Average of S Yearj Ending /9/0 Compared w/ih 4-yearj Ending /905.

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"RailToad Operating Costs." .SiiJTcrn ct Son. New York

Fig. 31. Increase is Here Shown to the Right of the Zero Line and Decrease to the Left of the Zero Line. A Heavier Zero Line and Arrows Pointing Right and Left from it Would Improve This Chart

SIMPLE COMPARISONS

would be well to have a broad line for the zero line, so that the eye may at once perceive that zero is not at the left-hand edge of the chart. It would have been better if the zero line in Fig. 31 were somewhat broader. Another help to the reader could be given by placing an arrow pointing to the right with the word "increase" and an arrow pointing to the left with the word "decrease."

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Transmission Line

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lintiiry Ccuvcitcis Contact Line

SINGLE PHi^SE

SINGLE PHASE

WITHOUT *NSFORMERS

Power Deli\ered to Locomotives

Journal Aincr. Soc. Mechanical Engineers

Fig. 32. Comparative Losses Between the Power House and Locomotives with Different Systems of Electric Traction

The comparison of the losses in the different power systems is very clearly shown in this illustration, which was taken from a paper by George VVestinghouse

Broad bars can be used either vertically or horizontally. The horizontal arrangement is usually the more convenient, as it lends itself more readilj' to the use of type and horizontal lettering for the titles, data, etc., of each bar, without forcing the reader to turn the book at right angles. In Fig. 32, however, the lettering can perhaps be more conveniently grasped by the reader with the bars placed vertically instead of horizontally.