Brinton, Willard C. Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts. New York: The Engineering Magazine Company, 1914. Internet Archive identifier: cu31924032626792 (Cornell University Library copy). The first American textbook on what we now call data visualization.

It is frequently a great convenience to be able to run through the machines cards for several years back so that comparative statistics may be made. The preservation of the cards makes it unnecessary to dig out the original records. The uniform size of the cards makes it possible to preserve large quantities of them with comparatively little labor. In punching the cards there …

The data from the original time slips of the workmen are transferred by the punching machines to the cards day by day as the time slips are turned in. The punched cards can then be sorted by order number and department, so that when each order is completed the total cost of all work on that order is obtained. The distribution of the value of work done by different departments …

The punched card for each order shows the catalogue number of the product called for by that order, ^^^lenever desired, cards for a definite length of time can be run through the machines so as to sort out all the cards for any catalogue number of product on which a study is to be made. The resorting of these cards by sales districts shows the distribution of the total sales …

Courtesy of the Tabulating Machine Com-pany Fig. 231. A Completely Equipped Office for Collecting and Tabulating the Operating and Sales Statistics of an Electric-Lighting Company The girls at the left are operating the key punches for punching the cards. A gang punch is shown on the table at the extreme right. In the corner is the card-sorting machine, and the tabulating …

In work of this kind, it is sometimes convenient to use one of the small-size pocket adding machines of which there are several different makes now on the market. Though these machines are not at all in the same class as the large key-operated machines, they are of assistance in taking off occasional items because they overcome the necessity for putting GRAPHIC METHODS dov/n …

A 10-inch slide rule as shown in Fig. 232 is sufficiently accurate for most work, and, as it costs only a few dollars, it should be a part of the equipment of everyone who is doing even the simplest form of statistical work, or who is periodically plotting curves involving ratios or percentages. By using a slide rule the percentage ratios of numbers can be determined almost …

Too many otherwise excellent reports contain figures which give the impression of great accuracy when in reality the figures may be only the crudest approximations. Except in financial statements, it is a safe rule to use ciphers whenever possible at the right of all numbers of great size. The use of the ciphers greatly simplifies the grasping of the figures by the reader …

For most purposes it would be much preferable to use the round number 16,250,000 instead of the detailed figures which were given in the Government report. The particular report from which the figures are taken is not a tabulation, but a written report in regard to the methods used for packing cotton. Since the report was intended to be read by merchants and planters, rather …

If a very large item is not accurate within ten thousand, then it is useless to include in the grand total the three right-hand digits which may be obtained as the result of addition. When some of the items included are so small that they are in tens or hundreds, the addition should be made to include all the digits. After the sum is known then all those digits whose accuracy …

If very large quantities obtained by slide-rule computation are added together with a number of small quantities, the total cannot, of course, be accurate beyond the third or fourth digit toward the right of the largest ciuantity included in the total. The fourth digit may be fairly accurate in the total, because in the process of addition the various figures added would tend …

The use of the slide rule on many classes of work has a desirable psychological effect, in that it calls attention to the accuracy of the data and assists in preventing unnecessary detail work which it is very easy to drift into if any assumptions of great accuracy are permitted to creep in. The question of significant figures in statistical work and even in ordinary …

The transparentizing solution is put on the paper with a brush or sponge and then blue prints are made in the ordinary manner. There are several different makes of the trans- * A chapter on " Approximation and Accuracy " will be found in " The Elements of Statistical Method," by Willford I. King published by the MacmiUan Company, New York City. GENERAL METHODS 329 parentizing …

In a library so equipped it is possible to have a copy made from any page in any book or periodical in the library. In the New York Public Library, the reader need only fill out an order form giving the exact page and the name of the publication from which the copy is to be made, and state the size desired in the reproduction. Usually the copy is available within a few hours …

With complex drawings it is often difficult to tell whether the lettering and figures are of large enough size to be read easily after they are reduced to the size to be used for printing. By looking through a reducing glass it can be determined at once whether the drawing is in correct proportions. A reducing glass is similar in appearance to the ordinary magnifying glass …

Quite often it is desired to change the proportions of some chart so that the ratio between height and width may be different from that of the original drawing. Though the photographic process used in the photostat machine or by the engraver (in making plates for printing) permits a change in size, the same proportions remain between width and height. There would seem to be …

