Brinton, Willard C. Graphic Presentation. New York: Brinton Associates, 1939. Internet Archive: graphicpresentat00brinrich. Brinton's 526-page magnum opus. Page 162 reproduces his own 1921 postcard map lobbying for the Briarcliff-Peekskill Parkway crossing Croton Dam, with a caption crediting the map with helping secure the route's adoption.

(dl Doited Shading (pebbled or stippled) is particularly useful for narrow layers of a stroto chart. 6. SURFACE DESIGNATION. Lobels should generally be pieced entirely within their respective surfaces If the surface is too smoH to permit this, o lobel may be placed entirely outside ond related to the surfoce by meons of on arrow. Keys should not be used if direct lobielmg is …

When component parts are presented in curve charts and if space will allow, it is desirable to use two charts, one showing quantities and the other showing percentages. The above charts illustrate the reason. Chapter 37 INDEX NUMBERS SHOWN BY CURVES in a chart showing index numbers, 100 is used as the basis of comparison. In computing index numbers, one item or the average of …

In index numbers, one figure is selected at 100% and all others are expressed as percentages of that figure. In this chart the average for the years from 1923 through 1925 was selected as the base figure or 100%. 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Federal Reserve Bank of New York, "Monthly Review," March 1, 193 7. SCALE .7 B. Indexes of Volume of Agricultural and …

Bureau of ARricultural Economics SCALE b B. Comparison of the Indexes of Production, Total Value, and Price of Seventeen Vegetables for Fresh Market in the United States from 1919 to 1936. In curve charts, when a number of curves are plotted on the same grid and when a number of curve patterns are used, it is better to have the curves labelled as they are here than to have a …

be taken to select one which is representative, and devoid of "high peaks" or "low valleys." 3. For another method of presenting this material, sec 114A. Per Cent ▲ ^ ^ /> «N ^ ^^ •^ k ^ >V ^ ^ ^^^ ____^ _^ Quarters 100 Per Cent 3 4 2 3 2 3 Leonard P Ayrcs B. Method Developed in Washington, D. C, During the World War to Keep Track of British Ship-Building. The blue lines going …

The technique of putting the detail for the last year under a magnifying glass is good. eso PncM tfht \ r- Piot ■Old - yiT' > ^ f^ } • r . . "T" Pnew WPA ,Tnd Bureau of ARricuIturnl Economics. 'Rur.nl Poverty." 1038. SCALE .7 B. Prices Paid and Prices Received by Farmers in the United States 1910-1937. For Prices Paid the Average Year August 1 910- 1 9 14 Equals 100%. For …

To add meaning to numerical values, a comparison with index numbers is often useful. The insertion of the small index number chart in the space at the upper right shows one method of accomplishing this. 2. Note the method of breaking the grid to indicate an omission of a period of years. 3. See 93 A4. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION WPA. and Burrau of Acncultural Economics. "Rural …

•.XI •.1 •3."; •36 •37 •38 B. Steel Production in the United States from 1921 to 1938. 1926 Equals 100%. This chart shows concretely that the average for the base period actually averages 100% on the chart. Sec also 302B. INDEX NUMBERS SHOWN BY CURVES MOCX NUMBint, HI6H MONTH Of i«s;>ioo National Industrial Confrrcnoc Board. Inc , November 2S. 1038 SCALE 7 Depression and …

r ' V 0. m mt m m nonnnBHniKTononifaonaifatifuitstnimt U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor StatUtici, "Labor Information Bulletin," April 1936. A. Physical Volume of Industrial Production in the United States fronn 1919 to 1936. 1923-25 Average Equals 100%. Compare with B below. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION (PER CAPITA) Magazine of Wall Street, January 29, 1938. SCALE 7 B. Per …

An Example of a Multiple Axis Graph. 1. It has been noted that when a multiple scale is used on an arithmetic chart, all scales must have a common zero line. When the data are chant; ed to index numbers, it is possible to arrange the curves on a multiple axis; that is, each curve fluctuates around its own base, or 100, and can be moved farther from or closer to other curves …

"L.Tndlortl and Tenant on ttif Cotton Plantation." IQJ6. Distribution of Total Gross Income of 645 Cotton Plantations in the United States in 1934. A frcqiit'ncy chart is a distribution accordinn to certain catcnorics. In this chart the cate- Horifs arc income groups. The first bar represents the number of cotton plantations in the United States with an income less than $2,000 …

The notation of the median age means that there are as many men younger than 26 working as machine operators as there arc men older than 26. Ill GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Male Female WPA, Diviiion of Social Rcsfarch. "Urban Workers on Relief," 1936. SCAI.E 9 Duration of Unemployment Since Last Non-Relief Job of Unemployed Workers on Relief in May 1934 by Socio-Economic Group of …

89 1213 16 17 20-21 24 25 28 29 32 33 36 37 COUNTIES YIELD-PER-ACRE GROUPS.IN BUSHELS U S. Dcparttiwnt of Acriculturc, Burrau of Acricultural Economics. SCALE .8 Distribution of 2,412 Counties in the United States Into Wheat Yield-per-acre Groups. This shovwT the three steps in securing a frequency curve. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION ■|i HUMDRCDS OF CARS MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT …

16-17 - ytort o» og« am- -- ■Iili 18-19 I ftOfi of 09« ■ 20-21 yeort o( oge ' ^■ti ■ ■ ■ I 22-24 yeors of oqe ' LLt [ JLJL-M. htow 1-3 4-5 6 7 8 9 10 Grode school and high school OPEN COUNTRY - Grode completed 2 3 College 16-17 years of oge 6-17 ■ rs of oge ■ zidtulxx^ 18-19 20 [- yeors of oge ■ 1 ■ I l^-rrl 20-21 years of oge 1_I_I Jml 22-24 yeors of oge T^ITI i !_■_& None …

0) a: "o ^ u c •V c u u a> > c Xi C8 _ bC <D u be >> 0) ^ >> 0) u --> u tC •o ^ u a n c c T3 c a> u c in « ^«2 u u a> < ■? 6 IS i « 5 -O 1 :? d) u 2 CL o Of ^ u C 0) o -^ ^ ^ o >.- ■^ o tN ni (/» "a ^ o ^ 0) in m ^ m z: J3 ^ 2- i; 2 -. J= >2 " "5 z: ., « CD (/» *> 3 •C i Q - FREQUENCY CHARTS HALF-YEARLY INTERVALS. JULY 1933 -JULY 1935 0f^ y<Kt 0Ot)o«ort 0P(ftittrl»On« ©Oijlnel …

If this chart is turned so that the left side becomes the base line, the similarity between it and other frequency charts is more easily seen. 2. The shaded areas and the use of numbers to give a key to the states are good techniques. 318 ■ GRAPHIC PRESENTATION ■!■ ■■ UCDIAN, BWKAU OF STAHOAffOS • SM-A^y or Ott Of HJODC IMXvmMLS ontp cu»f3i tA/tm^Gs or CNc»€)a»c auaMJB, auLUVN …

Comparison of the Salaries of the Professional Staff of the National Bureau of Standards in August 1928 With the Salaries of Persons Holding the Same Type of Position Outside the Federal Service. The 5 curves labelled as follows: "lower boundary of maximum 10 per cent," "lower boundary of maximum 25 per cent," "median," "upper boundary of minimum 25 per cent," and "upper …

