Brinton, Willard C. Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts. New York: The Engineering Magazine Company, 1914. Internet Archive identifier: cu31924032626792 (Cornell University Library copy). The first American textbook on what we now call data visualization.

GRAPHIC METTOS I^RESENTiNG FACTS |fc ■"■ v.; •■• .y - . " j; ^n,i;' ,; ■; , ; ,;:,.„;.: ,;., •:: ■ --^ ■ : t ■%ILLARD C. BRINTON 3^5 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Menrg M. Sage Ft.^.'-i.joi'i , imM WiAVl SJS44 OCT 4 1950 *^to_: f ■> Jfltu ^ioson?^ c u Cornell University Library HA31 .B85 + Graphic methods for presentin< facts, 3 1924 032 626 …

PREFACE IN the preparation of this book there has been a constant effort to present the subject to suit the point of view of the business man, the social worker, and the legislator. Mathematics have been entirely eliminated. Technical terms are used practically not at all. Since the readers whom it is most desired to reach are those who have never had any statistical training …

The executive who desires a chart is usually too busy to stand by a draftsman and explain in detail just how the chart should be prepared as concerns those all important details of proportion, scale, width of line, etc. It is believed that the owner of this book wiU find it feasible to run through the various chapters and pages until he finds a chart most nearly like that …

The sub-titles relate to method and give criticism of each chart as a whole. Though the text gives much more detailed information concerning method than can possibly be put into any sub-titles, the reader who examines only the illustrations and the titles, without any reference to the text, will undoubtedly get a major portion of the vital material in the book. It is believed …

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has invited about fifteen of the chief American societies of national scope to co-operate by sending one member each to a Joint Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation. Though this committee is not yet completely organized, and it will be some time before any report is available, the reader who desires further information …

Palin Elderton and Ethel M. Elderton, Adam and Charles Black, London; "Statistical Averages," by Franz Zizek, Henry Holt and Company, New York; "Statistical Methods with Special Reference to Biological Variation," by C. B. Davenport, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Any list of this sort is, of course, incomplete and these books are mentioned as only a few of those which may be …

Curtis Prout, and Miss Katherine Tyng, for valuable assistance and suggestions received during the preparation of this book. Chapter XV is largely based on an article prepared at the PREFACE Vll suggestion of the author by Mr. Pierpont V. Davis of New York City and pubUshed by Mr. Davis in Moody's Magazine. I wish also to express my thanks to numerous friends who have given …

CONTENTS PAGE Chapter I. Component Parts 1 The need for graphic methods in presenting facts. The method of presentation as important as the data. PossibiKty for standard methods of presentation. Tabulated figures versus graphic methods. A total shown with its component parts. The horizontal bar. The circle and sectors. Subdivision of components. Separate bars totalling 100 per …

Time Charts 53 Horizontal bars drawn to a scale of time. Complex time charts by which the relations of numerous horizontal bars may be studied. Time charts showing bars combined with a curve expressing totals. Curves to study whether time schedules are maintained. Rank charts to portray the rank of different individuals at various times. Rank charts showing actual relative …

The zero of the vertical scale should be shown on the chart. Advantages of plotting curves for different years one above the other for comparison. Contrast in shape of curves plotted in separate fields. Advantage from shading the space under a curve. Numerous dissimilar but related curves on the same sheet. Errors resulting if curves not having the same zero line are compared …

A contrasting method of showing all curves plotted separately but from the same zero line. Universal co-ordinate paper for convenience in curve plotting. Total curves with component areas so that any point on a curve totals 100 per cent for the height of the areas beneath. Chapter IX. Cumulative or Mass Curves 149 Factory production schedules and actual outputs plotted on a …

Studies of the percentage of clerical work and percentage of revenue from orders of various sizes. Pin boards to record costs of doing work on orders of different size. Theoretical curves for percentage of clerical work and percentage of revenue from orders of different size. The Lorenz curve. Correlation curves. "Shotgun" diagrams. Plotting curves to represent numerous …

Curves for the Executive 254 Peak-top curves versus flat tops. Methods for combining curves with figure^ recording the data. Cards for plotting curves for operating records. Advantages of the card method for instantaneous comparison of different curves. Typical operating curves for a manufacturing business. Typical records for a selling organization. Arrangement of the card …

The annual report of corporations not usually put in form to permit intelligent comparison by the stockholders. Records of previous years not usually given. The number of stockholders constantly increasing. Best policy is to give complete and clear information. Recent examples showing bad practice. Curves for the United States Steel Corporation as a suggestion for the type of …

Errors resulting in interpretation of curves if the zero of the vertical scale is not shown on the chart. The selection of scales for curve plotting. Different impressions from curves from the same data but with various scales. Optical illusions which may afl^ect graphic work. A checking list for final inspection of graphic presentations. Need for standard rules of grammar for …

Time after time it happens that some ignorant or presumptuous member of a committee or a board of directors will upset the carefully -thoughtout plan of a man who knows the facts, simply because the man with the facts cannot present his facts readily enough to overcome the opposition. It is often with impotent exasperation that a person having the knowledge sees some …

In many of these cases the attitude of the person presenting the matter seems to be that the facts will speak for themselves and that they need little or no assistance. Ordinarily, facts do not speak for themselves. "When they do speak for themselves, the wrong conclusions are often drawn from them. Unless the facts are presented in a clear and interesting manner, they are …

In many cases, the graphic method requires less space than is required for words and there is, besides, the great advantage that with graphic methods facts are presented so that the reader may make deductions of his own, while when words are used the reader must usually accept the ready-made conclusions handed to him. In many presentations it is not a question of saving time …

