Exhibit G - Public School Children Analysis
correspondence
8 pages
Meeting: portal event 969 (no meeting page on file)
Agenda item: Presentation from 1 HMB Property Owner LLC regarding their zoning petition to permit multifamily housing at 1 Half Moon Bay Drive.
Correspondence, 8 pages. Attached to agenda item: “Presentation from 1 HMB Property Owner LLC regarding their zoning petition to permit multifamily housing at 1 Half Moon Bay Drive.”
Retrieved 2026-04-15 from the village's meeting portal.
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Also attached to this agenda item:
.01 1 Half Moon Bay Drive - Cover Letter
.02 1 Half Moon Bay Drive - Petition for Zoning Text Amendment
1 Half Moon Bay Drive Jul 18 FINAL
Exhibit A - Location Map
Exhibit B - Aerial Map
Exhibit C - Zoning Map
Exhibit D - Local Law 14 of 2022
Exhibit E - EAF
Exhibit F - Coastal Assessment Form
Exhibit H - Economic and Fiscal Impacts Assessment
Exhibit I - Traffic Impact Study
Exhibit J - Local Law
Extracted text
BUCKHURST FISH & JACQUEMART, INC.
115 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, NY 10003
T. 212.353.7474
F. 212.353.7494
To:
From:
Contact:
Date:
1 HMB Property Owner, LLC
Sarah K. Yackel, AICP Principal
T. 212.353.7375 F. 212.353.7494 E. s.yackel@bfjplanning.com
1 Half Moon Bay – Public School Children Analysis
May 9, 2024
Project Description
In order to facilitate development of the 1 Half Moon
Bay
(“Project
Site”)
multi‐family
residential
development project (“Proposed Project”), 1 HMB
Property Owner, LLC (“Applicant”) is requesting a
rezoning of the Project Site from the Village
of Croton‐on‐Hudson Board of Trustees (“BOT”).
The Project Site will serve as Transit Oriented
Development as it is located
approximately
1‐
mile from the Croton Harmon Train Station.
Public School Impacts
Whenever multifamily housing is proposed, there is concern about how many school‐age children will be generated
and about the resulting fiscal impact on the local school district. This concern is understandable given the
misconception that multifamily rental housing generates a high number of school‐age children. However, it is
important to understand changes in demographics, the resulting changes in housing preferences, and the proposed
development target market in order to accurately project the number of school age children likely to be generated
by the Proposed Project.
Demographic Shifts and Target Market
Birthrates have been declining in the United States since the 1950s. This national trend is also true in New York State
and in Westchester County. Figures 1 and 2 shows that birth rates in New York State and Westchester County, which
reached a 20‐year low in 2019. Births in New York State declined by 13.2% between 1999 and 2019 and by 22% in
Westchester County during this same time1.
1 Croton‐Harmon Union Free School District Long Range Planning Study 2022‐21 Update.
https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1699980607/chufsdorg/qsjqnhk82y5dhrnnqcnd/_CHUFSDDemographiReport2020‐
2021.pdf
Unit Type
Market
Rate
Affordable
Number
Studio
One Bedroom
Two Bedroom
Three Bedroom
Total
Table 1: 1 Half Moon Bay Unit Mix
MEMORANDUM
BUCKHURST FISH JACQUEMART, INC.
115 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, NY 10003
T. 212.353.7474
F. 212.353.7494
The Covid‐19 pandemic has only increased the decline in birth rates nationally; the number of births in 2020 was
four percent lower than the number in 20192. The combination of long‐term declines in birth rates and the acute
decline caused by the Covid‐19 pandemic is expected to have impacts that last throughout the decade. These trends
may ease potential strains on school district capacity and lessen concerns about the generation of school age
children by new developments.
Further, long‐term demographic trends will lead to unusually strong apartment demand for at least the next 10
years. These trends also demonstrate a shift in the make‐up of the average household. According to U.S. Census
data (See Table 2), the number of households with children is decreasing. In 1960, 50% of households had children.
In 2020, the number of households with children decreased to 28%, down 2% from 2010 and 5% from 2000.
2 Tavernise, Sabrina. “Pandemic Led to Faster Drop in U.S. Births.” The New York Times, May 5, 2021.
BUCKHURST FISH JACQUEMART, INC.
