It is always difficult to get non-technical persons to take an interest in proposals which are shown only by blue prints and ordinary maps. Architects realize this so well that it is common practice among them to submit carefully prepared wash-drawings to show the appearance of the building for which they are submitting plans. Most engineering work cannot be easily represented by washdrawings, and the engineer is accordingly somewhat handicapped as compared with the architect in arousing interest in his project.

Fig. 168 shows a picture developed by H. W. Holmes, Chief of the Bureau of Highways and Bridges, of the city of Portland, Oregon, to present his plans advantageously to the common council and the taxpayers to obtain their approval for the expenditure. A photograph of the actual site of the bridge was made, and then the picture of the bridge Avas drawn in by hand on the photograph. Most engineers submitting plans for an improvement of this kind would send only a set of blue prints and perhaps a map marked to show the location of the proposed bridge. A picture like Fig. 168 can be used in conjunction with a map if desired. Certainly a proposition carefully worked

MAP PRESENTATIONS

up and submitted, as was the proposed bridge shown in Fig. 168, is more hkely to receive favorable consideration than one in which only the ordinary blue prints and maps are used.

If maps must be printed in a report, a book, or a magazine, it is usually necessary, on account of the high cost of color printing, to use some arrangement of black ink for shading those areas which on a single map would ordinarily be colored by hand. Fig. 169 is a sample of what can be done without the use of color. If the drawing is made considerably larger than the finished illustration, the shading can be put on effectively by hand work.