The work of kindergarten nature now done in the lower grades of the public schools could very readily be extended so that the pupils would be making charts and curves without realizing that the work (or play) had any relation to mathematics. Text-books for geography are already making effective use of charts. In the public schools of Newark and of Trenton, New Jersey …

Yet we all try to follow the rules in spite of their intricacies. The principles for a grammar of graphic presentation are so simple that a remarkably small number of rules would be sufficient to give a universal language. It is interesting to note, also, that there are possibilities of the graphic presentation becoming an international language, like music, which is now …

Percentage op Each Race in the Population of the World Yellow 45 White 41 Black 11 Brown 2 Red 1 It requires mental concentration in interpreting even these simple figures to get the correct impression of the very large percentage of the two chief races and the numerical insignificance of the one last named. If these data were shown in a simple horizontal bar, somewhat like …

The horizontal bar need be made only wide enough to show the various kinds of shading necessary to give a good contrast. Engineering dimension lines above each block in the bar are of great advantage 50% for convenient reading. The dimension lines permit of group- y<^rVh--''- ^'^<>';"--^-i'>'v-^;v /-^i^'^VivSo:^'^ ing in such a manner /'*^^•••X^";^^^'^;:i•>^i^^f^•^ that …

It would be desirable to have a large number of the illustrations in this book printed in color. Charts which are made in color can readily bring out points which are not easily portrayed when only black ink is used. The reader should keep in mind for his own work that he should use colors in making those charts where colors are economically possible. For the purpose of this …

under the same conditions that would be found in the preparation of material for magazine articles, printed reports, and ordinary prospectus or other advertising matter. Fig. 2 is a form of chart used probably more widely than any other form to show component parts. The circle with sectors is not a desirable form of presentation, however, because it does not have nearly such …

The horizontal-bar method permits of placing figures so as to keep the decimal points in line, thus making it possible to add the whole column of figures relating to the various components. The sector method is probably so widely known through presentation in exhibits, illustrations for popular magazines, etc., that it is more generally understood than any other niethod now in …

On the left the scale is given in millions of tons, and on the right in millions of dollars. The reader can interpret the chart from whichever standpoint he prefers. Though this chart is arranged vertically instead of horizontally, it really makes little difference which way the bars are placed. As a general thing, the horizontal arrangement lends itself more readily to the …

Utilization and Accompanying Wastes of One Year's Coal Supply for Locomotives on Railroads of the United States The double scale permits reading this chart in tons or in dollars If the chart is made on co-ordinate paper with ruled squares, the reader can obtain the size of each component direct from the co-ordinate lines. The trouble, however, with using co-ordinate paper for …

Each of these main-group bars is crosshatched to show the conjugal condition within the group. The combined length of the four bottom bars is equal to the length of the total-population bar shown at the top. These same data could have been presented by the method shown in Fig. 5. It will be noted, however, that in Fig. 6 all the figures have been included, and are available …

I I I I i=f Scale fo inch equals 5 perceni United Slates Statistical Atlas for the Census of 1900 Fig. 5. Elements of the Population of the United States in 1900 Here the components of the total population are shown in their relative sizes on the vertical scale. Each component is also divided into different subdivisions whose percentage size may be read from the horizontal …

It is not easy to make a clear blackand-white drawing if one kind of cross-hatching must be placed on top of another kind. Fig. 7 shows that it is possible, however, to superimpose two kinds of cross-hatching and get a drawing that is fairly clear. The facts in this chart would have been brought out better if colors had been used for the main divisions of population. Ruled …

The method of Fig. 5 could be used for these data, but would not be as easy to understand as the method of Fie 8 Fig. 5 would require most careful cross-hatching to bring out the vertical subdivisions for each of the different States. By using the method of Fig. 8, each State can be shown distinctly even if it is only the width of a line, as in the case of Nevada or Wyoming …

V//M}:m \^mm^ mmm y.'<H!-!S,11 kyy///yyy/y^\\m^\\< ■^^a^^f^^^mm^ ,-^.v^vvsa^<.MM'-rj ■L»jj.-A^-.-.».''.>L"^s;'-w;;q ■-t^L-^^ K^.'^ *H it A." ■■ ^.RAg zszzssssi^s^mi^szzs ^S^^^SS IN 1908, TAFT PER-- TO THE RIGHT. IE.5 IN I9I£.' BEGINrllNS WILSON. DEM. Fig. 8. Prof. Intng Fisher In the New York Times The Vote for President in 1908 and in 1912 by States Compare this with Fig. 5 …

This is an admirable piece of presentation even though the lettering and drafting are not Cjuite as good as they might have been if more care had been used, though probably allowance must be a) Character o( work; , Size aod type of truck Nature of ioads Number of cars.r Distance per day Number of stoos per day- DayB In Bervlce ;b) Roads and climate: Road surface Grades Other …

We have here the total cost of motor trucking, studied according to the components of the cost and also according to the conditions which produce those component costs. We may consider either the service conditions or the cost components. We have 100 per cent in the horizontal direction and 100 per cent also in the vertical direction. The total of the components in either …

esog Ship BOI 0,1 I nTOiajoj fug Sflog IIIK Hire "lAi ' -- I-- r i Hire SniijiniifBO ram po-ff inrc dooH J9II0H ftg SoBQ Snupang JTOqg (Win MO J ainre dooH 7H: em re snima 1 3tnf) da^ipong III re <iooH I tllTH Sannooia mrc mm poa J91TOH Tqgm COMPONENT PARTS STOCkHOLDCRS BOARD OF DIRECTORS SCCOND VICE PRESI DENT AND SECRETARY PRESIDENT [5"5"5~Q''5"^ TREASURER 1 ASSISTANT …

