In Fig. 10, however, we have fuel cost subdivided as many as five different times. Though the method of Fig. 10 could easily be used for the data of Fig. 9, that of Fig. 9 has its advantages in that it makes printing cheaper and is therefore desirable whenever it can be used. Fig. 9 can be prepared on a typewriter or can be set up by any printer, while Fig. 10 requires the making of a drawing.

In Fig. 11 the ramifications of the influence of the J. P. Morgan Company and various large banking concerns are shown. This chart, taken from the Pujo Monej^ Report, was drawn originally in several different colors of ink. Though the windmill effect of the chart is rather disagreeable to the eye, the chart nevertheless shows the application of the graphic method to such complex situations as it is almost impossible to portray with language alone.

Organization charts are not nearly so widely used as they should be. As organization charts are an excellent example of the division of a total into its components, a number of examples are given here in the hope that the presentation of organization charts in convenient form will lead to their more widespread use.

16 GRAPHIC METHODS

It has been well stated that an organization chart closely resembles a genealogical tree.

iVuthority reaches down through the several branches of an organization like descent of blood, and, if properly planned, it will be as irregular for a factor in an organization to be in doubt as to the person in authority over him as for the child to deny the parentage of his father. Such a chart should be drawn for every organization, even more especially for those organizations which are short-handed expanding businesses in which one man holds the authority of several positions.