Ruttenber, E.M. History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River; their origin, manners and customs; tribal and sub-tribal organizations; wars, treaties, etc., etc. Albany: J. Munsell, 1872.

3 was not made peace which was made with the Minsis until after the English came in possession of the province, that if the the subjugation of the Lenapes did not take place at an earlier period. And this conclusion agrees with the almost infallible test of to lands. The Iroquois never questioned the sales made by title the Lenapes or Mimis east of the Delaware river, but only …

whatever aspect the question is considered, the same result is reached. That the subjugation of the Lenapes was complete, there is The famous speech of Canassatiego, at Philadelphia, 1742 "We conquered you, we made women of you you know you are women we charge you to remove instantly we don't give you liberty to think about it," is not more conclu no denial. in : ; j ; sive …

through the thick gloom which shrouds the history of their sub all the degradation and reproach which was " a nation of them as women," there runs a thread heaped upon jugation, through of light revealing their former greatness, pleading the causes of their decay, promising that their dead shall live again. Not in the eternal darkness which shuts in the Eries is that light …

The latter corrects the geography of his prede more " On the cessor and gives the location of what he calls tribes 3 at New York, he says Commencing accurately. east side, on the main land, dwell the Manhattans, a bad race : of savages, who have always been very obstinate and unfriendly towards our people. On the west side are the Sanhickans, who are the deadly enemies of the …

This reach extends to another narrow pass, where on the west, is a The first title given to Butter Hill. The bend in the river opposite Newburgh, forming a hook by the confluence of the Matteawan creek. tribe was an union of families, but as- here used designated families. THE INDIAN TRIBES * point of land that juts out covered with sand, opposite a bend in the river, on which …

Van der Donck, who wrote thirty years later, places the Manhattans on the island, and above them Indian villages which he names Saeckkill, Wickquaskeck, Alipkonck, Sin-Sing, Kestaubuinck, Keskistkonck, Pasquuasheck, and Noch-Peem, south of and in the highlands. the south side of kill he On Wappinger's locates three villages under the general name of Waoranecks, and |ibove them …

be made with tolerable From these sources the following classifications are accuracy. mainly derived : The chieftaincies of the MONTAUKS were ist. The Carnarsees, who claimed the lands now included in I. the : county of Kings, and a part of the Dans-Kammer point. "There being no previous survey to the grants, their boundaries are expressed with much uncertainty, by the Indian …

Penhawitz was the first sachem known by whom he was styled the Great Sachem of The names of the chiefs in 1670, as given in a to the Dutch, Canarsee. deed for the site of the present city of Brooklyn, were Peter, Elmohar, Job, Makagiquas, and Shamese. 2d. The Rockaways^ who were scattered over the southern part of the town of Hempstead, which, with a part of Jamaica and the …

and north to the middle of the Islip and thence eastward to the island. At Neck the remains of two Indian forts were recently still One was upon the most southerly point of land ad visible. Fort joining the salt meadow, nearly of quadrangular form and about The other was on the thirty yards in extent on each side. southernmost point of the salt meadow adjoining the bay, and …

The Matinecocks^ who claimed jurisdiction of the lands Newtown as far as the west line of Smithtown, and They were probably to the west side of Nesaquake river. 5th. east of numerous and had large villages at Flushing, Glen Cove, Cold Spring, Huntington and Cow Harbor. 1 A portion of the chieftaincy took part in the war of 1643 under Gonwarrowe ; but the sachem at that time …

Warrawakin sachem, 1655 ; Gil, in 1675. 8th. The Corchattgs owned the remainder of the territory Oyster ponds, and were spread upon the north shore of Peconic bay, and upon the necks adjoining from Wading the sound. river to From the many local advantages which their situa tion afforded, there is reason to suppose that they were, as re gards numbers and military power, a …

i Oth. The Secatogues, who joined the Marsapequas on the west and claimed the country as far east as Patchogue. The farm owned by the Willett family, at Islip, is supposed to have The bounds of their tract were from Connectquut river on the east to the line of Oyster bay on the west, and from the South bay to the middle of the island. They were so much reduced by wars and …

both by the Indians and the Europeans, as the ruling family of the island. They were indeed, the head of the tribe of Montauks, the other divisions as in the case named being simply clans or groups, of other tribes. DeRasieres and Donck class them as " old Manhattans." Van der They were consi derable in numbers ; distinguished for the hosp^plity which they extended to the …