1. Each dot represents one carload of cement. Dots in the area marked "one price system" represent sales at prices yielding to the mill its "then current maximum mill net price." 2. Dots in successive outer zones represent sales yielding less than the mill's maximum mill net by an amount within the range of cents indicated within each zone on the chart. The guide for cents per …

According to the comments in Dun's Review, the wide scatter of individual cases indicates a "growth tendency in favor of small concerns" rather than indicating that "all large stores had built sales volume more rapidly than the small ones." It should be noted that the vertical rulings are logarithmic. The limited number of vertical and horizontal rulings was intentional -that …

1 1 « o» c ' r " National Electric Light Association Bulletin, Feb. 1923. CENTS BUSHEL '28 PRICES ADJUSTED FOR LEVEL OF INCOMES OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS (l924-29= tOO) 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 PRODUCTION PLUS NET IMPORTS OR MINUS NET EXPORTS (BUSHELS. MILLIONS) U S Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. SCALE .9 B. The Relation of Adjusted Farm Price of …

Ox A ivj** x"^*/ * 4rf ft '*3 O 0 / /a X ♦ * 4rf o oo XAX OA, ^ " X * 1/^ .if-* ' ^ 10 IS 20 PRECIPITATION eu O I I ■ ■ (two months o o *■ Hifh. 20 0 bushtis tnd orw X Supvior 140-199 buthtlt A Modtl 10 0-I3 9buthtlt O loir unOtr 100 bulhUl - 70* eo' o ° o o O o ♦ AA* O X A° t A a' "A A O ,aO o Of < ^* Avi A VC^^'^ ♦ » ♦^JAO^W"-* ' A " A . A» , g 4 * A^X +°°xx , O X If X , * o …

The most strikinR feature of this chart is the concentration of "high" and "superior" yields of wheat within the middle ranges of annual and pre-harvest precipitation and of annual temperature. 1. Of the 60 areas characterized by an annual precipitation of less than 20 inches, only 18 had long-time average yields of wheat above 14 bushels. These 18 are dryfarming areas in …

• • •31 '33 ••32 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 PRODUCTION OF SWEETPOTATOES ( MILLIONS OF BUSHELS) DEVIATION FROM A (B) ' ^' ^^23 ■27 • • •30 • • • •31 '34 • 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 PRODUCTION OF POTATOES ( MILLIONS OF BUSHELS) 90 100 no 120 130 140 150 INDEX OF FOOD PRICES (AV. JULY-JUNE; I9IOI9I4'IOO ) SCALE 8 U. S. Department of ARriculturc, Bureau of AKricultural Economics. The …

y y Y. 8+. >I7 X -^ V- 6 + oirx OirTS AMD TAXES KOO JOCO 40CO KOOO 1000 tOOO rCAHiy INCOME tto ^ ' ^ lOO to o '^^^^ ^ Y» -2I+04IX D. H. Kaplan, "Expenditure Patterns of Urban Families, ciation. March 1938 Journal of the American Stmtiitical Asso- SCALE 8 Straight Line Fitted to Average Expenditures in Relation to Family Income in Wage-Earner Families of Chicago, Illinois, and …

- 3,000 A. D. H. Kaplan. "Expenditurr Patterns of Urban Families," Journal of the American Statistical Association. March 1938. SCALE .9 Expenditure Pattern of Wage-Earner Families in Chicago, Illinois, in 1935-36. 1. It should be noted that these lines are cumulative. The line numbered 5 represents on the expenditure scale the amount spent for 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1. The …

30 40 50 60 English Marks - 7o eo 9o too iHUa oj W. (iamtU <n the Journal of the Koyal SlallsHcal Society. 1910 Brinton. Graphic Methods.' McGraw-Hill. 1014 SCALE Q Examination Marks Obtained by 9,396 English School Girls in English and Arithmetic. 1. Each girl is represented by one dot showing the grade in English and the grade in arithmetic. The dots are arranged uniformly …

Ratio of Estimated Market Value of Property January I, 1934, to Average Annual Family Income for 1933, by Income Classes in Four Geographical Divisions of the United States. 1. Five geographical divisions which were included in the original group have been omitted. 2. The method of reading these charts is as follows: in the Pacific section, represented by the four cities …

La Ro«e, 1Q31 Year Book of the National Association of Cost Accountants, N. Y. C. SCALE ,7 A. Profit Chart Showing the Relation of Sales and Profit. 1. This is a detailed version of 328B. 2. The two lines around which the others are plotted are the ones labelled "A" and "B" at the lower left, which represent total income from sales and total cost of sales, respectively. So …

The Average Daily Circulation of the Number of Window Displays Required to Obtain Normal Distribution in Various Cities. The dots represent actual average daily window display circulation passing the normal number of displays in each of the cities studied. It has been estimated that to produce normal display distribution, the average daily window display circulation passing a …

3 "50 S LOO S OM 0 2000 4000 MOO 80OO ICtOOO I7M) M^OO (^ WIOO XtOOO 17000 NOOO lUOO NUMBER or WELLS Joiei>h E PoRUc. "Eronomics of the Petroleum Industry. •■ March IQ.JO. The Chase National Bank of the City of New York. SCALE .6 B. Correlation Between Weighted Average Price of Crude Oil and (a) Nunnber of Dry Holes Drilled and (b) Number of Oil Wells Drilled. Data Are by …

One scale of the grid represents percentages and the other scale represents "more than" or "less than" values. NUMftER OF FAMILIES 90,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 NUMftER OF FAMILIES RECEIVIN6 INCOMES OVER SPECIFIED AMOUNTS <Z Rrdrawn from Advertising and Selling, January 1917 Number of Families Receiving Incomes Over Specified Amounts in the United States in 1916. 1. In …

A Lorenz chart gives frequency distribution when both the variable and invariable quantities are reduced to percentages. The curve is plotted on a grid on which both the horizontal and the vertical scales represent 100%. 'V ^ / / / -- It ll % ^ i •< 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Waqe ner Week ,in Dollars A. Actual Wage Distribution of 381.- 575 Workers in the United States in …

0 I 2 J 4 $ 6 T e <) 10 II 17 13 14 IS 16 n 18 19 20 21 n U NUMBER OF COMPANIES Joseph E. Pogue, "Economics of the Petroleum Industry," March liJiQ, The Chase National Bank of the City of New York. B. Concentration of Production and Refining in the United States in 1937; Chart Showing Cunnulative Percentages of National Totals Represented by Largest Units. OGIVE AND LORENZ …

For this reason it is possible to construct the curve for any particular problem with a small number of observations. 2. For explanation 6f this chart, see 335. 111=111=111=111=111 334 ■ ^^^.,^.^ ■ GRAPHIC PRESENTATION TABLE A. Neck Measurements of White Troops at Demobilization Neck Measurements, Centimeters Number of Men Upper Limit of Class Interval Cumulative Frequency …