In Fig. 10, however, we have fuel cost subdivided as many as five different times. Though the method of Fig. 10 could easily be used for the data of Fig. 9, that of Fig. 9 has its advantages in that it makes printing cheaper and is therefore desirable whenever it can be used. Fig. 9 can be prepared on a typewriter or can be set up by any printer, while Fig. 10 requires the …

iVuthority reaches down through the several branches of an organization like descent of blood, and, if properly planned, it will be as irregular for a factor in an organization to be in doubt as to the person in authority over him as for the child to deny the parentage of his father. Such a chart should be drawn for every organization, even more especially for those …

The skeleton may be the same, however, and just as the proper study of the functions of the human body begins with the skeleton, so the study of organization should begin with those simple outlines which appear, in the main, in all completely and successfully organized businesses. Very few enterprises are organized properly. Very few have an organization that can be charted at …

The routing of work through the many processes and departments of a large plant is a subject of such great importance that charts are frequently desired for the study of such routing. Fig. 14 is a fairlv good example of this class of chart. In a complete chart, the departments would of course be designated for easy reference, by names, numbers, or letters. Colored ink could be …

Orders and other printed forms sent through a large organization must follow a routing entirely distinct from that actually followed bj' the heavy materials. The routing of printed forms in a large business is, in itself, a matter worthy of most careful study to get a true understanding of their complex movements. A clear idea of office system is almost impossible unless the …

ONE of a business man's chief assets is his abihty to show things to others in their true proportions. He is continually making contrasts, and holding up for comparison different propositions which come up in his daily affairs. The graphic method lends itself admirably to use in making comparisons. It is surprising how much clearer even simple comparisons of only two or three …

This illustration is taken from the -eport of the Metropolitan Sewage Commission. The representation as though seen through a microscope is decidedly effective place. The figures for the bacteria count are given with the chart so that all the data are available to anyone who may wish to study the facts from a scientific standpoint. The drawing of Fig. 17 is of the cartoon …

money bags should be compared on the basis of diameter, area, or volume. x\lmost the only conclusion which can be drawn from such a diagram is one regarding the relative rank of the different expenditures. The reliability of even that is likely to be questioned because of the evident lack of accuracy in this kind of chart. Nevertheless the cartoonist style should not be …

washing machine into the area of the larger washing machine. Methods like this cannot be too severely condemned. Commercial geography, as it is now widely taught in the public schools by listing the various imports and exports of countries and the products of different cities, fails to give a clear idea of the Guod Houstkccping Fig. 18. Illustration Intended to Show that the …

The eye cannot fit one square into another on an area basis so as to get the correct ratio relative importance of the materials listed. It frequently happens that the second or third item on a list may have only one-tenth the importance of the first item. Because the three names are given one after the other, the pupil is quite likely to consider the three items of equal …

Graphic comparisons, wherever possible, should be made in one dimension only. In such a case as this, one-dimension presentation is perfectly feasible by the use of bars of different lengths. The pupil would find it an almost hopeless task to fit one side of the block for Brazil into one side of the block for the United States and then square the resulting ratio in order to …

Note the scale duceS rOU^hlv thirtv times at the top of the chart ' & J ' J as much cotton as Brazil. Bars in one dimension only would show the comparison accuratelv. Under any circumstances, the use of the squares of Fig. 19 with the center line through the centers of the squares gives an extremely poor arrangement. SIMPLE COMPARISONS VAtira OF PBODtTCTS FOB PBINCIPAL CITIES …

If this is the case, it is probably due to the fact that the squares appear more prominently to the eye than do the bars, and it would seem that the best kind of presentation might be made by using much wider bars so that the bars would be easily seen. Bars can be made as wide as some of the squares seen in Fig. 19 and, if it seems best, thie bars could be made in outline …

damBStiiwn I Newburfji 1 Walcrlown I ^■■■■•46 75 ^^H •4271 laa •4-0.27 ^m I39.8S ■ <36.1S ■ •35.4-1 I '34-.89 61.74- S4-.87 ^H^B^^^B 'SO. 22 Cities 25000 to 35,000 People ^Figures based on average daily attendance) Fig. 20 gives a diagram taken from another geography book. This is a much better form of presentation than used in Fig. 19. It could, however, be improved by giving …

The method of placing the figures at the right of the bar is, however, unsafe. The eye is likely to make a comparison, not from the ends of the bars themselves, but from the right-hand end of the figures. Since the figures are of about constant length, visual ratios are inaccurate when made by comparing a short bar plus the constant length of figures with a long bar plus the …

The chart, Fig. 22, was taken from a report devoted entirely to the city of Newburgh. On this account, it would have been much better if the word "Newburgh" had been printed in heavy -faced type so that it would stand out from the other cities in the list. Where the use of colored ink is possible, it is frequently desirable to make the item under foremost consideration stand …

The values, however, were so large that it was necessary to leave off the last three ciphers and state that the values given are in "thousands of tons." Though the dropping of ciphers is very common, it is a practice likely to lead to serious error and should not be encouraged. Even with the ciphers omitted, the values could not possibly have been given inside the bar if more …

•1 1 i> 1 \ ^ \ -^ CHILE 4Z H| THOUSANDS of Tons easily read from long ^^ p^ Australia. .34 ■ columns if sufiicient ^^_^g ^^"^ ['/[['^m white paper is left between figures in ^'^- ^4- Production of Copper in Different Countries . J^ for One Year Xne VerTlCai arrang,e- This chart is a redrawing of Fig. 25. The title here should state the year, nient and if each '^"^ ^^^^ ^'^^ …

\ .Jri5; shown at the left \ .„:,'////// of the illustration V '^''"'^^^ gives an idea of \ ...„„M// what can be done O '^'^^--'^^^^'^ by hand drawing \ .,..yyy//// m order to at- \ . -^.'^y//// S ^ tract attention to \ .„^y////// ^5 ^ S S » s » the chart itself is V.:.^.^.^ ^ ^ S 3 S S S intended to illu- Unifed States Mexico Spain & Jaoan Chile Australia Germanv Canada …