Such charts sent to many zinc engravers are returned with the statement that it is impossible to make a line cut from green-ink copy. The statement is made in most cases by the engraver without even attempting to make the cut. There is no difficulty in making excellent zinc cuts from copy using the ordinary green ink, and many of the cuts in this book have been so made, as …

In order to make areas stand out in contrast, different kinds of cross-hatching put on by hand ruling have been used very commonly. One trouble with the hand ruling is that it lacks uniformity unless done with very great care and to a scale considerably larger than the finished illustration, so that there may be enough photographic reduction to eliminate many of the defects …

This requires that the engraver must protect the different portions of the zinc plate by a paintlike covering, and this must be done for each of the different kinds of shading used. It is almost impossible to make any square-inch price rate for Ben Day work because each new plate is a problem in itself. The work is ordinarily charged for on a time basis, the usual rates being …

In order to make the zinc plate from which Fig. 233 was actually printed, a red pencil was used for the bottom portion of the illustration referring to Ben Day work. Red photographs as black, and a zinc plate was obtained which shows the marking such as would be used with a blue pencil when Ben Day work is ordered from an engraver. Ben Day work has been used on a great many …

There are a great many problems in graphic work which puzzle the person getting up a chart if there are three different variables to deal with. The problem, as ordinarily found, involves two different independent variables, and a dependent variable depending upon each of the two independent variables. Isometric drawings like Fig. 235, or solid models such as are seen in Fig …

It can be seen, for instance, that if a definite weight and length of steel plate Vs inch thick is assumed, the width is absolutely fixed. To obtain a curve like that seen for 5 pounds in Fig. 234, it is necessary only to assume a weight of 5 pounds, then choose separate lengths one by one, and compute the widths which would correspond with the lengths selected to give a …

The information from such a chart as seen in Fig. 234 may be read from any portion of the chart, even though the intersection of the length and width lines for the size of the plate under consideration does not fall on one of the curve lines drawn. It can be seen for the example stated in the lower left-hand corner of the chart that the intersection of the vertical and …

There are many classes of data which, when plotted on ordinary squared co-ordinate paper, involve plotting many points to produce curves like those seen in Fig. 234, but for which the same data shown on paper with logarithmic ruling would give straight lines. When the curve lines are straight lines, it is necessary to plot only two points for each cvu've and then draw a line …

Peddle, entitled "The Construction of Graphical Charts", published by the McGraw-Hill Book Company of New York City. The use of isometric paper for drawing charts representing three dimensions was mentioned for Fig. 167. In Fig. 235 we have another application of this same isometric ruling. Instead of "showing the whole sheet of isometrically ruled paper as a background. Fig …

The dependent variable is made the vertical scale here, just as in most charts where there is only one independent variable instead of two. The use of the isometric ruling is not as common as it would be if it were more widelv realized how easily charts may be prepared to give the effect of solid models without the great labor which a solid model necessarily involves. Fig. 236 …

Fig. 237 shows a solid model of the type which may be considered the acme of graphic work when there are two independent variables. A model of this kind is ordinarily made of plaster of Paris, as that is a material easily handled and capable of being made into any shape desired. In making such a model the usual procedure would be to rule a flat board with lines at properly …

When all the wires are in position on the board, a box is made the right size for the base of the finished solid model, and with sides as high as the solid model is to be made. This box serves as a mold into which the wet plaster of Paris is poured. Care must be taken to have the bottom edges of the box fit well on the board so that the liquid plaster of Paris may not leak …

In order to get the shape of the model as seen in Fig. 237, the plaster of Paris is very carefully scraped away with a piece of tin or some other simple tool until the ends of the vertical wires just show through. Before the plaster of Paris is poured in, care should be taken to mark the different sides of the board so that it will be ^KMf ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^T C/' / //ji ■ \ N^Hpk …

A model of this kind can be made from plaster of Paris by following the methods described in detail in this chapter known in which portions of the plaster of Paris block the greatest amount must be removed before the wires come in sight. Knowledge of the position of the wires in the block of plaster of Paris permits removing the plaster rapidly without danger of taking off too …

When the surfaces have been scraped as nearly as possible to the proper shape they maj^ be smoothed by rubbing with fine sandpaper. The external flat faces of the model may also be sandpapered advantageously to remove any marks which niay remain from the surface of the box used as a mold. Lines such as are seen in Fig. 237 can be ruled on the surface and the different scales …