H. E. Mann, Incorporated Shirt Bands, Shirt Bands, Shirt-band Length Less 3 Centimeters Range of Neck Sizes for Given Inches Centimeters Shirt Sizes, Centimeters 30.02 29.4-30.69 I3h' 34-29 31.29 30.7-31.89 35-56 32.56 3i-«^33.i9 14V2 36.83 33-83 33.2-34.49 38.10 35-10 34-5-35-69 15 W 39.37 36-37 35-7-36.99 40.64 37.64 37.0-38.29 16' 2 41.91 38.91 38.3-39.49 43.18 40.18 …

t Frequencies at extreme ends of the curve cannot be determined from this probability paper. Marked values have been roughly estimated to make the total approach 100%. Brown. Bingham, and Temnomeroff, ■Laboratory Handbook of Statistical Methods," McGraw-Hill. lOJl. The three tables on this page and page 334, and 333B were used in a hypothetical case to figure out how to …

)ALE5 •1 • 1 • 1 • / r 1 4^ • f <:.<^ i / / / / • • • • • ^ 0 20 40 60 80 100 PERCENT NUMBER FIRMS Redrawn from United States Department of Commerce. SCALE .9 Distribution of Wholesale Sales by Size of Firm for the United States According to the 1930 Census. 1. The "line of equal distribution" is drawn in this Lorenz chart. The distance between the curve and the diagonal …

> ^^S^^"^ ^*- j-<^ t^^ -•^ ^Xk "^ y ^ y -^^- /^ -^^^ -- '* ^ u y y z:^/^ / y /. / / y^!^ / < / ^ -y^j- / / ^^/ _ * / -' /// .?50 ,' ^ Y ^ / /-- [/.0__ .. h ■ *-- / / / ^2 ■ '^40 / / /// jT / ' / It / 1=" / /// / 1 r ff J '-Hrr ^30 iff / fr/ rf/ ,?' / / 0. ' & y ■', -- ^^ -- ~' Housotonic " 3onnec+iCLrt " /Vesrl-field 1 at.John " , i-Mf* 1 lit/ f imf iff !#/ Kenduskean "^ if H …

The method of reading this curve chart is as follows: at the end of six months, or 50% of the time period, there had been 82% of the total annual run-off of the St. John River. If the distribution was the same for every month, at the end of six months 50% only would have run off. REFERENCES: Lorenz, M. O., "Methods of Measuring the Concentration of Wealth," Publications of the …

When certain series of observations showing frequency data are plotted on arithmetic probabiHty paper, the points do not fall in a straight line, but in a curve. Plotted on probability paper with a logarithmic scale as the ordinate, the points may fall approximately in a straight line or a gentle curve. In order to benefit from the use of probability paper, it is not necessary …

Although in many instances the spacing of the ruHngs clearly indicates to an experienced reader that the chart is plotted on ratio ruling, it is frequently desirable to indicate the ratio basis as shown in 345 and 346. This is especially necessary if the chart covers a comparatively short range of scale since the reader might not notice the difference in spacing of horizontal …

On the ratio scale, equal vertical distances represent equal percentage differences; that is, the distance from 1 to 2 is the same as the distance from 2 to 4 and from 4 to 8. B. Key for Assistance in Selecting the Proper Scale for Three - Deck Ratio Paper. 1. If the figures of the data to be plotted on 3-deck ratio paper fall within the range of any one of these six brackets …

.•'WORLD EXCL U.S. .-'MILLIONS OF BARRELS / / r / > / / .M^A = ■* '/' -J ' tiJ ^^•^ ^ , U.S. POPULATION ijss A^ t\ 1 . r i\ MILLIONS OF PERSONS^ j-P^" =T^n 1 F / \ k J ^ .r-^SS / i^i \J .^ ^^^ A>_> l^ r\lt /V / ^^ 'T: i If / w » /MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS /• HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS \ / f \ / ? "M V' INDEX OF INDUSTR f^PROOUCTION (STAN oTAT.) 1926=100 lAL / 1875 1880 1885 1690 …

CIGARETTES-^ jT f / / _^ f .#^^" • \ i y N^ .-■% y^^ ' ^^ ^ \ •^ V / \ \ ^ fi o y ^'' ^* r c IGARS ^ ^««»^_ "^^ \ \ / \ / V' • till 1 1 r J 1 1 1 r 1 1 I 1 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1934 WPA, National Rcicarch Project. "Cigar-Malcert -- After thr Lay-off," December 1937. Per Capita Consumption of Cigars and Cigarettes in the United States fronn 1900 to 1934. Compare …

Since there is no zero line on a rate-of-change chart, there is no difficulty in presenting on the same grid two groups of data which have different scales. Compare with 276A. .! =i. ar. an< .0 ig£ ire lATM tte •CA c 1 -- 1 on I -- 1 1 -- 1 Tip I 1 tic rn iX ^ ^ -- -- ^ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = = ^ ^ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- a if t:l iui i»ft w •- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ^ ^ / …

That is, if a cycle two inches high is used for one scale, a cycle two inches high must be used for the other scale. It would not be possible to compare the "cigar consumption" curve in this chart with the "cigarette" curve in 341. RATIO CHARTS l|lHl|l REFERENCES: Karsten, Karl G., Charts and Graphs, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York City, 1923. Wenzel, J.. "Graphic Charts; the …

f c»»7 .MT 1*11 1%. It ^^ L- m» ^*"* or cKuM MM 10 mxi ^ 1 rrrnoLCuM McriNcnics 1 i .... 1 ... . m H >« B' * > Ml n i« u w rt n U f*l n JTtAM LOCOMCmwtS CLASS I noAos ywcioMT M.wvict roi#«« or coAi. rcN tooo uiois ruciwrr toh-mlcs •ai nr> STtAM LOCOMOTIVCS CLASS 1 ROADS PASSENG€R StRVICt l«U IXT r«^MDS or COM *CM r*SKN6C« TMAiM CAA-ftM.C : I I ; -. J IRON BLAST ruKNACtS 1 1 …

Failures by Industrial Groups and Size of Liabilities in the United States from 1935 to Decennber 1938. There is a definite corollary to be derived from these two charts. In the upper one industries labelled "retail trade" have the largest number of failures. In the lower one. those industries whose liabilities are under $25,000 have the largest number of failures. From these …

Division of Social Rcsrarrh, •■Trctxls in Rtlicf Ex|>rndituret, iqiO-IQ3.S," 1937. Trends of Expenditures for Public Outdoor Relief in Selected Areas from 1910 to 1935. The scale may be omitted, as it is here, with only a notation that the chart is plotted on a rate-of-change scale. The curves have been moved toKcthcr even though the scales do not coincide. RATIO CHARTS A …

tn ; -- -- ^ .,.. mmImm Llli. IB6O IBTO 1880 1990 NOO 1910 1910 nSD Eltctronirs. October 10.18. P.Trt of an Editorial Entitled "Why a Public Relations ProRram?" (Source: National Industrial Conference Board). 1 /^: A- -- / ! . /V ^J \ / " /\ \ \ ' i»» m IS /v \/^ -v \J f" /> 1^ v^ \ /^ w 1 ^ lAYON'* r r-, '"' .1 .* ^"« f /" Y, d cCOTTON \ • •A' •-A %/ % / .. N V ^ vi' ■ '•v …

A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body. RATE-OF-CHANGE CHARTS A. DEFINITION. The rate-of-chonge chart ("rotio" or "semi-logarithmic" chart) is a type used for picturing the percentage or relative …