The pigs of copper are not of the same size in the different piles, and it is evident that a pictured pig of copper is not intended to be the unit. If Fig. 25 is drawn on an area basis, it is almost impossible for the eye to fit the area for the right-hand pile into the area of the left-hand pile. This chart is a typical example of thousands of illustrations used by the …

On the left there is a symbol to attract the eye and interest the observer. Note that a dollar mark is shown on top of the picture of the bale of cotton in one case and the sheaf of wheat in the other, to indicate that the value of the crop is considered rather than the number of units. After the pictures, which may be thought of as "ej^e catchers," we have the figures, and …

The illastrations at the left make the presentation popular in form, .vet actual figures for the data are given at the left-hand end of the bars the bars plotted to scale for quick comparison by the reader. This cut could have been improved slightly if the spaces between the sep- GRAPHIC METHODS arate groups of three figures had been made somewhat larger and if the black bars …

The same data may be seen portrayed in a different way in Fig. 6. The arrangement of Fig. 6 is more desirable, in that the size of the components is more readily grasped when all are shown in the same horizontal bar. In Fig. 28 the eye does not readily make the addition necessary to fit together the four items "Single," "Married," "Widowed," and "Divorced" as percentages of …

This chart is grossly misleading because the point where the race started is not shown. It appears, for instance, that for one dollar expended a five-ton gasoline truck will run about twice as far as a five-ton horse truck. This conclusion is entirely unwarranted, and would not be reached by any reader if the chart had been so drawn that the zero point or starting point for …

Here attention is called to the infectious diseases by using solid black bars in contrast with bars shown only in outline zero line. The figures can be placed on the left-hand margin of the chart, immediately between the title for each bar and the end of the bar, in a manner similar to that shown in Fig. 27. Since the zero line must be near the center of the chart, rather than …

Average of S Yearj Ending /9/0 Compared w/ih 4-yearj Ending /905. ewEkriROMJ. EfmARK IV. crj.isrp. CJ!./.&P cmty. CJ-fi. cBsa. flXi-JF yycsTERri Roms. % 20 /s io s o s io is -^ "RailToad Operating Costs." .SiiJTcrn ct Son. New York Fig. 31. Increase is Here Shown to the Right of the Zero Line and Decrease to the Left of the Zero Line. A Heavier Zero Line and Arrows Pointing …

The comparison of the losses in the different power systems is very clearly shown in this illustration, which was taken from a paper by George VVestinghouse Broad bars can be used either vertically or horizontally. The horizontal arrangement is usually the more convenient, as it lends itself more readilj' to the use of type and horizontal lettering for the titles, data, etc …

5 COMNECriCUT b OHIO 7 NtW JERSEY S ILLINOIS 9 COLORADO 10 INDIANA I I RHODE 16LAN0 12 VEJ?MONT CHIL- 5CH0OU tofPENSE DREN IN PLANT PER SCHOOL CHILD iCMOOL- DAY5 CHILD SCHOOL YEAR f" • ]l V/////M V/////A AT- TEND- ANCE EXPEND ITURE. WEALTH DAILY COST HIGH SCHOOLS 5AL- ARItS \: I I II .11 r \V/////A\ \V//////AV/////Ay/////A\y/////A\ \V/////A\ \V/////A\ W/////AV/////AL \ V/////A …

White Indicates that the State Ranks in the Highest 12 of the 48, Light Shading that it Ranks in Second 12, Dark Shading that it Ranks in Third 12, and Black that it Ranks in Lowest 12 The above illustration is a photograph of one page of a pamphlet issued by the Division of Education of the Russell Sage Foundation, regarding the public schools of the United States. This type …

The State with the best schools is shown at the top of the chart and the State with the worst schools is shown at the bottom of the chart. On the chart as a whole, one can see at a glance just how the schools of any State rank with those in the other States, and wherein the greatest defects occur. The chart of Fig. 33 was in a thirty-page illustrated pamphlet sent broadcast …

This pamphlet has resulted in the appropriation of some millions of dollars for the improvement of public schools. The arrangement of the pamphlet itself is worthy of note in that each left-hand page is a chart, while each right-hand page, facing the chart, is devoted to a brief explanation of the conclusions which can be made from a study of the chart. This arrangement of …

Types order. 27 * Records uct ion 28. .K.\,iiiiine.-<. :9. iiiit iiiis. Slfjis UTider proposed system 1 Ktf I V I* ciii.'tiiii'flr.ifis 2 (J-.i) KirvicwimkI iiiitiiilN. :! CiUI Til I-.. us in "..lit" I>o.\. I (:i::i lielivirv. .^(311 SiKlis. Fig. 35. Routing of a Letter Through the Adjutant General's Office Requesting the Discharge from the Army of an Enlisted Man in Recruitmg …

Arrows joining the various circles then give the routing of the papers through the whole of the journey. The comparison of the existing routine with the proposed routine can be seen by considering the solid lines and the dotted lines and by comparing the two distinct columns or lists at the right. Thirtynine operations may be counted in the present arrangement against five …

To the average person this is an almost impossible task, because it is not feasible to fit one circle inside of the other visually as two horizontal bars may be fitted. If the circle for 1900 were estimated as twice the diameter of the circle for 1850, it would mean that the foreign-born population in 1900 was four times as great as that in 1850. If, however, the ratio were …

The reader cannot compare the areas visually so as to get the correct ratio measure of the increase in total number of foreign-born population. Horizontal bars are much preferable to circles when comparisons are to be made COMPARISONS INVOLVING TIME for example, one and a half, the average reader would be completely nonplussed, as he would not trouble to go through the mental …