115 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, NY 10003
T. 212.353.7474
F. 212.353.7494
Table 2: Demographic Trends
Households
With Children
33%
30%
28%
Without Children
67%
70%
72%
Single
26%
27%
28%
Source: US Census, 2020
As the people born between 1977 and 1994 enter their household formation years and the people born between
1946 and 1964 begin to downsize their housing, the number of households without children will grow and rapidly
increase the demand for multifamily housing. The proposed development will attract young professional singles,
couples who have not yet started a family, and empty‐nesters whose family‐rearing responsibilities have ended. All
groups will likely have few or no school‐aged children.
Anticipated School Children Generation
The number of public‐school age children generated by a residential development is dependent on several variables
including housing type, number of bedrooms and rental or sales price. This report utilizes data from a number of
sources to estimate the school children generation for 1 Half Moon Bay. The first source is a formula developed by
the Rutgers University Center for Urban Policy Research. This report also provides “real world” data from recently
built comparable multi‐family developments.
Rutgers Study
In July 2018, the Rutgers University Center for Real Estate published a study titled "School‐Age Children in Rental
Units in New Jersey: Results from a Survey of Developers and Property Managers," which provides estimates for the
number of school‐age children associated with new developments of market‐rate and affordable rental units in New
Jersey. The study involved a large‐scale survey of developers and property managers of multi‐family rental buildings.
The data and analysis show that there are three main variables which can be used to accurately predict the number
of school age children:
1. The distribution of the number of bedrooms, separately for affordable and market rate units
2. The product type of the development (high‐rise, mid‐rise, or low‐rise), and
3. The expected household income of market rate residents.
This information can be used to determine the expected number of school‐age children using the information in
Table 3 below. The ratios pertaining to the Proposed Development, highlighted in yellow, include data from mid‐rise
developments (4‐9 floors) with renters earning between $50k ‐ $100k (affordable units) and renters earning more
than $100,000 in average household income. In general, the analysis shows that school‐age children increase with
the number of bedrooms; decreases with household income; and decreases with the density of the product type.
BUCKHURST FISH JACQUEMART, INC.
115 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, NY 10003
T. 212.353.7474
F. 212.353.7494
Table 2: School‐Age Children Ratios
Unit Size
Affordable
Market Rate Units ‐ Average HH Income
<$50K
$50K ‐ $100K
>$100K
All Units
High‐rise/
Mid‐rise
Low‐rise
High‐rise/
Mid‐rise
Low‐
rise
High‐rise
Mid‐rise
Low‐rise
studio or 1br
0.103
0.026
0.114
0.016
0.076
0.040
0.013
0.019
2br
0.721
0.436
0.126
0.134
0.567
0.022
0.089
0.282
3br and larger
0.109
1.000
1.379
0.176
0.630
0.043
0.239
0.618
Source: School‐Age Children in Rental Units in New Jersey: Results from a Survey of Developers and Property Managers. Rutgers Center for Real
Estate – White Paper Series. Davis, Frame, Ladall and Tantleff. July 2018.
Tenants of the 251 market‐rate units in 1 Half Moon Bay are expected to have household incomes over $100,000,
and therefore generation rates for households in mid‐rise buildings that would have an annual income greater than
$100,000 were used. To be eligible for the 29 workforce/affordable units, a household must have an annual income
of 80 percent of the Area’s Median Income (AMI), which is set by the United Stated Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD). In 2022, the AMI for a family of four in Westchester County was $138,600; 80 percent of
the AMI is $110,900. Since the 30 workforce/affordable units in 1 Half Moon Bay would require an annual household
income of $110,900, it is more conservative to project the number of school age children in these units using the
high‐rise/mid‐rise generate rates for market tenants with an annual income between $50,000 and $100,000.
Table 4 below shows the generation rates for multi‐family units by bedroom count for the unit mix proposed for 1
Half Moon Bay. The data predicts a schoolchild generation of approximately 17.1 school‐aged children. This
projected number of children represents all school age children, including those that are enrolled in public and
private schools. Data from the New York State Education Department estimates that in the 2019 – 2020 school year,
approximately 95.6% percent of school age children in Croton‐on‐Hudson attended a public school3. Therefore, the
number of projected public‐school children is 17.
3 According to the Croton‐Harmon UFSD Long Range Planning Study Update, 2020‐21.
BUCKHURST FISH JACQUEMART, INC.