Too many of the statements, however, tell only a portion of the whole truth, and that portion is, of course, assumed to be the portion which the speaker most desires to have put forward. It is not ordinarily feasible in a speech to give all the facts over a series of years so that the hearer may draw any conclusions for himself. The whole system is weak in that the audience …

Concise statements in conjunction with the charts should, of course, be used, somewhat as the main titles are placed under the illustrations of this book. Slides showing snappy questions could be thrown on the screen rapidly, and the succeeding slides could then answer the questions. Recent public improvements, bridges, etc., could be illustrated by maps and actual …

The power for the lantern would be obtained in the ordinary manner from tanks of oxygen and hydrogen carried in the car. A car containing the lantern equipment would be entirely self-contained and no electric wires or other attachments would be necessary. The lantern car would be stopped the proper distance away from the lantern screen on the other car, and the slides could be …

When many sets of lantern slides are made from the same original charts there is very little additional expense, and the number of people who may get the benefit of the carefully prepared slides is tremendously increased. In every city there are many young lawyers or business men who would be willing to make a speech to accompany the slides if they could depend upon the slides …

It need not be thought that lantern talks such as are suggested need be devoid of all those spectacular climaxes which are so common with a campaign orator. Whenever it is desired to raise some enthusiasm, a photograph of a candidate could be thrown on the screen and a cheer would be sure to follow. There is an almost unlimited field for the exercise of ingenuity in the …

Though the projecting lantern is now used almost universally in presenting election returns in large cities, thus far the lantern slides give only very brief scrawled statements that certain cities or certain districts have gone for some particular candidate with some estimated plurality. A person coming out into the street after an evening at the theater has no way of knowing …

A person accustomed to coloring lantern slides could then immediately color in one of the map slides according to some key, so the colors red, green, yellow, etc., on different areas would show that certain candidates were ahead in those States or districts. For municipal elections, the wards and different divisions of the city could be colored in exactly the same manner as …

of all the States or districts, so that the totals of different candidates might be easily compared. Thus, in a presidential election, the counting of the number of States for each candidate does not by any means give the whole story. The important thing is the number of electoral votes, and these would be best represented by the bar summary which would take into account the …

Slides with colored maps and colored bars would be used as fillers, to be kept on the screen continuously whenever there were no telegraphic reports to be projected on the screen in written words. It would probably be found desirable, in many cases, to show telegraphic reports in such manner that a map would be thrown on the screen between each two telegraphic reports, and …

Fig. 238. Statistical Exhibits in the Municipal Parade by the Employees of the City of New York, May 17, 1913 Many very large charts, curves and other statistical displays were mounted on wagons in such manner that interpretation was possible from either side of the street. The Health Department, in particular, made excellent use of graphic methods, showing in most convincing …

A chart with its title should be considered a unit, so that anyone wishing to make an abstract of the article in which the chart appears could safely transfer the chart and its title for use elsewhere. In the preparation of this book it has been found that a number of the charts used have been copied from one magazine to another, and that the titles under the charts have …

To avoid the possibility of error, the editor may use only the most brief title under the illustration, and then trust to the chart being fully described in the context which goes with it. In such a case, the reader who may happen to be especially interested in the chart is forced to plow through a great quantity of context to find the particular paragraph which may happen to …

In thirty years, and Its per capita consumption of Mquora Is tiow $1.48 as compared with Missouri's $24 a yearj Is the mes- Ba^ sent to Tennessee to-day by John S. Dawson, Attorney General. Tennessee iida a prohibition fitrht on its hands this Fall. " The test of value of prohibition I- tv- Re Bureau^ day dei as Btrlc p.lm up downwdlrectlj Admii present nary asalr D*' few …

Though these particular symbols are not fitted for use in chart drawing, they may give a suggestion of the possibilities which exist for abbreviating into symbol form certain remarks or instructions, which it may be frequently convenient to place on the face of a chart as a guide to prevent misinterpretation by the reader. If the symbols for chart work are not too numerous …