Metowacks, Brodhead ; Matuwacks, fates & M.oulton ; Montauks, Thompson. THE INDIAN TRIBES Dur the body of his followers lay in the immediate vicinity. the the Montauks were the of wars Mahicans, subjugated by ing or compelled to pay tribute to the Pequots. After the destruc tion of the latter nation in 1637, the Mahicans again asserted their authority, but about that time the …

Wyandance lost his life by poison secretly adminis tered. The them for a remainder, both to escape the fatal malady, and the danger of invasion in their weakened state, fled in a body to their white neighbors, who received and entertained considerable period. Wycombone succeeded his father, Wyandance, and being a minor, divided the government with his mother, who was styled …

killed j a few were protected by the Eng land sachem, and Ninigret, of the Narralish gansetts. ish j the The former is proud and fooland latter proud Thompsons Hist. Long Island Book of the Indiana fierce." ' Drake's Lion Gardiner, in his Notes on East Hampton, relates, that the Block Island Indians, acting as the allies of the Narragansetts attacked the Montauks, during : " …

The chieftaincies of the WAPPINGERS were The Reckgawawancs. 2 This chieftaincy has been gene : 1st. the generic name of Manhattans^ and is so The site of their and other historians. Brodhead designated by is now occupied by that of Yonkers, and was principal village known by rally Nappeckamak. This village, says Bolton, was situated On Berrien's at the mouth of the Neperah, or …

Custom would, perhaps, warrant the continuance of the name as designating a chieftaincy, but the evidence is conclu sive that it was not used by the Indians in any such connection, but was a generic term designating not only the occupants of the island now called Manhattan, but of Long Island, and the mainland north The term Man of Manhattan Island. hattan indicates this …

Indians, this care and protection was in the territory and on the island of the of the islands." (Historical Magazine, The statements of the Dutch i, 89). confirm this interpretation. historians latter. der Donck and Wassenaar agree that there were four languages spoken by the natives, namely, the Manhattan, compared with the Albany Records, that the name Manhattan, is *' from …

" Whereupon two canoes full of men, with their bowes and arrowes shot at us THE INDI4N TRIBES it was also at this point that he first dropped anchor on his as They held occupation of Manhattan island cending vpyage. and had there villages which were occupied while on hunting and fishing excursions. In Breeden Raedt their name is given as the Reckewackes, and in the treaty of …

Wearaquaeghier appear as the grantors of lands to Frederick Tackarew's descendants are said to have been resi Phillipse. The last point occupied by dents of Yonkers as late as 1701. the chieftaincy was Wild Boar hill, to which place its members had gathered together as the Europeans encroached upon them. Traces of two burial grounds have been discovered on their lands. is As …

There I shot a falcon at them, and killed two of them ; whereupon the rest fled into the woods. Yet to shoot at us. they manned off another canoe with nine or ten men, which came to meet us. So I shot a falcon, and shot it through, and Its one of them. Then our men with their muskets, killed three or four more of them. So they went their killed way." Hudson's Journal. This …

Their name is perpetuated in the of present village Sing-Sing, which was called Ossing-Sing, where they had a village. Another village was located between the Sing-Sing creek and the Kitchawonck, or Croton river, and was called Kestaubuinck. Their lands are described in a deed to Frederick Phillipse, August 24, 1685, and were included in The grantors were Weskenane, Crawman …

Their burial ground was a short distance east of the castle ; a roman tic and beautiful The traditionary sachem of the locality. was Croton. Metzewakes appears as sachem in chieftaincy 1641 ; Weskheun in 1685, and, in 1699, Sakama Wicker. There was apparently a division of the chieftaincy at one time, Kitchawong appearing as sachem of the village and castle on the Croton, and …

Ponus was sachem of the former and Wasenssne of Ponus reserved a portion of Toquams for the use of himself and his associates, but with this exception their entire possessions appear to have passed under a deed without metes or bounds. The chieftaincy occupies a prominent place in Dutch history through the action of Pacham, "a crafty man," who not only performed discreditable …

Haverstraw, but his authorities are not at For example, it is said that an all clear. offending member of the Hackinsacks, " had gone two days' journey off among the Tankitekes 5 "Pacham, the subtle chief of the Tankitekes near HaverHaverstraw was not two days' straw." His journey from Hackinsack, certainly. location is also defeated in the person and history of viously …