When the readers are likely to be familiar with this form of chart. 4. When the usual arithmetic chart would present a misleading picture of movement. 5. For occasions when there are no minus figures included in the time series. Note; If it is desired to present a complete picture of both rote of change end amount of chonge the dato con be presented on componion charts, one …

Multiple amount scales are more appropriate for rate-of-change charts than for arithmetic charts because in the former the movement of the curves is compared and not their position relative to a base. Note: in order to take full advantage of the scale range, the verticol scole numerals usuolly printed on a chart sheet may be multiplied by any constont foctor but integers …

A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body. CURVES. The plotting on rate-of-change charts requires considerable care because of the peculiar character of the logarithmic spacing. Where special grids …

An Arithmetic Chart Showing Prices of Non-ferrous Metals in the United States from 1917 to 1937. "o to ! ? ^ itt a \ > i i 'ft "5 c V, . -- ■^ > / _o ■3 u i i ^ > nr^ c u u in ^ * 'f i \ afiU !«■■ 5 ^" 0 0 u <n W <n ^ f^ 0-SL i ^ V f'v .2 "o « •a V. >. w i ^^ J^ 0 ^ i2 XI owing black rush. "> 4L\ ow sh ecame air b ^ > f .E 0 •? \ ons of shad phing, the c was done w ( »^k ^ ^ …

/ i\ / 1 > r .s ■ i " < E> \ ? i"^ > » < . 3 ^s ■ s L ^ " ■V- yf ^ > > r ■^' - -- -■ 1 I Hi > L i c: \\ <d ^ ^:: « r» nt a id y «o i o u 0) (A « ■■ m a § •« c * o l*» •c »> a •« E o o 5 ft Ot .5 -o •< r». « s fw ro c ir\ O- -- C (9 ** £. V o r^ 5. .2 wt o -- >- c 0» o 0» »•- i/i j: . 0) " T3 •0 9) "U •5 .. <u c o - f. C IE > iH u ^ z u *■> u ♦J *-* ^ x> °- e CO m OOO 0 0 0 0 …

This chart shows a number of interesting items, among them the ranking of the principal nations of the world in the production of rayon. RATIO CHARTS SCALE 8 A. A Method of Ruling Logarithmic Paper. 1. When logarithmic paper with cycles of the proper height is not available, it is fairly easy to rule paper using a cycle bigger or smaller than the space allotted. In the …

div. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 parts to the inch. Keuffel 8» Esser Co.. New York. Chapter 42 THREE-DIMENSIONAL METHODS EY MEANS of three-dimensional models, similar to those shown in 354, 355A, and 355B, it is possible to present three variables in the form of curves rather than the usual two. Other methods of showing three dimensions are illustrated in the isometric block …

Pacific Gas and EIrctric Company, San Franrlsco. California. SCALE 4 A. Three-Dimensional Curve of the 1935 Load of the Consolidated System of the Pacific Gas and Electric Connpany. 1. Dimensions of the model, excluding base, are 12" x 24" x 12" high. 2. The front black section represents a load curve showing variation from day to day throughout the year for the last half hour …

m ^\n*'^<^i-m^c fi ^1 ^^ K^KfcC'^^^* ^^^-^' Harry H. Laughlin, Department of Genetics, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y. SCALE .7 A. The Mathematical Model for the Specific Formula of Heredity. W. D Johnston. Jr., and T. B. Nolan, "Isometric Block Diagrams in Mining Geology." Economic Geology. August 1937, SCALE .5 B. Block Diagram of a …

< s. s ^ s s ^ < <" / -^ s <^ < ^ \ KeufTel 8l Esser Co., New York. B. Isometric Cross Section Paper. A drawing on isometric paper combines the principles of mechanical and perspective drawing. The principal lines are drawn vertically, horizontally, and 30 or 60 degrees to the horizontal. As a result all parallel lines of an object are drawn parallel and three faces of the …

The three dimensions are the years from 1750 to 1875, the number of persons, and the age of the persons. In this book, an illustration occupying a full page is referred to by page number. When there is more than one illustration on a page, each is identified by a letter of the alphabet. When there is more than one footnote beneath an illustration, each is numbered. Thus the …

Equilibrium Diagram of the Ternary System, Leucite -- Diopside -- Silica. Chapter 43 COMPOSITE CHARTS Jb o present a more complete picture it is often desirable to combine several different types of charts. The charts in this chapter illustrate different methods of combining various charts. NET INCOME IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS z - « li m - too 1975 197b 1977 1978 1979 1930 1911 …

These three charts give the complete picture of corporation income-tax returns in the metal-minirig industry. They indicate that all mines are not "bonanzas." In fact, many mining corporations re(>ort no net income each year. COMPOSITE CHARTS SCALE INDLX SCALE /•Labor Cost IjieO ' '.Per *100 Value. (^ Gross- >/vlncomc ■ no 0(> 9^t Guttav R. Stahl, J. T. Trenholm & Co.. N. Y. C …

- Tariff level -^^^ ^ PRICE MARGINS AND TARIFF LEVEL ' ^ ^- Minneapolis over ~ Winnipeg . I ■ I ■ I ■ I ■ I ■ I .1 . 1 ■ I ■ I ■ I . I ■ I .1 ■ I . I . I .1 . 1 .1 ■ I ■ I ■ I . I ■ I ■ I . I ■ I . I . I ■ I 1 -- r -I 1-- HARD RED WHEAT, IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION, FULL DUTY PAID ii - ILJ _lA.i 1922-23 '26-27 '30-31 YEAR BEGINNING JULY '34-35 U S. Drpartmrnt of Aerirulturr …

NONDURABLE GOODS LAUNDRIES WHOLESALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE _. GENERAL MERCHANDISING- OTHER THAN GENERAL MERCHANDISING QUARRYING AND NONMETALLIC MINING- DYEING AND CLEANING _ National Industrial Confcrrnrr Board. Inc.. N. Y. C. June 17. 1938. SCALE .6 Cost of Living and "Real" Weekly Earnings in the United States From 1929 to 1938. Curves, bars, and a sector chart combined give a …

• 214* ^ ' •'t 'J r \ *" ^ v:n ,1 ^ y lit •• I RA tee e / / LRO* KNIK i) ^ \ / /''/ / AHO 0 XVCT \UTIOH HHCR. , \ / / / '1 « y f / > t'o / f 2S MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 1 1 (tLl ilALCil 1 1 •< UOi.A Vf. ">° l»T4 IS •16 •|7 °I8 •19 •20 '21 •22 •23 •25 •26 •2 7 '26 •29 •30 •31 •32 •33 •34 •3S •36 •3 7 National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., September 10, 1937. SCALE .7 …

COMPARATIVE PASSENGER CAPACITIES OF MAJOR TRANSIT AND TRAFFIC IMPROVEMENTS One express-local subway will carry 100,000 passengers per hour in one direction on two tracks. Twenty-one four-lane elevated highways would be required to carry the same load in autonnobiles. It everyone came to work by private automobile, each office building would need a garage of the same size for …

Note that the two curves and the bars have a common zero line, but the scales arc different. Ill Chapter 44 SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING A CHART I HE FIRST problem in producing a chart, assuming that the data have been gathered, is in the choice of materials to be used in drawing it. Often the materials at hand in the office or drafting room are sufficient. It is also possible to …