There is a possibility of making a simple chart on such a large scale that the mere size of the chart adds to its complexity by causing the reader to glance from one side of the chart to the other Fig. 239. A Clear and Accurate Title is of Great Importance The clipping above, taken from the front page of a very prominent newspaper, shows an absurd title. If a thing is reduced …

in trying to get a condensed visualization of the chart. There are relatively few curve charts which cannot be presented for report purposes on paper 8j^ by 11 inches, the commonest size used for a typewriter. Though the placing of a chart on paper of typewriter size requires more care than is necessary if a very large sheet of paper is used, the resulting chart is frequently …

many magazine articles and transactions of scientific societies contain charts which are reproduced direct from finely ruled co-ordinate paper and show all of the lines of the co-ordinate paper in the finished illustration. Co-ordinate ruling does not appear prominently on most original charts because the ruling is usually printed in some color of ink distinct from the curve …

^ s ^ z '^ Courtesy of "Motor" Fig. 241. Comparison of American Automobiles for Four Years, in Cylinder Bore, Valve Arrangement, and Ignition System There is no necessity for plotting curves in the vertical position shown here for it is only confusing to the reader. These curves cannot be read conveniently even by turning the book to read from the left because some of the type …

■^<3> ^&» , _>> ^ J^ 19IO 1 1 1910 II ■|2 '13 1910 "1! 12 '13 Cylinder Bore Valve Arrangement Ignition Systems Fig. 242. Comparison of American Automobiles for Four Years, in Cylinder Bore, Valve Arrangement, and Ignition System The standard arrangement of the curves on this chart permits easy reading. Notice that curves are perfectly feasible as a method of presentation even …

The horizontal bars here are so numerous and are placed so close together that the charts have practically the general form of curves drawn vertically instead of horizontally. It would seem just as well to represent the data by real curves drawn with the standard horizontal arrangement When curves become as widely understood as the bar method of presentation, it will be found …

/ 28-] ^ -. ..; ,. -- New York Times Annalist Fig. 244. Average per Capita in the United States of Total Savings-bank Deposits At first glance the impression is that Americans are growing rich very rapidly. Yet total deposits per capita have not doubled in the sixteen years shown. If the bottom line of the chart were at the zero of the vertical scale, an entirely different …

Usually, of course, the zero line is at the bottom of the chart unless there are negative quantities so that the curve crosses over the zero line and extends below it. In all cases the zero line can be made a heavy line. If the curve should extend below the zero line the width of the zero line should be ' so great that the reader will be certain to interpret the chart from the …

Average per Capita of Total Savings-bank Deposits in the United States Whenever possible a chart containing curves should be so drawn that the zero of the vertical scale appears in the chart. If the zero line is not shown on the chart, that fact should be indicated by a wavy line at the bottom warning the reader that interpretation must be made from the vertical scale and not …

somewhat greater amount of photographic reduction had been used in making the hne engraving or if the proportions between the horizontal- and vertical-scale distances had been changed somewhat. There is really no necessity for using the wavy line for the bottom of Fig. 245 since the chart would have been better made with the zero line showing the bottom. Fig. 245 will serve …

The failure to show the zero line at the bottom of a chart is so common a fault, found in nearly all publications, that some typical examples are shown here in the hope that a bad practice may be somewhat reduced. Fig. 247 gives the data of Fig. 246 redrawn so that the zero line is shown at the bottom of the chart. It is believed that this illustration will prove conclusively …

Comparison of Death Rates in the United States, Showing Reduction in Death Rate for Tuberculosis and Increase in Death Rate for Degenerative Diseases This illustration is' identical with Fig. 246 except that here a wavy line is used at the base showing that the bottom of the chart is not at the zero of the vertical scale. It is always desu-able to have the bottom line at zero …

ting curves is to take one set of data and plot those data in several different ways, noticing the changes which the different scales selected give in the proportions of the chart. Just as the written or spoken English language may be used to make gross exaggerations, so charts and especially curves may convey exaggerations unless the person preparing the charts uses as much …

As a report to stockholders is intended to be as optimistic as possible within the limits of truthfulness, there can scarcely be any criticism that the chart was so made that the growth in business was shown on the long direction of the page instead of on the short dimension of the page. The chart in Fig. 249 is simple to understand, and probably very few stockholders would …

This statement may lead to an erroneous conclusion on the part of the reader, for he may feel that the difference in height between the bar marked 1911 and that for 1912 shows the number of telephones installed during 1912, when, in reality, it shows the number of telephones installed during 1911, since the bars represent the number of 'phones installed to the first of January …