Circles compared on a diameter basis mislead the reader by causing him to over-estimate the ratios. Compare Fig. 38 In Fig. 37 the figures are given, and the circles have been drawn on a diameter basis. It will be noted that the figures for 1910 are roughly twice those for 1890. The circle, however, has roughly four times the area of the circle for 1890 and, accordingly, seems …

Circles of different size should never be compared. Horizontal bars have all the advantages of circles with none of the disadvantages as most of the authorities on statistical work recommend. If the figures were not given, the reader would be forced to fit the left-hand circle into the right-hand circle on an area basis, or else make a ratio between the diameters and then …

This kind of graphic work has little real value no necessity of inflicting such cruelty on a reader. Though the circles in Fig. 37, drawn on a diameter basis, exaggerate the ratios, the circles in Fig. 38, plotted on an area basis, make the reader underestimate the ratio. Comparison between circles of different size should be absolutely avoided. It is inexcusable when we have …

Whether the ratio should be roughly three or roughly nine, we cannot tell. Another example of the same kind of difficulty appears in Fig. 40, but here the figures are given and we can check up the author to see whether he has drawn the 1911 man on the basis of height or on the basis of area. The 1911 man, on account of his far greater area, looks to be rather more than two and …

Because of the disproportionate area, the right-hand picture gives the reader a false and exaggerated impression of growth. See Fig. 41 ONE MILE 32,837,000 ONE MILE Fig. 41. Number of Passengers Carried on the Railroads of the United States in 1899 and in 191 1 Compared Here is a chart drawn from the same data as Fig. 40. It was not a larger passenger, but more passengers …

Copy for an illustration of this sort is very simply made by taking proofs from a cut of one man and then pasting these proofs on a long strip of paper until a row of the correct length is obtained. The whole arrangement can then be photographed down to produce the effect shown in Fig. 41. To avoid fractional men at the end of a row, it is usually easy to express the ratio …

Comparison in Size of Trainload on the Chicago, Buriington & Quincy Railroad in 1901 and in 1912 Here one locomotive is above the other but both face in the wrong direction. Figures for the data are not given and the reader cannot tell whether the two lengths compared should include the locomotives or only the cars. Clearness could have been assured if the cars had been shown …

In Fig. 43, the two locomotives are placed neck and neck, but the whole chart reads backwards in that it reads to the left instead of to the right. Turn the page over and hold it up to the light. Through the back of the paper, the arrangement of the cars appears from left to right as it should. lavo I880 I900 5.7 242 = too >; 3S ^^^B^^WWB^WHHUHIHll PRODUCTION I EXPORT UPPER …

No data are given in Fig. 43, and it is impossible to tell whether the comparison between 1901 and 1912 should be based on the ratios of the whole length, including engines, or whether it should be based on the lengths for cars only. A ratio without the engines would be much larger than with engines. This chart is accordingly unreliable. The difficulty in regard to engines …

THE RISE OF THE LOW-PRICED CAR SHOWING HOW THE AVERAGE VALUE OF EXPORTED AMERICAN AUTOMOBILES HAS DROPPED IN FIVE YEARS World's Wort Fig. 45. The Illustration and the Titles are Shown Above Exactly as Originally Printed The reader is misled if he does not notice that the earliest year has been shown at the bottom instead of at the top. The wording of the two titles, when taken …

If the horizontal bars are arranged with the earliest date at the top, any reader who wishes to do so may read the chart as a curve from the left-hand edge of the page and the dates will then appear in correct order from left to right. In Fig. 45 the latest date has been placed at the top of the chart. This causes an impression absolutely the reverse of what it was intended to …

Cents Miles Per cent I90«' 83 171 130 073 974 654 1.937 .754 32,86 143. 83 69.75 1*7 3 6% 123 259 I 052 119 2.014 .759 31.72 131,71 67.53 iao6 3 548 114 529 982 401 2.003 .748 31. 64 132,33 66.08 iins 109 949 861396 1.962 .766 32,21 130,60 66.78 HI 14 2 998 104 198 829 476 2,006 .780 30,64 133,23 67.79 3 133 103 291 855 442 2.006 .763 30,10 132,80 66.16 3 048 99 314 793 351 …

In tabulations of this sort there is less danger of erroneous reading if the earliest year is shown at the top. Years are usually grouped in fives, including in one group years ending from one to five inclusive, and in the next group years ending from six to ten inclusive In Fig. 46 also, the latest year has been placed at the top of the column instead of at the bottom of the …

A rapid reader seeing Fig. 47 is likely to get a much exaggerated idea of the increase in the American exports of automobiles. The arrangement of the three horizontal bars for the three years is such that the reader is justified in assuming that the years are consecutive. He is not likely to notice that the upper bar represents the year 1906 and that four years are omitted …

Value, Imports from Abroad 4,910,208 2,446,248 2,000,000 Fig. 48. The Contrast of American Exports and Imports of Automobiles The data of Fig. 47 have here been redrawn. The values have been shown at the left of the bars, where they give the neatest and most convenient arrangement. Note that the bar for 1906 is somewhat separated from the bar for 1911, so as to indicate to the …

A slight break could indicate in this manner a gap of any large number of years which it would not be feasible to denote by allowing space according to scale. In Fig. 48 the years and the figures for the chart are properly shown to the left much as they are shown in Fig. 24 and in Fig. 27. BU. BU. 1311 1912 1911 1912 A'tw York Times AnnalUt Fig. 49. The Size and the Value of …