115 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, NY 10003
T. 212.353.7474
F. 212.353.7494
Table 4: Estimated Number of New Public School Age Children (Rutgers Center)
Development
Type
Unit Type
Number of
Units
School Children
Multiplier Rate
Estimated Number
of School Children
Mid‐Rise
Development
Studio and 1‐Bedroom
Market Rate Units
0.013
1.65
Affordable Units
0.016
0.224
2‐Bedroom
Market Rate Units
0.089
9.79
Affordable Units
0.134
1.74
3‐Bedroom
Market Rate Units
0.239
3.35
Affordable Units
0.176
0.35
TOTAL
17.1
Total All School Children (inc. private schools):
17.1
Percentage of public‐school enrollment*:
95.6%
Public school children:
Notes: *According to the Croton‐Harmon UFSD Long Range Planning Study Update, 2020‐21.
Source: School‐Age Children in Rental Units in New Jersey: Results from a Survey of Developers and Property Managers. Rutgers
Center for Real Estate – White Paper Series. Davis, Frame, Ladall and Tantleff. July 2018.
The 2018 Rutgers study also recognizes a few secondary variables that may correlate with school‐age children. For
example, units in newer market rate buildings, or those built after 2000 were seen to have significantly fewer
school‐aged children compared to units in buildings built before 2000. The report argues that older and newer
market‐rate units differ by product type, the composition of the number of bedrooms, and the income of market‐
rate residents and these differences account for the variation in the number of school‐age children.
Data from Comparable Multi‐Family Developments `
For this study, actual public school enrollment data from eleven comparable multifamily developments in Pelham,
Mamaroneck, Tuckahoe, Elmsford, White Plains, and Stamford were obtained from their respective school district,
planning departments and building operators. The identified projects are similar to the proposed development in
that they are newer developments with upscale and high‐quality design, similar resident amenity packages, and
proximity to downtowns/train stations. In the aggregate, they contained a total of 1,675 apartment units and
generated 85 school children. These findings are summarized in Table 5 below.
BUCKHURST FISH JACQUEMART, INC.
115 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, NY 10003
T. 212.353.7474
F. 212.353.7494
Table 5: Public School‐Age Children in Selected Comparable Multi‐Family Rental Developments
Development
Location
Unit Mix
Total
Units
School‐Age
Children
Ratio
Source of Data
Marbury Corners
Pelham, NY
1 BR, 2 BR, 2 BR
Loft
0.121
Pelham UFSD
Avalon Willow
Mamaroneck, NY
1 BR, 2 BR, 2 BR
Loft
0.066
AvalonBay
Communities, Inc.
270 Waverly Ave
Mamaroneck, NY
N/A
0.104
Mamaroneck
Planning Dept.
690 Mamaroneck
Ave
Mamaroneck, NY
N/A
0.095
Mamaroneck
Planning Dept.
422 East Boston
Post Road
Mamaroneck, NY
N/A
0.077
Mamaroneck
Planning Dept.
Quarry Place
Tuckahoe, NY
N/A
0.074
Tuckahoe
Avalon Green
Elmsford, NY
1‐bed, 2‐bed
0.067
Elmsford
One City Place
White Plains, NY
1 br, 2‐br, 3‐br
0.045
White Plains
Avalon at
Greyrock
Stamford, CT
1‐br, 2‐br, 3‐br
0.036
Stamford Public
Avalon at
Stamford
Stamford, CT
Studio, 1‐br, 2‐br,
3‐br
0.024
Stamford Public
The Boulevard
Stamford, CT
1‐br, 2‐br
0.011
Stamford Public
TOTAL
1,675
0.051 (Avg/
unit)
Using the observed average number of school age children per unit shown in Table 5 to project the number of
school age children that would be generated by the 1 Half Moon Bay development shows that the 280 units in the 1
Half Moon Bay project would produce 15 school age children (see Table 6).
Table 6: Projected Number of School Age Children (Comparable Developments)
Units
School Children Multiplier
Projected Number of School Age Children
0.051
14.3 (Round up to 16)
Total Projected Number of School Children
Range of Projected School Age Children
Table 7 shows the school age children projections for the 1 Half Moon Bay project using data from the 2018 Rutgers
study and data from comparable developments in Westchester County. These two projections show that a range of
15 to 17 school age children may be generated by the proposed development. These projections include all school
age children, and although we expect most of them would attend the Croton Harmon UFSD, some may attend
MEMORANDUM
BUCKHURST FISH JACQUEMART, INC.
115 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, NY 10003
T. 212.353.7474
F. 212.353.7494
private school, and therefore this represents a conservative projection.