1876 1878 1880 1882 1864 1886 1688 1890 )892 I 94 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 JANUARY 1st OF EACHYEAR. 6,700.000 6,600,000 6,600,000 6,400.000 6,300,000 6,200,000 6,100,000 6,000,000 5.900.000 6,800,000 5,700,000 6,600,000 6,600,000 6,400,000 6,300,000 6,200,000 5,100,000 6,000,000 4,900,000 4,800,000 4,700.000 4,600,000 4,600.000 4.400.000 4,300,000 4,200.000 …

6,700,000 6,600,000 6,600,000 6,400,000 6,300,000 6,200,000 6,100,000 6,000,000 6,900,000 6,800,000 6,700,000 6,600,000 6,600,000 6,400,000 6,300,000 6,200,000 6,100,000 6,000,000 4,900,000 4,800,000 4,700,000 4,600,000 4,500,000 4,400,000 4,300,000 4,200,000 4,100,000 4,000,000 3,900,000 3,800,000 3,700,000 3,600,000 3,600,000 3,400,000 3,300,000 3,200,000 3,100,000 3,000,000 …

6,700,000 6,600,000 6,500,000 6,400,000 6,300,000 6,200,000 6,100,000 6,000,000 5,900,000 6,800,000 5,700,000 6,600,000 5,600,000 5,400,000 5,300,000 5,200,000 5,100,000 6,000,000 4,300,000 4,800,000 4,700,000 4,600,000 4,500,000 4,400,000 4,300,000 4,200,000 4,100,000 4,000,000 3,900,000 3,800,000 3,700,000 3,600,000 3,600,000 3,400,000 3,300,000 3,200,000 3,100,000 3,000,000 …

With Fig. 249 as it is, the 1908 bar shows a great increase over 1907 and the reader is quite justified in wondering how it happened that a greatly increased number of telephones were installed during a panic year. From the chart as shown the reader is not likely to realize that 1908 is getting credit for the telephones installed during 1907, which happened to be a very …

For Fig. 251 an assumption was made that the chart would be printed on exactly the same size page as was used for Fig. 249. The scales for Fig. 250 were, however, arranged in the other direction on the page and the co-ordinate ruling was made so that some space would be allowed for extension of the curve in future years. As seen from Fig. 251 the growth in the telephone …

The heavy black type with much greater spread horizontally than vertically tends to overshadow the curve itself and causes for the curve a more distinctly horizontal impression than would otherwise be obtained. A person reading charts must take great care that he does not give too much weight to the actual appearance of the curve on the page, instead of basing his conclusions …

Nevertheless, a few examples of optical illusions are shown here so that the reader may have some idea of those peculiar things which may enter in to cause strange impressions if charts do not receive some degree of preliminary care and final inspection. Though many of the effects seen in Fig. 252, Fig. 253, Fig. 254, Fig. 255, and Fig. 256 are not likely to appear in ordinary …

Fig. 256 shows some of the difficulties which may be encountered if an attempt is made to present data by comparing the relative heights of pictures of the human form. courtesy or the Grolier society Therc arc fcw pcoplc who will beheve until Fig. 254. An Optical lUu- ^^ ^^^^ measurements that the figure The white square appears larger of the girl lU Fig. 256 IS really of …

pictures. Before charts are sent to an engraver to have plates made for printing it is wise to have each chart run the gauntlet of a series of questions, so that the time of the person doing the checking may be saved and also that the points more frequently overlooked may be thoroughly considered in each case. Below are given a series of questions which may be found convenient …

The sides of the columns are really straight and parallel the one who drew it. In every editorial office the fact is recognized that one proof-reader will find important errors that were overlooked by another reader equally expert. Further, a mind much occupied with an idea may often fail to see important gaps in its statement, verbal or graphic, until perhaps they are noted …

When the chart is reduced in size will the proportions be those best suited to the space in which it must be printed? 5. Are the proportions such that there will be sufficient space for the title of the chart when the chart has been reduced to final printing size? ,, . 6. Are all scales in place? 7. Have the scales been selected and placed in the best possible manner? 8. Are …

Does lettering appear large enough and black enough when seen under a reducing glass in the size which will be used for printing? 17. Is all the lettering placed on the chart in the proper directions for reading? 18. Is cross-hatching well made with lines evenly spaced? 19. Can Ben Day work be used advantageously instead of crosshatching? 20. Do the Ben Day shadings selected …