The purpose of the chart was to show that in 1912 the farmers of the country raised more bushels of corn than in 1911 but received less total money in return. Note that the earlier year is placed at the right instead of at the left, and that the dates are given at the top rather than at the bottom. The middle group of bars corrects the error, but the information is still not …

In the case of financial reports it is always the latest year which is of chief interest, and for this reason the arrangement of Fig. 50 seems permissible in order that the figures and the account names may be side by side. The problem in Fig. 49 is so entirely different from that in Fig. 50, that the method of Fig. 50 cannot be held as a precedent to justify the reversed …

Fig. 50. Brief Financial Statement Regarding the Union Bag and Paper Company ' In condensed statements of this sort there seems to be good reason for placing next to the headings at the left the column of figures for the latest fiscal year, since this information is of most vital interest to the reader. Columns for other years are then printed to the right for comparative …

It is a fair example showing what can be done to arouse interest by the judicious embellishment of charts, especially of those for wall exhibits intended to reach a miscellaneous audience having an average of rather limited education. Note the smokestacks in Fig. 51. The smoke-stack at the left is the same height as the bar for the year 1906-07, and the taller smoke-stack at …

Fig. 52 was shown in conjunction with Fig. 51 with the idea of pointing out that the number of students in the University of Cincinnati had increased just as (according to Fig. 51) the number of firms co-operating in the engineering work of the University had increased in the same time. The bars in Fig. 51 and Fig. 52 are placed vertically, each bar representing a year. This …

Note, in this illustration of a wall chart, the popular touch given by the pictures of manufacturing plants with smoke-stacks of the same height as the first and the last vertical bars able to have the bars placed in a vertical position, if they represent divisions of time, rather than entirely distinct subjects such as the separate cities compared as to the value of their …

It is generally better to use India ink in making the bars if a good result is to be assured. The liquid drawing ink sold at most stationery stores is COMPARISONS INVOLVING TIME INCREASE IN STUDENTS IN] CO-OPERATIVE COURSE ENGINEERING COLLEGE INCREASE 1913 OVER ..1907 I lassv. available in many different colors. Some grades of the drawing ink are water-proof after drj'ing. On …

It is certain that the prices (that of pine lumber, for instance, shown by the upper curve) did not have the uniform rate of increase which the straight hue from 1897 to 1907 would indicate. We are considering here, however, the changes over the period as a whole, and we can for simplicity draw a straight line and neglect all the fluctuations of intervening years. The general …

The Increasing Number of Students in the Co-operative Course of the Engineering College of the University of Cinciruiati This illustration was originally used as a companion piece to the chart of Fig. 51. For a popular exhibit the use of vertical bars brings out information quite clearly. Though curves (such as are shown in later chapters) are superior to vertical bars, it is …

In this case, the double lines at the bottom of the chart draw too much attention to the bottom and may cause a wrong interpretation of the chart. As charts of this type are usually made so as to have the bottom at zero, the reader of Fig. 54 may get an entirely erroneous idea of the actual increase in the rates of wages. This chart of Fig. 54 should have been drawn with % …

Fig. 55 is a commendable piece of work for popular presentation, as for instance in a magazine. Note the use of dimension marks in two independent horizontal rows so that the upper row indicates the material from which the ships are made while the lower row shows the Reprodvced by Permission from Droege's " Freight Terminals and Trains", copyright, 1913, by the McGraw-Hill …

Tendencies for the future are frequently very accurately predicted by drawing a smooth curve through known points and then continuing this curve for future years in the manner shown by the broad line in Fig. 55. The trend of this curve indicates that by 1925, we are likely to have ships about 1,200 feet long. Though the method of prediction by extending a curve into the future …

Periodic photographs of any kind of construction work are one of the most striking forms of graphic presentation. Many large contractors and machine manufacturers now make a practice of having photographs taken of each job at least once each week. The THE RISING WAGE SCALE SHOWING THAT THE PAY OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES HAS INCREASED FROM 30 TO 50 PER CENT. IN TWELVE YEARS. NOTE …

If a large card giving the date of the work is placed in front of the camera so that the date is photographed directly into the picture, the date is somewhat more easily proved than it would be otherwise. Putting the date card in front of the camera with the date upon the card gives a chance for any passer-by to check the honesty of the date on the picture, much as the "amount …

Many companies are now using moving-picture films to show the technical operations involved in making up their manufactured product, or to show views in different parts of a factory. Moving-picture cameras have been used also in a very striking way by Mr. Frank B. Gilbreth as an adjunct to methods of time and motion study. By placing in the camera field with the worker a clock …

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A smooth curve line has been drawn through the ends of the pictured ships so as to approximate most closely the general law which seems to govern progress in ship building. The smooth curve has been extended into the future as a prediction of the length of the ships which will probably be built during the next ten years. Note the excellent use of dimension-line arrows at the …

In just so much as the moving picture is superior to separate pictures shown by lantern slides, in just that much is a curve superior to a series of horizontal or vertical bars for the same data. Unless a person knows thoroughly how to read and how to plot curves he cannot hope to understand the graphic presentation of facts. The use of curves will be covered in later …

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9 a O =i -a o u O) lO Chapter IV TIME CHARTS THE liorizontal-bar method used in Chapter I to show the component parts of any unit may be modified so as to represent various conditions at diflPerent hours, days, and other subdivisions of time. Fig. 57 illustrates a convenient scheme to assist the arrangement of vacations for concerns having many employees, in which it is …

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^ 1 ~ t -- -- -- -- _ -- -- -- -- -- / [V -- -- -- ' -- -- -- -- -- ' -- ' -- ' -- ' -- ' -- ~ _ _^ ^_ -- . _ __ _ _ Mr. H. L. Gantt, in Journal Am. Soc. Mechanical Engineers Fig The , 58. Chart Illustrating Bonus Work in a Factory where Bonus Work was Introduced Too Rapidly at First curve at the bottom shows the total number of workers earning a bonus each day. On November ii …

