and temperament ; by climate ; season ; the nature of the diet ; exercise ; passions of mind, and even by imagination. As an aliment, water is of prime necessity to all organized beings. As a solvent, it reduces to a fluid mass …

A great proportion of that which is drunk, is speedily absorbed by the veins, and carried into the circulation, some time before the product of the digested food is introduced by the way of the laeteals. There are numerous cases on record, where persons have lived, for a considerable length of time, on water alone. In the " Transactions of the Albany Institute," for 1830, Dr …

River into the City of New-York, no city in the world of equal size, will surpass it in salubrity. To the operation of the same cause, we may doubtless look with confidence for a decided improvement in personal comeliness and beauty. " It is evident," says Dr Jackson, " that the health of a whole community may be so affected by impurities in water drank by them, as to give a …

Does not this water, if we drink it, likewise corrode and injure the fine membranes of the stomach ? The Boston people, who constantly use hard water for all purposes of cookery and drink, certainly have bad complexions, sallow, dry, and hard looking ; and complaints of the stomach or dyspepsia are very common among them.* A Salem gentleman declared, that when his daughters …

Health, however, is no less promoted by the internal, than by the external use of water ; and it is to be hoped, that but a short period will elapse, before free baths will be provided at the public expense, for the use of the poor, as well as the public generally. Daily ablution should be regarded as necessary as daily food or sleep. The advantages which soft water possesses …

in the sinks and gutters, and the consequent purity of the atmosphere, --the diminution of danger from fires, and the consequent reduction of rates of insurance, with other important advantages too numerous to detail, we shall not consider its introduction purchased at too dear a rate, even were the expenses attending it increased to double the actual amount. We need not …

Since then, we have made a calculation, by which we are satisfied that in the single items of tea and coffee, it will save to the inhabitants of this city annually, not far from 90,000 dollars. To this may be added the improvement of the public health, and the consequent saving in medicine, and physicians' fees, a sum probably exceeding that above specified ; the increase of …

Pure and sparkling to the eye, bland and refreshing to the taste, whether it bubbles up from mother earth, gurgles in rills, flows along in streams and rivers, or spreads out in lakes and oceans, it every where proves a blessing,- -- and ought to be universally regarded as one of the most inestimable gifts of Providence to man. As it is the only fluid capable of quenching …

the salts held by it in solution. But in all such instances, the spirit which is added proves far more injurious than the small quantity of vegetable and mineral matters which it is designed to correct. To the latter, the system becomes in a manner habituajed, so that even when pure soft water can be had, the former is often preferred, as is now the case with many individuals …