For that reason, a wide choice of printed graph paper is offered the draftsman. The use of printed graph paper saves time and is comparatively inexpensive. 2. One type of rectangular coordinate paper, called utility paper, is shown above. It has 52 spaces on the long edge to represent one year by weeks, or 4 years by months. The 36 spaces may be used to represent one month by …

It does not wrinkle paper and may be used for a temporary joining, as well as for a permanent one. Transparent materials may be used to great advantage in comparing curves, bars, or other types of graphic charts. The charts are drawn directly on the transparent material. When placed over each other, a clear comparison is possible. SOURCES OF TRANSPARENT MATERIALS: Celluloid …

SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING A CHART A. Triangles, T-Square, and French Curve. 1. The triangle on the left is 30 x 60 degree, while the one on the right is a 45 degree triangle. 2. French curves are available in a great many shapes and forms. The one shown here is one of the simplest. 3. These drawing instruments arc part of the equipment for a standard drawing board. Eugene …

In choosing a drawing pencil, the depth and width of line desired are among the various criteria. ■■■■■ ■■■■■ ■■■■■ 370 I ■ GRAPHIC PRESENTATION REFERENCES Arkin. Herbert and Raymond R. Colton. Graphs: How to Make and Use Them. Harper & Brothers. New York City, 1937. Brinton. Willard C. Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts, McGraw-Hill Book Co.. Inc.. New York City, 1914 …

If when using a wax crayon, the color tends to smear, scrape the surface with a razor blade. The excess crayon is thus removed. Lumber crayons may be used for extremely heavy color work. Makers of crayons: American Crayon Co., Sandusky, Ohio, New York City. Art Crayon Co., Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. Binney &" Smith Co., New York City. Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, N. J …

A good drawing ink should be smooth flowing and quick drying as well as permanent and waterproof. The stopper is usually equipped with a quill to be used in Tilling drawing and ruling pens. 2. 3. PASTED COLORED PAPERS The problem of putting color on a graphic chart is further simplified by the use of colored paper. 1. Plain colored paper may be pasted on with rubber cement …

They may be classified into the following types: 1. velvet -- for erasing pencil 2. sandpaper -- for erasing typewriter type 3. scrubbing -- for erasing smudges, charcoal, pencil, etc. 4. roll-off -- for cleaning up drawings 5. kneading erasers -- for cleaning pencil, etc., from walls 6. ink erasers and ink eradicators 7. erasing machines Sources : Joseph Dixon Crucible Co …

SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING A CHART A good waterproof permanent ink is essential. Colored inks such as red and green are often standard equipment in an office. These may be used to color graphic charts and maps. See 371. If there is a choice of colored inks, the following order of choice is recommended: 1. black 2. carmine red or scarlet 3. green 4. blue 5. yellow 6. brown 7 …

the guide. Steel needles regulate the flow of ink and prevent the points from becoming clogged with ink. 2. The under side of the guide is grooved so that ink will not be smeared when the guide is moved from one character to another. The guide is placed directly over the portion of the paper on which the lettering is to be done. Thro. Altcnrdrr Qi Sont. Philadelphia, Pa. B …

Another method of lettering a chart is to secure cut-out letters and (inures and then to put them on the chart. The letters come in a variety of styles and sizes and may be secured cither with a gummed back or a back wliich adheres to any clean smooth surface and which requires no water. The latter are both removable and reusable. 2. The letters "OSNX" are K^in^i^^<l-t'3<^l< …

A downward pressure on the lever gives the impression. Ink is spread on the ink table, which may be removed for cleaning. From 600 to 2000 sheets may be run through per hour. 2. These small presses are available in a number of sizes. Pica-- No. 1 (10) This is a sample of writing with No. 1 Pica type, the style most used for general correspondence. 123456789 10 Elite No. 6 (12 …

3. A large variety of type styles are available on typewriters today. A new machine makes it possible to use several styles of type on the same typewriter. See 379. SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING A CHART OROrrH Of Trg ILfCTHIC LIOUT AHP rOfIR HCDUSTBT -- 190? TO 19^ y^wi or vuHT ahh ijuipmimt la MlUloQ. of Dollar. XliL 1937. . 1932. . 1927. . 1922. . 1917... 1912. . . 1907. . . 1902 …

SCALE .7 Two Bar Charfs Made on a Typewriter. 1. For the employee in a business office, lacking the tools and the skill in drawing and lettering of a draftsman, the typewriter offers an opportunity for quick and easy preparation of graphic presentation of data through charts and diagrams. It solves the problem of lettering and asures that vertical and horizontal lines will be …

Indicate the division of the circle into its parts by a protractor and draw the dividing lines in ink. 3. Type in the names of the sectors. 4. With the compass set as it was to draw the original circle, draw another circle exactly like it on a sheet of thin typewriter second paper. By running the sharp point of the compass around the circle several times on the thin paper, the …

make the "all over" pattern for that sector, allowing the rows to extend beyond the edge of the sector a few spaces. The excess typing will fall on the second sheets and a very sharp edge of the pattern will appear on the copy. Adjust the strips of paper each time to expose one sector and fill in each sector, running the pattern carefully around the lettering. 8. It takes as …

The above was typed on the Vari-Typer. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION GRAPHIC GRAPHIC GRAPHIC GRAPHIC GRAPHIC GRAPHIC RAfHllG MiPiHin© Martin J Weber, New York City. Photographic Method of Securing Various Types of Lettering Effects. 1. All the above letter eFfects were made photo-mechanically by a special device on a camera from the same original line. The original is the top line of …

Generally, black represents the unfavorable and white the favorable. Since the question is one of interpretation, the decision should be made relative to the particular problem. Chapter 45 STANDARDS FOR TIME SERIES CHARTS o n the following pages are abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by the Committee on Standards for Graphic …

Richardson as Chairman, prepared the report Time Series Charts. It is a subcommittee of the Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation. Within the next year, it is expected there will be a report by the subcommittee on Engineering and Scientific Graphs, of which W. A. Shewhart is Chairman. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION DESIGNATION OF CHART COMPONENTS GENERAL NOTE REFERENCE SYMBOL …

In the matter of influencing the behavior of the curve, the two are of equal importance. The proper construction of a grid involves more than simply covering a convenient space with cross rulings. As in the matter of general layout, the nature of the doto ond purpose of the presentation must be considered. A grid unsuifed to the doto moy be not only lacking in effectiveness …

Horizontal rulings should be so drawn as to meet the requirements of their two-fold purpose: To assist in reading values on the vertical scale and to provide a series of horizontal bases of comparison 2. The number of horizontol rulings should vary according to the closeness with which it is desired to read values of the vertical scale. Rulings should not be so frequent as to …

Short Long Short Long Short Long 1.0 1.4 3.0 4.2 5.0 7. 1 7.0 9.9 9.0 12.7 1. 1 1.6 3.1 4.4 5. 1 7.2 7. 1 10.0 9. 1 12.9 1.2 1.7 3.2 4.5 5.2 7.4 7,2 10.2 9.2 13.0 1.3 1.8 3.3 4.7 5.3 7.5 7.3 10.3 9.3 13.2 1.4 2.0 3.4 4.8 5.4 7.6 7.4 10.5 9.4 13.3 1.5 2.1 3.5 4.9 5.5 7.8 7.5 10.6 9.5 13.4 1.6 2.3 3.6 5.1 5.6 7.9 7.6 10.8 9.6 13.5 1.7 2.4 3.7 5.2 5.7 8. 1 7.7 10.9 9,7 13.7 i.e …