After a final schedule has been decided upon, the time given each employee can be made sufficiently conspicuous by going over the lead-pencil marks with crayon or ink. A chart of this nature posted on the bulletin board of an office would serve as a convenient means of giving information to the employees as to their respective vacation periods. Fig. 56 (page 52) illustrates a …

Fig. 58, at the right-hand end, shows that the workers were earning a bonus practically every day, and it also shows clearlj^ that something was wrong during the middle part of October. The workers failed to earn a bonus at that time for the reason that the bonus work was introduced so rapidly that they did not get adequate instruction. The manager of a plant would realize …

The point on the curve is then placed in the lower portion of the chart at the intersection of the horizontal line representing the number of workers earning a bonus and of the vertical line representing the day, October 10. The curve gives a convenient method of determining the total number of operators who are earning a bonus. When it is desired to know only the number of …

^ "J u U) H-l rt .£P z V-l 1^ <i> ^B o ■ tn ^3 TIME CHARTS 57 and it is then necessary to make a long sheet by pasting together several of the separate sheets. The original study from which Fig. 59 was prepared was made upon a built-up sheet seventeen inches wide and eight feet long, so that a full month of lighter operation could be shown on the one chart. ,' In a large …

Working time may similarly be indicated by solid green and by green strokes with white spaces. It is desirable in all chart work to have certain conventions by which colors would be understood to have certain definite meanings. Thus, following railroad practice, red could generally be used in chart work to indicate dangerous or unfavorable conditions, and green to indicate …

In making up charts like that shown in Fig. 59, the data are usually recorded on the chart day by day as reports come in. This involves a large amount of handling of the chart, and the chart is likely to be much smeared by the time the last reports are entered. If colored crayons with the color embodied in paraffin are used, very brilliant colors can be obtained, yet rubbing …

Each of these tenthof-an-inch spaces was made to represent ten-minutes time, so that a much larger scale was obtained than in Fig. 60. As the tug-boat captains regularly kept log-books in which their work was recorded to a five-minute interval the chart was made to the same interval by splitting the ten-minute squares to represent five-minute intervals. With a scale of this …

The number of lighters and car-floats towed simultaneously is clearly shown in the chart, as well as the time at which each was picked up, and the time at which each was delivered by the tug. In the case of car-floats, a frequent break will be noticed at the end of the towing, one-half the width of the horizontal bar being marked with black. This convention was adopted to show …

A time chart like Fig. 60 can often be used advantageously in conjunction with other time charts covering the same period of time. Thus, in studying tug-boats, the information on a chart for lighter operation such as is shown in Fig. 59, and on charts for the operation of car-floats or of float bridges, may be valuable. All the various kinds of equipment with which the …

This type of chart is extremely valuable in determining whether or not schedules are maintained uniformly over any period of time. CO GRAPHIC METHODS By using different colors of ink a chart of this kind can be made so as to show all related operations without the drawing becoming too complex to read. Fig. 61 has purposely been made simpler than the ordinary chart of this kind …

All the figures for one railroad are shown in curves,* placed one above the other. Ordinarily curves like those in Fig. 62 will be nearly parallel, for the time interval required to complete each of the steps of work remains about the same day after day. What Fig. 62 brings out most of all is not so much the time interval between the different steps as the information as to …

The days of the month may be used on the short edge of the paper as in Fig. 62. Fifty-two weeks for one year can be shown by using the long edge of the paper. Three years by months can be plotted by using the thirty-six squares on the short side of the paper. One year by months can be shown by using every third line along the short edge of the paper. TIME CHARTS 5AJ\4 1AM 11 …

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Here we have time represented by days in the horizontal direction and by hours in the vertical direction. The object of the chart is to record whether car-floats are loaded and dispatched at the same hour each Dotted lines show the time at which cars are pushed onto car-floats by locomotives. Solid line.s show the time at which car-floats are towed away by tug-boats. Curves …

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a3o>c \l r 'Strnday. Arrived - time D Bridged - time E Waiting far bridge - houra. Loaded - time ^ . Beparture - time. Fig. 62. Operation of Freight Car-Floats at a Railroad and Steamship Terminal In Fig. 61 several different railroad connections were shown on one large sheet. Here, in Fig. 62, but one railroad is represented on one sheet, with the idea of using as many sheets …

The blocks for the various States are numbered according to the rank of each State at the first year shown at the left. The rise or fall in rank of each State at each census can be seen at once by following the lines joining the numbered blocks. The actual numerical rank at each census is seen by reading horizontally to the rank number at the right-hand margin or to the …

He could, however, see very clearly that his own position in the sales force was getting better or worse, according to whether his relative-rank line pointed upward or downward. This comparison of selling units on a rank basis is in many respects fairer than any curve based on the value of sales. Good business conditions or bad business conditions afi^ecting all alike do not …

With shears and a pastepot, another vertical row of blocks may be added at the right-hand edge of the chart copy each month to provide "copy" for the plate to print the succeeding month's illustration. The identification could be lettered by hand inside of the vertical row of blocks for the latest month. It then takes only a short time to draw lines joining blocks having …

Fig. 65 would not look so complex if colored ink were available to show in contrast the express passenger trains, the work trains, etc. It is suggested that the reader observe the key at the top of Fig. 65 and then follow a few of the various trains from one end of the line to the other, taking into consideration the fact that this is a single-track railroad and that trains …