302), they are called Nochpeems, a title which corresponds with the name of one of their villages on Van der Donck's It is not impossible that the Tankitekes extended into the highlands on the east, and that their chief Pacham held sway there, and hence the name j but the treaty record of 1 644 appears to map. It be a sufficient answer to this theory. certainly safe to …

neuw, and Awangrawryk, and was for a tract from Anthony's to the Matteawan creek, and from the Hudson three Nose miles into the country. twenty miles. The Siwanoys yth. The latter line Phillipse stretched to ; also known as " one of the seven tribes This chieftaincy was one of the largest of of the sea-coast." the W^applnger subdivisions. They occupied the northern shore of …

now known as Mount Misery, 2 stood one of their castles. Another village was situated on Davenport's Neck. Near the entrance to Pelham's Neck was one of their burial grounds. Two large mounds are pointed out as the sepulchres of the sachems Ann-Hoock and Nimham. * Land Papers, xvin, lay, etc. . This hill is said to have acquired its present name from the fact that a large body …

In and Onox the latter had a son called Powhag. j Taphance was called 66 1, Shanasockerell, or Shanorocke, was sachem in the same district, and, in 1680, Katonah and his son Paping appear as Of another district Maramaking, commonly known as Lame Will, was sachem in 1681. His successor was Patthunck, who was succeeded by his son, Waptoe Patthunck. The names of several of their …

immediate vicinity, they were also offending those of whose existence they had no previous knowledge. 2 Shanasock" an chieftain of the well is as in their Siwanoys" represented independent of the island called Manussing. 8th. The Sequins. seat pal its This was a large chieftaincy its princi was on the west bank of the Connecticut river and jurisdiction over ; all the …

Subse The tract is said to have been sixty miles in extent. quently (1643), Sequin, from whom the chieftaincy took its name, covered his deed to the Dutch by one to the English, in which he included "the whole country to the Mohawks By the fortunes of war, the Pequots compelled the country." Siwanoys, and a portion of the Montauks, tribute, but this condition was only …

transaction is made to appear " with the Van Curler, on the part of the " company, and the sachem named Wapyknowledge of Magaritiune," the Wappinoo chief of Sloop's bay. O'Callaghan, tween quart or Tatteopan, chief of Sickenames river, and owner of the Fresh river of New Netherland, called in their tongue Connetticuck," for the purchase and sale of the lands named, " on …

that the Sequins had original jurisdiction, but lost it after three pitched battles with the Pequots. There is a strange mixing up of tribes in the story, and especially in that of the original sale, in which the " After the overthrow 149, 150, 157. of Sequin, the Pequots advanced along the coast and obliged several tribes to pay tribute, and sailed across the sound and …

It is always been reckoned so." entirely possible that the tribal name was Wequehachke, or Wickeskeck, or and tkat Wappingcrs is PPeckquaesgeek, local. In all however, and in the recognition of Nimham, they were their official relations, known as the Wappingers. THE INDIAN TRIBES on the north to Manhattan island on the south. What their family clans were on the north is not …

name of Megriesken, sachem of the Wappinger Indians," and other Indians therein named as grantors, conveyed the tract beginning on the south side of the Matteawan creek and running along the Hudson north to a point five hundred rods beyond " the Great Wapping's kill, five by the Indians Mawenawasigh," thence east, keeping hundred rods north of said creek, " four hours' going …

The error of Van der Donck's informants was in confusing totemic emblems, and similarity of The totem of the Wappingers dialect, with tribal jurisdiction. as well as that of the Esopus clans, was the Wolf, as already stated, while below the Highlands " Daniel Nimham, a native Indian and acknowledged sachem or king of a certain tribe of Indians known and called by the name of …

The MAHICANS. The territory of the Mablcans joined the Wappingers and Sequins on the south, and stretched thence north, embracing the head waters of the Hudson, the Housatonic and the Connecti cut, and the water-shed of lakes George and Champlain. The chieftaincies of the tribe have a very imperfect preservation, but its I. The Mahicans, general divisions are indicated by the …

western parts of Dutchess and Columbia counties, and 5. The At the Westenhucks, who held the capital of the confederacy. time of the discovery those embraced in the first subdivision had a castle on what is now known as Haver island, called by them Cohoes, on the west side of the river, just below Cohoes falls, under the name of Monemius' castle, and another on the east bank …