6.5 9.2 8.5 12.0 10.5 14.8 2.6 3.7 4.6 6.5 6.6 9.3 8.6 12.2 10.6 15.0 2.7 3.8 4.7 6.7 6.7 9.5 8.7 12.3 10.7 15. i 2.8 4,0 4.8 6.8 6.8 9.6 8.8 12.4 10.8 15.3 2.9 4.1 4,9 6.9 6.9 9.8 8.9 12.6 iO.9 15.4 In preparing a chart to be of root-two p ropo rt ons select one of the pairs of dimensions Indicated above fc r a bordering rectangle and fit the material within It as :o»- pactly …

The ratio of 1 (short side) to 1.414 (long side) is particularly appropriate for correspondence size sheets (nominally 81/2" X 11"). Note: A rectanflle of this proportion is Icnown as a "root-two" or "hypotenuse" rectangle, the long side of which is equal to the diagonal of a square constructed on the short side. This rectangle possesses the unique characteristic that when …

^,1-- ^ ^^ _-- --■ "^ 0^ --^ 1 GRAPHIC PRESENTATION RELATION OF TIME SCALE TO AMOUNT SCALE 1. The relofion between the time scale and the amount scale has a determining influence on the movement of time-series curves. Note: The movement of o curve ij here understood to meon the o'opf^ic effect of the progressive chonges in the quantity considered The trend is the graphic …

Departure from this rule should never be made except where there is a special reason for so doing. Procedures 1. WHEN NECESSARY. The zero line or other base of comparison should never be omitted when the interest is in relative amount of change between points on the same curve. 2. WHEN NOT NECESSARY. When the interest of the reader is in the absolute amount of change rather …

(a) A wavy line across the bottom of the grid, (bl A straight line waved at each end. STANDARDS FOR TIME SERIES CHARTS RANGE AND SPACING OF AMOUNT SCALE Principl*! 1. Since the omount scole has a controlling effect on the movement oi the curves it is highly important that a scale be selected which will result in a true picture of the facts. 2. The amount scale should be …

Noie Eoendino 't<e scole range reduces the fluciuotion and separation of Curves When this is desirable it mov be belter accomplished by reducing the Koie dimensions i( the resulting chorl con still be made ol the desired proportions. 3. "FREAK" VALUES. Where a series contains a few widely divergent points lunless they ore really significant) it is often better not to attempt …

Although the amount scale should generally be continuous, it is sometimes permissible to omit on intermediate portion 111 when the curves on the grid ore widely seporoted and it is desired to compare them more closely, or (2| to magnify the fluctuations of the different curves which may be widely separated on the amount scale. 6. INDICATING BROKEN SCALE. When there is any …

Idl When the horizontal rulings are dose together. 2. AT RIGHT SIDE OF GRID ONLY: lal When interest is definitely centered of the right, (bl When a noturol reading of the chart requires reading the curve before the scale. Noie The theory of plocing 'he scole oi the right is ihoi o oerson will normolly read the chort trom let' to right (thoi is. from the curve to the scole …

A scale caption should always accompany the amounl-scole numerals unless the character of the scale units is otherwise indicated. 2. Amount-scale captions should be located where they will most effectively mdicate the units of value. TONS I. I.. CopMon above numerali Caption at the tide »io RANGE AND SPACING OF TIME SCALE 1. The time scale should correspond to the …

|a| Point data should be plotted on such point-of-time rulings, lb) Period data should be plotted midway between point-of-time rulings. 2. IN ACTUAL PRACTICE, however, this principle may often be disregarded in showing period data. 1 1 1 -►OiNT 0*TA* 1 |isr or c*o« MOfrral ^ ^ ^ y 1 -«•«« 0«T»- {I |fO« MONTMJ KOTCOJI JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN Point doto on verticals. Period doto …

the chart in balancing the weight ol the composition. 2. SOMETIMES AT TOP AND BOHOM-- (al When the grid is unusually high. (bl When the vertical rulings are so numerous as to cause difficulty in following them to the scole at the bottpm. Icl When a considerable portion of the curve lies near the top of the grid. 3. AT TOP ONLY, IN SPECIAL CASES-- la) When it is desired to …

1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Arrongemenl for quarters Principle I. Time-scale designations should be so arranged as to focilitote the reading of time values lor all plotted points on the curves. Procedures 1. DESIGNATION FOR EACH RULING. A time designation should normally accompany each vertical ruling. 2. OMISSION OF DESIGNATIONS. When vertical rulings ore so numerous that …

Major divisions should be indicated by captions placed under the minor designations to which they apply. Note: Dropping secondory designations As a means of retaining horizontal reading, designations for minor time divisions con often be dropped entirely where interest lies in the general trend rather than in specific points on the curve, eg, for time series plotted weekly it …

JAN ^ r(B 0 t^AII 0 API! 0 UAV 0 .lUN 0 GRAPHIC PRESENTATION ABBREVIATION OF TIME-SCALE DESIGNATIONS SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT Abbreviations for days of the week JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Abbreviations for months of the year I I I I I I Principles 1. It is desirable to abbreviate time designations whenever the complete designations v^ould be too crowded …

Note: If it is importoni to retain horizontal reodino but sufTicient space lor stondord obbreviolion is not ovoiloble, the initio! letters of the month con sometimes be used: JfMAMJJASOND. This form is not recommended for generol use. Another oliernolive sometimes used to retain horizontal reading is to indicate months by numerals: I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. This is not …

Noi*^ Proctlcet rec6mm«nd*d In Ihli tecllon apply primarily to lolld lin* curvai. Principlet 1. Corves should be sufficiently heavy to attract immediate attention and to impress a visual image on the mind of the reader. 2. In general, time-series curves should be heavier than is the practice in the case of engineering and scientific charts. Procedures 1. RELATION TO WEIGHT OF …

The weight of curves should vary according to the use -- from relatively heavy lines in charts for popular appeal to very light lines in charts used for close reading of values. 7. VARIATION OF WEIGHTS on the same chart: la) To distinguish one curve from another. (b) To indicate the relotive importance of curves. 8. OVERLAPPING CURVES. The more curves intersect or overlap on …

> C rit i * fifffe of Papt I I I I I WHEAT CORN OATS BARLEY ALL OTHER Arrongement of identifying coplions TITU arKING(Mi)COMPAKCD WITH PALL(^a) TITLE ^■WMCAT C3CO*N aBOATS CmSAKLIT ^AU. OTMtM _J _ ^ ^ _ Suggested arrangement when obove grid KEYS Definition; A key In the case of a curve chort I] o device for identifying curves by means of labeled "samples" of the curves ploced …

Scales and keys should be located in respect to each other so as not to interfere with the easy interpretation of the curves. 2. KEY OUTSIDE GRID. If the key is placed outside the grid, it may be either above or below, the choice depending upon which location permits easier reading in conjunction with the curves. When placed above the grid, it is often feosible to incorporate …