Many charts are being put out to-day from which it would seem that the person making them had tried deliberately to get up some method as different as possible from any which had ever been used previously. Anyone of us would be thought of as a freak instead of as a genius, if he tried to invent his own constructions for the English language and to place words in some order …

The general arrangement of a chart should proceed from left to right. 3. Figures for the horizontal scale should always be placed at the bottom of a chart. If needed, a scale may be placed at the top also. 4. Figures for the vertical scale should always be placed at the left of a chart. If needed, a scale may be placed at the right also. 5. Whenever possible, include in the …

Separate columns of figures, with each column relating to a different date, should be arranged to show the column for the earliest date at the left. 10. When charts are colored, the color green should be used to indicate features which are desirable or which are commended, and red for features which are undesirable or criticized adversely. 11. For most charts, and for all …

If the zero line of the vertical scale cannot be shown at the bottom of a curve chart, the bottom line should be a slightly wavy line indicating that the field has been broken off and does not reach to zero. 16. When curves are drawn on logarithmically ruled paper, the bottom line and the top line of the chart should each be at some power of ten on the vertical scale. 17. When …

When curves are to be printed, do not show any more coordinate lines than necessary for the data and to guide the eye. Lines l^:;i^-inch apart are sufficient to guide the eye. A FEW CAUTIONS 363 21. Make curves with much broader lines than the co-ordinate ruhng so that the curves may be clearly distinguished from the background. 22. Whenever possible have a vertical line of …

One member from each society will be on this committee. It is hoped that the committee will be able to recommend a small number of brief and simple rules which may be used as a sort of grammar by persons who have graphic presentations to prepare and to interpret. Reports from this joint committee should be watched for so that any rules which may be agreed upon may be put into …

When graphic methods are more widely used for portraying quantitative facts, there will be a tremendous gain to accuracy of thought as well as a great saving of that most valuable thing in the world -- time. THE END Abbreviations for chart work, 345, 346 Accidents, as affected by daylight, 140 in industrial plants, 144, 145 on railroads of United States, 134, 135 Accountants …

of a curve, 131 Annalist, the, see Neiv York Times Annalist Annual reports, corporation, 307 Apples, price curves of, 127, 128, 129 Arithmetically ruled co-ordinate paper, 132 Atlas of the U. S. Census, see Statistical Atlas Atomizer for spraying ink, 57 Authorization for curve records, 284 Automobile exports of United States, 41, 43 factory records, 263 factory schedule …

cards, 259, 261 curve cards, 291, 296 machines, 261, 296 Boards for pin records of costs, 191, 192 Bonus earned chart, 52, 54 Boston Elevated Railroad, 4 Boston Globe, 212 Boston Health Department Report, 30, 109 Bowley, Arthur L., ii, 98 Breaks in drawings, 190 Bridges, drawing, upon photographs, 209 Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, 103 Building construction in United …

Chicago pin map for population, 246 Chicago telephone rates, 126 Choice of scales, 352 Cincinnati, homes of factory workers, 214 Circle and sectors, 5 Circles compared, 36, 37 Clamps for hanging maps, 232 Cleveland Plain Dealer, 92 Cloak and suit industry in New York, 166 Coals, comparative value of, 88 Coloring maps, 209 Color-printing, 5, 331 Colors for chart work, 57 …

executives, 28D financial reports, 307 record department, 292 Correlation, 129, 199 definition of, 199 Corrugated straw-board for map pins, 191 Cost analysis by pin boards, 191, 192 of handling freight, 184, 188, 192 Cotton goods, production and export, 74, Cotton production, 22 production and export of United States, Country Gentlevian, 213, 215, 232 Cows, individual record …

included in a chart, 24, 25, 26 Dates, position of, in curve charts, 72 Davenport, C. B., ii, 164, 165 Davis, Pierpont V., ii Day & Zimmermann, 296, 305, 306 Death rates in United States, 174, 351 Decreases shown graphically, 30 Degenerative diseases, 351 Department of Agriculture Field Service, Dependent variable, definition, 84 Depressions, financial, 104 Dimension lines, 5 …

Election returns, methods of giving, 341 Engineering Magazine, 12, 14, 17, 18, 116, 125, 246 Engineering News, 87 Engineering Record, 79, 119, 209, 210 Equitable Life Assurance Co., 174, 175 Errors in comparison, 20 Ewerbeck, Dr., 225 Exaggeration due to scales used, 353 Examination marks, charting, 205, 206 Executive control curves, 254, 288 Executives of corporations, 289 …