Table 7: Comparison of School Age Children Projections
Projection Source
Projected Number of School Age Children
Modified Rutgers Data (2018)
Comparable Developments in Westchester County
Financial Impact on the Croton‐Harmon Union Free School District
The Project Site is located in the Croton Harmon Union Free School District (“School District”). According to the
adopted budget for the School District, the total budget for the 2022‐2023 academic school year is $52,672,111
(including Administrative, Program and Capital Components; excluding $7,557,123 in New York State aid). According
to the New York State Education Department4, enrollment for the 2022‐2023 school year was 1,525 students [a
decrease of 176 students from peak enrollment in the 2013‐14 school year enrollment of 1,701 (see Table 8 below)].
With a current enrollment of 1,525 students, total budgeted expenditures per pupil are therefore approximately
$29,583. This is a very conservative estimate of the cost to educate a school child as it does not discount for fixed
costs relating to overall administration, capital costs, debt service, etc.; these costs do not relate to actual costs that
would be incurred to educate additional school children.
As stated above, future development of the Project Site has the potential to generate approximately 16 to 17
additional public‐school children. These additional public‐school children would have an annual cost to educate
ranging from $443,745 to $502,911 annually.
The project is estimated to result in the construction of 280 new multifamily units. Residential construction is an
economic engine for the local economy, which provides new income and jobs for residents as well as additional
revenue for local governments. As outlined in the May 2024 Economic and Fiscal Impacts Assessment prepared by
Urbanomics (submitted to the Village under separate cover), the proposed project will generate approximately $2.5
million in property taxes: $798,000 to the Village, $228,700 to Westchester County and the Town of Cortlandt, and
$1.5 million to the CHSD. As stated above, the additional public‐school children would have an annual cost to
educate ranging from $443,745 to $502,911. This will yield a net benefit of $1 million to $1.06 million to the School
District each year.
School District Enrollment and Projections
According to the New York State Education Department, School District enrollment has been steadily declining for
the past 10 years5. As shown in Table 8, enrollment peaked in the 2013‐2014 school year with a total of 1,701
students and declined by more than 10%, or 176 students, over the past ten years to a total of 1525 students in the
4 https://data.nysed.gov/enrollment.php?year=2022&instid=800000034999
5 https://data.nysed.gov/profile.php?instid=800000035699
MEMORANDUM
BUCKHURST FISH JACQUEMART, INC.
115 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, NY 10003
T. 212.353.7474
F. 212.353.7494
2022‐23 school year.
Table 8: Croton‐Harmon Union Free School District Enrollment
School Year
Enrollment
Change from Previous Year
Total
Percent
2013‐14
1,701
‐‐
‐‐
2014‐15
1,656
‐45
‐2.6%
2015‐16
1,636
‐20
‐1.2%
2016‐17
1,637
0.1%
2017‐18
1,608
‐29
‐1.8%
2018‐19
1,573
‐35
‐2.2%
2019‐20
1,584
0.7%
2020‐21
1,524
‐60
‐3.8%
2021‐22
1,533
0.6%
2022‐23
1,525
‐8
‐0.5%
Change 2013‐14 to 2022‐23
‐176
‐10.3%
Source: New York State Education Department
The Croton‐Harmon Union Free School District Long Range Planning Study 2022‐21 Update6 provides enrollment
projections through 2030. These projections show that enrollment will continue to decline over the next six years to
1,482 in 2026 (project build year) and 1,430 by 2030. That is a loss of an additional 43 students by the year the
project is anticipated to be leasing up units (2026) and a loss of 95 students within the next six years. Based on
actual enrollment data and the projected data, the School District will have lost a total of 271 students between
2014 and 2030.
Conclusion
Based on the above analysis, the addition of an estimated 15‐17 additional public‐school students resulting from the
1 Half Moon Bay Project will not result in significant impacts to school enrollment given the enrollment trends and
projections presented above. Further, the project is anticipated to have a fiscal benefit to the School District through
the generation of additional tax dollars to be paid to the School District well in excess of the additional cost to
educate the estimated 15‐17 additional students. For these reasons, it is determined that the proposed 1 Half Moon
Bay project will not have a significant impact on the School District.
6 https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1699980607/chufsdorg/qsjqnhk82y5dhrnnqcnd/_CHUFSDDemographiReport2020‐
2021.pdf
Machine-extracted for search and reference — the original PDF is the authoritative version.