It is permissible to enlarge the curve segments slightly to identify the design more easily. The curve segments should be of sufficient length to show at least one complete unit of the design. 6. USE OF COLOR. Where color is used for curves it is effective to letter the curve designations in the same colors. The arrow and designation •'EdKc of Paper" have been added to the …

-■v/p /v/'- f \ \ / s / % Relation of elements of curve design to plotted points irriES 1. The main title should undertake to give the reader a quick understanding of what the chart is about. 2. Titles should be so worded as to be readily understood and so executed as to be pleasing to the eye. 3. Material serving to complete or supplement the main title should be placed in a …

^ / -- r s / • TIM( Actual figures for points of speclol Interest Note: In chart prepcrotion It must be borr>e in mind that many people ot% noi fully "grophic minded" end would prefer the focts in tobular form. Moreover, there ore many occasions when supplementary figures will improve the value of o chart for everyone; and often the effectiveness of the presentation itself can …

A common method of including supporting data is to place the figures in the form of a table above or below the grid opposite the vertical rulings, reading upward as shown in the chart at the top of the page. This method has the advantage of closely relating figures to the plotted points. TABULAR INSERTS. Supplementary or supporting data can often be shown as a tabular insert …

In coses where such values ore included directly on the curves, the principles outlined under "Curve Designations," pages 52 and 53, should be observed. 5. A Grid with frequent horizontal rulings may often make the reading of amounts sufficiently precise to obviate the need for actual data. The arrow and designation "Edge of Paper" have been added to the original in order to …

Imported miniature cameras like A and C above, of high quality, have interchangeable lenses and attachments covering the whole photographic field -- if expertly handled. American miniatures are cheaper but only the Perfex 44, B above, approaches the Europeans in quality and flexibility. For contact prints cameras of the Speed Graphic or Linhof type, D and F below, are widely …

All colors e«- (epting blue ore Tillered oui and Ihis blue light posst-s on lo opusu a pluio ICI. thus (orming the blue record The light romommg ofter passing through the Tirst mirror is ogain reflecti-d bv tie second minor 101 lo the red filler (El, thence lo the plata IFI, to form the 'red record ' Tho residual light posses lo the rear of Iho comervi. iind through tiie ore» …

tion at the New York World's Fair, 1939, shows Kodaclirome 35mm. film l" x 1^4" projected to 17' x 22' with perfect color rendering, clear definition, no grain, and a remarkable three dimensional effect. It is obtainable in 35mm. rolls and several sizes of cut film. Development at the Eastman plant in Rochester, New York, is included in the price. "Dufay color film, in both …

It is easy to see why the price increases with the speed. 2. The illustration does not indicate the greater size of a fast lens, but it does suggest the added weight. Eastman Kodak Co., Rocheiter. N. Y. The lens is the camera. In choosing a lens, sharp definition and good color correction are important. High speed is of value for only a few special uses. A set of lenses with …

6 -- S«fivcl caatorv. G Grniicrt. New York. N Y. A. Portable Darkroom. USING a variety of photographic techniques will add interest to a record or report. Photomontage, as seen in 401 A, effectively presents much information in a small space by combining several negatives or parts of negatives in one print. Photomosaic is somewhat similar but combines several prints or …

This method is valuable in reproducing charts in which the lines are too fine as originally drawn. LARGE collections of charts, maps, plans, etc., may be photographed on 35mm. film in either black and white or full color and stored in a small space. All government census records are being reduced to this form. Rare and valuable original documents, prints, maps, etc., in …

The method of using three photographs as in A is one that can be applied anywhere 2. Though the Civic Center Buildings were mostly completed, an oblique aerial photomajestic buildings so well as the perspective drawing looking upward rather than Kf: '^'■■:f^i'i^. THE CAMERA AND ITS USE Will.ird C Bnriton ContullmR EiiKinrrr Showing Buildings Blotting Out the Civic Center When …

This is a somewhat different technique from that shown in 402A and 402B. 2. The possibility of exaggeration is always present in the use of this and similar techniques. REFERENCES Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. How to Make Good Pictures. Clear and concise. Morgan and Lester, The Leica Manual. Wide technical and scientific field. Scacheri, Mario and Mabel, The Fun of …

Several of the less expensive models give good results with audiences up to two hundred while the 750-watt Leica and Spencer machines are effective for two thousand. The Spencer is equipped to handle all sizes of slides. ^ . , Li ghtness and convenience is pushing the 2" X 2" slide ahead of the 3i>4"x4" D. Spencer Auditorium Color Slide Delineascope -- 750 Watts. Equipped to …

Glass-covered slides are mounted B. 800 Foot Con+inuous Projection nnent for Film. Attach- 1 6 mm. t .It I i( II 1 w <,■ I / r 1 1 I <■ c tors . itli. I \<. i!h or witliiiut With sound runs 22 niin. without I cpt'.itin^; Sil>nt pKSMitat ii-'n l.')sts J,i mjn. Bell & Howrll, ChicaKO. Ill with tape or metal bindings. Projectors similar to the Selectroslide in A above require a …

Eighteen Kodachrome films in Ready-Mounts 2" x 2" cost $2.2 5, about 14 cents each if there are no failures. Glass-covered black and white slides of the same size may be made for about the same price. Some other types and larger sizes are higher. It is as easy now to use color as black and white, but the slides are not so durable. Heat and concentrated light affect color …

B. Key to Letfering for Lantern Slides. Valuable slides may be damaged if left on the screen too long. The Lynhoff Laboratories, Rochester, N. Y., makes a heat-reflecting glass, either clear or diffusing, which may be placed between the slide and the light source in the projector. As a further precaution, irreplaceable slides may be copied in full color at no great expense and …

Directions on the right of the illustration refer to the dimensions of the original drawing. Line Width of Letters Approx. Desig- Width, nation Sample Line inches W-1 iV-2 W-2 0.025 0.017 0.017 '^. / 'W \, Ov^^ \v .:^ /M^;^; ^ j^ritr^ ^ Potiiion of Slide Number Lib«l (Thumb Spot) Gnd Rulintt Break at Labels and Symbols Oosed Symbols for Observed Points Same Source as A Above …

Publication by this film method is also coming into use for research material which does not require a large edition. The economy and convenience of this can easily be seen. The use of Microcolor film by Bibliofilm Service adds to the scope and value of research extract copying, since colored specimens and objects as well as illustrations may be reproduced and used either for …

Choice of the form in which material will be best presented, while an important step, is not always the first or last step. The following chapters will show Bausch 6t Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. A Reducing Glass. 1. The diameter of this glass is three inches. It will reduce in the ratio of about two to one. The reducing glass is made with a double concave lens of white …

some of the problems involved in the actual presentation of the chart. When presenting material in a pamphlet or book, it is possible and sometimes a good policy to use only graphic charts. Illustrations of other types may be included and many times should be included. The choice of illustrations will depend upon a number of factors. The material to be presented will be the …

A diagonal line drawn from corner to opposite corner will be the diagonal of a larger or smaller illustration made from that copy. Use a tissue overlay paper for drawing the diagonal. A slide rule is also a useful device to determine the reduction of a photograph or drawing. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION A photograph which is to be printed or reproduced should never be rolled. If it is …