Gasoline costs for motor trucks, 198 GRAPHIC METHODS Gasoline-electric generator advertisement, Gear teeth, strength of, 334 General Electric Revietv, 78, 239 General methods, 321 Geography books, 22 Gifford, Walter S., 179, 240 Gilbreth, Frank B., 50 Good Housekeeping, 21 Grammar for graphic work, 361 Graphic presentation, rules for, 362 Graphical charts, construction of, 335 …

Illinois Central Railroad, 310 Illusions, optical, 358, 359 Imports and exports of United States, 37 Incandescent-lamp tests, 337 Income curves, 197 Income of technical graduates, 204 Increases shown graphically, 30 Independent, the, 21, 38 Independent variable, definition, 84 Index numbers, 100 Indianapolis Department of Health, 114 Indianapolis smoke deposits, 245 Industrial …

talks in political campaigns, 340 Legend for charts, 360 , Lenses, camera, 330 cylindrical, 330 "Less than" basis for frequency curves, 179 Lettering on charts, 26, 82 Letters of appeal for money, 250 gummed, 46 , • Lighter operation, chart for, 56 Line cuts from pin maps, 234 made from green ink, 330, 331 Line thickness in reduced drawings, 242 Lines connecting different …

11, 198 Mazda lamps, 337 McAbee, WiUiam D., 245 McGraw-Hill Book Co., 335 Mechanical shading, 331, 332 Merchant tonnage of United States, 112, Methods, general, 321 Metropolitan Sewage Commission, 20, 85 Milk-analysis curves, 114 Milk-production curves, 278, 279 Misleading figures, 326 Mode, 165, 170 Models, card-board, 336 solid, 336 "More than", basis for frequency curves …

Order of Railroad Conductors, 103 Orders, routing, 19 Organization charts, 14, 15 Orrok, George A., 201 , Panics, financial, 104 Parades, charts shown in, 342, 343 municipal, 343 Paraffin crayons, 57 Paris, height of buildings in, 220 Paris, plaster of, 336 Passengers carried on railways, 39 Passenger service on Union Pacific, 312 Payroll curves, 260 record curves, 276 …

Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad, 81, 82 Plant, Thomas G. & Co., advertisement, 233 Plaster of Paris, 336 Plates, weight of steel, 333 Pneumonia, deaths from, at different ages, 172, 173 Polar co-ordinates for curves, 80 Political campaigns, charts in, 338 Popular Science Monthly, 164, 165 Population curves, 130 density maps, 221 GRAPHIC METHODS Portland, Oregon, 208 Power …

needless, 285 Rectangular co-ordinates, 132 Reduction of earnings, 329, 330 Reducing glass, use of, 241, 329 Reduction in size of drawings, 241 Reflecting lantern for curves, 303 Reflectoscope for curves, 304 Reports of corporations, 307 Returns, election, 341 Revenues of railroads of United States, 257 Review of Reviews, 46, 47, 229, 231 Rittenhouse, Elmer, 175, 351, 352 Road …

mechanical, 331, 332 Sheffield Scientific School, 111 Shipping of various countries, 24 Ships, length of, 49, 51 Shot-gun diagrams, 201 Significant figures, 326 Simple comparisons, 20 involving time, 36 Slide rule, use of, 326, 328 Slope of curves, 130, 131 Smoke deposits, measuring, 245 Smooth curves, 118, 119, 201, 357 Smoothing curves, 98 Solid models, 336 Soot deposits …

324, 325 Tabulating machines, 320, 321, 322, 323, machines for cards, 323 Tacks, celluloid-covered, for maps, 247, map, 225, 247, 248 Tarr and McMurray's new geographies, Taylor, Graham Romeyn, 214, 221 Telephone load curves, 108 rates, 126 service curves, 179 service in Wisconsin, 178 Telephones in United States, pin map, number used in United States, 354 Temperature curves …

Vacation chart, 53 Variables for curves, 84 Variables, two independent, 333 Velocity of water in streams, 87 Vertical arrangement of curves, 347, 349 bar charts, 354 bars, 46, 47 for components, 138 Wage charts, 180, 181, 182 comparison on railroads, 49 Wall board, 232 charts, 306 exhibits, 358 maps, 225, 229 Wall Street Journal, 308 Warne, Frank J., 103 Water power in United …