Time- TIME CHARTS lero 190O Rank ^ New York 2 Penn. 3 Illinois 4 Ohio 5 Missouri 6 Texas 7 Mass. 8 Indiana 9 Michigan 10 Iowa 11 Georgia 12 Kentucky !3 Wisconsin 14 Tennessee 15 N. Carolina 16 New Jersey 17 Virginia IS Alabaoaa 19 Minnesota 20 Mississippi 21 California 22 Kansas 23 Louisiana 24 S. Carolina 25 Arkansas 26 Maryland 27 Nebraska 2a W. Virginia 29 Connecticut 30 …

Actual rank at any census can be seen by referring horizontally to the figures at the right or to the figures at the left. A chart of this kind can be used for showing relative rank of salesmen or comparative sales of different branch sales-houses ■ GRAPHIC METHODS TIME CHARTS ^ _. ---- * i::! ^ --*'*'' :==J / ^ '' < =^ J^ \ \ ^y > ^ "■ ' ^ > ^' - -- . ^' 1/ "^ :>: s ^ ■^^ tj …

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As the train remains constant in length throughout one whole journey it is obvious that the two curve lines must be a constant vertical distance apart throughout the length of the chart. At stations, subway trains must stop in such a way that the whole length of the train will be opposite the platform so that passengers may get in and out of every car. The trains follow each …

In Fig. 66 the attempt to give a spectacular scheme of presentation seems to have overshadowed everything else in the mind of the illustrator. Though a striking architectural design has undoubtedly been obtained, the chart means nothing, for it is impossible of interpretation. No scale has been used in either the horizontal or the vertical direction, as can be seen by …

Though Fig. 67 gives the data much more clearly and far more accurately than Fig. 66, the method is not satisfactory because it is difficult for the eye to follow the ends of the different bars in order to judge the increase made from decade to decade. The best method GRAPHIC METHODS I830 I840 I850 I860 I870 I504. !280 164-7 IS90 ISOO The Philadelphia Commercial Museum Fig …

Values of Annual Exports and Imports of the United States. Figures are Given in Millions of Dollars This chart is drawn to scale from the data given in Fig. CO, to show tlie use of horizontal bars for work of this nature of the three is followed in Fig. 68, where the data from Fig. 67 are plotted in the form of a curve. The curve method brings out all the information in less …

Lines are drawn vertically for each decade. The scale need not run above 2,300, for the largest figure to plot is 2,244 millions. A suitable scale is secured by using one line for each 200 millions. After the background ruling has been drawn, the figures at each census are laid off to scale, on the proper vertical lines to represent census years, and a dot is placed on each …

The curve of Fig. 68 shows the changes from decade to decade much better than the bars of Fig. 67. It can be seen at once from the curve that the greatest gain in any decade was between 1870 and 1880 when the increase was three and a half divisions on the vertical scale. The bars in Fig. 67 have no horizontal scale to measure by and the comparison between census years is …

The figures are in plain sight, so that anyone desiring to know the value of any point on the curve can look above the point to get the actual figure wanted, without having to read from the scale at the left-hand edge and then estimate roughly the value for any point which happens to fall in a space between two horizontal lines of the scale. Reading from the figures at the top …

Many illustrations in this book, taken from pubhcations of excellent standing, show dates (such as years, months, etc.) at the top of the chart. If the horizontal scale were always placed at the bottom, the standard arrangement would be a convenience to the reader and would give the additional advantage that the top of the CURVE PLOTTING y /^ / ^ y > y^ lOOO ^^ y "^ chart …

The fairly uniform slope of the curve for the first six years after graduation indicates that the men were receiving almost uniform raises in pay each year. It must be remembered that a straight-line curve simply indicates that the amounts of the increases year by year are uniform in numerical value. If a curve were started at the lower left-hand corner of the chart and drawn …

A curve of uniform slope on any chart of rectangular co-ordinate lines indicates only that there has been a uniform increase or decrease in actual numbers, not Fig. 69. Average Income of 155 Princeton Graduates of the Class of 1901 for Ten Years After Graduation Note the effect of the 1907 panic on incomes in 1908 GRAPHIC METHODS values given in Millions of UollaJ^ •PRODUCTION …

Though the panic started in October of the year 1907, the year 1907 was really one of the most prosperous years the country has ever known. It would be more fitting if the panic were called the 1908 panic, since the main effect of the panic came in 1908 rather than in the year 1907. It can be seen that the Princeton men had their incomes reduced during the year 1908 so that …

The whole arrangement of the chart is extremely poor and also misleading. In Fig. 71 the data of Fig. 70 have been replotted. The most striking thing about Fig. 71 is the falling off in the rate of increase of production in the decade between 1870 and 1880. The shape of the curve at once starts a train of thought in regard to tariff legislation and other conditions which may …

The drop in the export line from 1860 to 1870 was almost one-half, while the drop in the import line for the same period was much less than one-half, even though the import line does show the greater slope downward. In Fig. 72 we have an example of what not to do in charting. The main effect of the circles is to give one a headache without permitting any accurate comparison …

Fig. 73 gives the data of Fig. 72 in curve form. The heavy solid line curve shows the changes from decade to decade as they could never be interpreted from either the actual figures or the circles of Fig. 72. The tremendous increase in the world's commerce between 1900 and 1910 is of very great interest, showing the effect which better means of communication have brought about …

The dotted line shows the erroneous impression which would be obtained by the reader if he should interpret Fig. 72 by the diameters instead of by the areas of the circles diameter basis rather than on the area basis to which the circles were drawn, one gets an interpretation like that indicated by the dotted line in Fig. 73. By comparing the dotted line with the solid curve …

The curve, however, gives all the variations in price at a glance and shows in most striking manner the great reduction which occurred in the price of cement as manufacturing facilities improved and increased. A curve of this kind greatly stimulates thought, for one immediately wishes to know the cause of each of the peaks and of each of the valleys in the curve. One gets a …