A rotogravure illustration when looked at through a small magnifying glass appears as many small squares, less clearly than a halftone. Right Way to Make Crop Marks. Put crop marks in the margin of a photograph or drawing. If you MUST mark the copy, use a China marking pencil for this purpose. The reason for this is simple:-- crop marks drawn on the photograph oblige the …

Line engraving not suited unless tones are solid, showing no gradation. Halftone is uniuited. as it "breaks up" the solid black lines and areas. CklMMKNTS If technique is bold, coanc screen can be used. If later to be duplicated by electro, stereo, or mat. specify when the original plate is made. Dry Brush. .Vir Brush. Wash Drawing. Walrr Color or Oil P.ainting to reproduce in …

Line engraving will not reproduce tone values. Where lines and tone etlects (as in meMOlint) :ire fine, use a fine-xrreen nipper halflone. Halflone: Coarse screens for rough papers: fine screens on copper for smooth papers. Two-, three-, four-, five-, etc., color process, dejiending upon ttature of copy and fineness of work required. line engraviiif^i for caih of the 2. J. or …

Use coarse ■ screen halftone only if to be used on nesvsprint or rough paper. Line engraving will produce tones Line engraving will not reproiluce tones. If photograph shows only solid areas of black-andwhite, or lines and no tones, a line engraving may be used. Color process plates mav be used in < on junction with additional flat tints for special effects. Halftones …

letters were wood-cut type carved into pictorial wood-cut blocks in explanation of the picture. Its wide use and the ease with which it is cut have made linoleum one of the best known and best liked materials in the reproduction of decorative designs, silhouettes, and the simpler illustrations. 2. In a great many printing plants, linoleum blocks, which are supplanting wood …

Photo-Eneraver* Board of Trade. New York City. Halftone Screen Tints. There were eight halftone screen tints in each of these series, but only every other one is reproduced here. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION 1 Vz V4 1 Vz 'A 1 % V4 The "1" indicates a full color value. "'/a" a half screen and "54" * quarter screen. Those colors that are checked (r ) are the ones used generally in this …

However, because the areas for color tints usually are irregular in shape and require more skill in applying them, the cost of color tinting may be greater than the cost of the halftones. One definite problem arose regarding the use of the color "green." As shown opposite, green may be secured from a combination of full yellow and full blue. If this "combination" green were …

Perhaps in the future, they may also be made with a finer screen. Film is made for light or dark background. 2. A modification of the transparent film is also available in the form of illustration board, which when treated with a chemical solution brings out the shadings in the desired sections. A screen as fine as 80-line may be secured in this form. This may be secured from …

Courtesy of Ben Day. Inc., New York. B. Ben Day Shading Films. 1. The Ben Day process is used to make crosshatchings and shadings on charts, maps, and pictures. The shading medium consists of a transparent film stretched taut upon a wood frame. This film bears a design in relief on the outer side. The work is done on the drawing, on the negative, or directly on the plate …

See 419 and 422 for other methods of securing shadings. PREPARATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS Photoengraving and Electrotyping by Otto Kleppner Si-n i>K Arioss Ciiirr \\n K>ixm.v. Ciiirr l.iMir»ri<.vN CtlMMrST . Halllont St-rrenf 50. 35. hO. 65. 1 IVint* no nv»< iLnk nn r»>l«<l |»»»~« Kill \ «>nly '!»• *»'> .onr««.l •vrMn* .an U .~.l |u. <r....k> hn |«K««I Iwpar B Tka (in.. Ik. -.^.n …

.' i'mn U ina.l« .lui. kl. kUrk bne. or maaava. ara.ini Wm TK ". I an fc. u..nl«l .m an, itadr i.ap.1 iif^i H Cannat r.|i.,«J>..^ pkuloftaiA- II Make UJd .«»cl. .n irl IJa. k uuaaibtr . , , ,.d.d r^l.,ln» in ua. <lo.< not l.nn> .a>k <ira>>n(. ... nainlmc III U.ualK ol l.n. . U-k.n m.n>il. .kuH f (Also KIUXMI a> knra 1... .k-- l...rlkrr '" '« •••'■I- t^<' " ""a-l. "n .^tpr …

.IS Sno»n III paltt'rn •, t.uall> l..> .>p.nuv. in »•. ikan kan.l .^wirw pap.r> ' qaanlly rcMuirrd fiir Ik. qy<-l a.l.aaia l„„,L , .Ira.n au.l.n< ».»li *'"•• "•<• nf Brn lla. Srmn inrnm ol Ben l>a. linl ihouM Iw arW.-lr.f nilk »amr Ikougkl of pa|iar a».l p..aawo.fc a* fn. kalflnn.a (•f\t i \0 ItFV r^4\' |«..p.n...r (■•rni of .itk*r r.iM-oduction LimiUlioaa aimilar to Ihoaa of …

The copper wax mold is the least expensive of the three. 3. Stereotypes are plates made by pouring melted type metal into a paper mold called a "mat." Wotman illustration board is available at almost any art supply house in the following four surfaces: 1. Hot-pressed -- pen and ink drawings, water colors, and pastelles. 2. Cold-pressed -- water colors and pastelles. Pen and …

Chicago Cardboard Company, Chicago, Illinois, manufactures a colored art poster board calendered so that both lettering and printing may be done on it. REFERENCES Wallace, C. E., Commercial Art, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 2nd edition, 1939. U. 8. Drpartnicnt of Afirirulturr, Bureau of Agricultural Economic*. A Series of Density Distinctions. 1. These cross …

The Primary Colors as Used and Described by Early Ariists. Color study was based on human vision alone until Newton made the first physical analysis of liRht about 1672. B. The Primary Frequencies of Vibration in the Radiant Energy Called Light. Young. 1773-1829; Hclmholtz, 1821-1894; Maxwell, 1831-1899. and Konig, 1832-1901, proved these three frequencies of light vibration …

This reconcile* apparent contradictions in earlier theories and is now generally accepted. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION A. Maxwell Discs of Slit Paper or Cardboard. s the idea of the spectrum band of colors invaded the field of practical use, it was made into a circle by adding the purple hues between blue and red. for which there is no spectral wave length. Scientists and artists …

Color Top. 1. Maxwell discs of slit paper or cardboard, for studying primary and other color relations, can be obtained with small color tops, and larger color wheels, from Milton Bradley Co. and the Abbott Educational Co., New York City. I. These discs arc easily made from water-color paper painted with tempera or show card colors. They should be slit from the edge to the …

These diagrams illustrate the Munsell System of Color Notation, and are reproduced through the courtesy of the International Printing Ink Corporation from Three Monographs on Color, a publication of unusual interest and beauty. The countless hues, and their modifications, used in science, art. and industry required orderly arrangement, and some method of accurate …

are clearly shown in this diagram. 2. R 4/14 indicates a brilliant, intense red, and G 8/13 a light, gray green. grttn A. The Hue Circuit. Wh,u Another version of these relationships is found in 42 7B. Bhck B. The Value Scale. Blu* grtm C. Chroma Steps. D. Correlation of Three Dimensions of Color. SCALE .8 International Printing Ink Corporation. New York City. "Color ia U*e" …