that on the spring or other high tide, when the said rivers overflow they run into and cover the said swamp so as to meet one another." Armbruster considers that in ancient times the watercourses through the swamps may have been sufficient to float canoes between the Hudson and East rivers, At this favored place, sheltered from the west winds, provided with abundant water and nearby access to the river, the unfailing signs of Indian residence were found in masses of oyster-shells "abundantly strewn over the hill "on the western side of the lake." .

Modern excavations on the line of Pearl street reached these old shell-beds, indicating the existence of a native station situated about the line of that where it street,

passes through the one-time Kolch hill on its way to join Broadway. There were peculiar advantages for Indian residence in this situation, which become evident on examination of its original features. These have been brought

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residence. It was, in point of fact, a trading station only, occupied by those who met there to exchange goods with the natives of Hobokan (116), a terminal to which the people of the East Jersey mountain regions brought skins and meat, to be ferried directly across the river to Sapohanikan. The name denotes its position "over against the pipe-making place," and thus indicates its character as a convenient spot for communication rather than for residence. We may assume that the path from this place was a well-trodden and probably widened way on which the bearers of bundles of furs, carcasses of moose and deer, baskets of oysters, and strings of fish, passed one another on their way to and from their distant homes. The line of this pathway was directed by the physical conditions of the tract over which it passed to a connection with the main trail at Astor place.