Claverack was one of the castles of the Wiekagjocks, and on Van der Donck's map two of their villages, without name, are located inland north of RoelofF Jansen's kill. island towoons. were for many years The villages Potik and Beeren Wechkenin the possession of the of the Wawyachtonocks are without designation, but it is probable that Shekomeko, about two miles south of the …

causes the very opposite of those which led to the preservation of the location of the latter, permitted the former to go down with so many unrecorded facts relating to the tribe, as well as to their neighbors, the Mohawks, whose four castles only appear on record instead of seven & affirmed by the Jesuit missionaries. But these subdivisions are of no practical importance. In …

marked by a pine tree growing up from the centre of what was once his only room, and the bridge near by is called Brainerd's Bridge. Stockbridgc, Past and is Present, 69. Westenhuck and Stockbridge were distinct places. The former was among the hills south of Stockbridge. Sauthier's Map. After the establishment two of the reservation and mission at Stockbridge the Indian …

Such, too, was the dream in regard to the^lands of the Iroquois, until Sullivan's blazing torch lighted the hills and valleys with the crackling flames of forty burning villages. On the 8th of .-ipril, 1680, the Mahicans sold their land, on the west side of the Hudson, to much thereof as was " called Van Rensselaer, or at least so Sanckhagag," a tract described as extending …

Seven years later oek, the mill creek, north to Negagonse. he purchased an intervening district " called Papsickenekas," lying on the east bank of the river, extending from opposite Castle island south to a point opposite Smack's island, includ ing the adjacent islands, and all the lands back into the interior, belonging to the Indian grantors, and, with his previous pur …

Mohikanders ;" another defines the tract conveyed, as " the fast bank where the house of Machacnotas stood," and another " Schotack or conveys an island called Aepjen's island." Two immense tracts were sold to Robert Livingston, July I2th, 1683, and August loth, 1685, and subsequently included in a The grantors were patent to him for the manor of Livingston. the following " …

more important proposition is, how came the former west of the Hudson, if the prowess of their rivals was so supreme ? Reference has already been made to the capital or council-fire That the ori of the nation as having been at Westenhuck. records and at the was affirmed Dutch Schodac is ginal capital by by the traditions of the tribe, and accords with the interpretation Like …

great deputies were Pennsylvania of the Mahikan nation at Westenhuck, with which satisfac they appeared much pleased, and as a proof of their in : council tion made Abraham, an assistant at Gnadenhutten, a captain." Again u The : unbelieving Indians at Westenhuck, made several attempts to draw the Christian Indians in Shekomeko "Brother David Bruce," it. is added, "paid into …

known as the Stockbridges, came to Albany in 1756, and were received as the actual representatives of the Mahicam, instead York. of those known as such to the authorities of Tl\e New fact that Westenhuck was the point selected for missionary labor, by the Societyfor the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, is additional proof of its importance, though the extremities of …

Abraham, whose Indian name was Schabash, was one of the chiefs of SheHe was converted by the komeko. Moravians and removed with them to lost his life Pennsylvania, from whence he returned He subsequently became the head of the Mahicans of Pennsylvania. Mem. Morav. Chnrch. as stated. THE INDIAN TRIBES Passachquon was sachem in on the 6th of September, 1609. 1663. The Raritans …

Their treatment under the English of New Jersey, was liberal and just. No bloodshed or violence was permitted, nor occupation of their lands without purchase. Their possessions finally dwindled down to about three thousand acres in the township of Eversham, Burlington county, on which a church was erected. This land they obtained permis sion to sell, in 1802, when the remnant …

This vacant territory lies between two high mountains, far distant This district the one from the other. was abandoned by the natives for two reasons ; the first and principal is, that cultivate. finding themselves unable to resist the They at Gamoenapa, the prominent part in Southern Indians, they migrated further inland 5 the second, because this country was flooded every …

Their sachem, in 1676, was CapTheir territory, or at least a portion of it, was called Haquequenunck or Acquackanonk, and included the 4th. tahem or Captamin. of the present city of Paterson. 3 They are also described as occupying a considerable portion of the centre of New Jersey. site The relations existing between this 5th. The Tappans. chieftaincy and the Hackinsacks were …

that be had to them by sending up a sloop, indicating that in the summer at In the least they had a representative position on the Hudson. treaty of 1745, Sessekemick represented them and appears to have acted under the counsel of Oritany. In the sale of Staten island, Taghkospemo 1 '* I, appeared Oratum, am sagamore, and sole as their ing on the main land over against the …

name survives in a territory, the westward boundaries of which are not clearly defined, were the Haverstraws, so called by the Dutch, but whose aboriginal name appears to have been lost. 2 They took some part in the early wars, but would seem to have been absorbed by the Tappans after the supremacy of the English. Stony point was the northern limit of their territory, as indi …

embraces precisely the western boundary of Haverstraw The deed was executed by Sackewaghgyn, Roansameck, bay. tion Kewegham, and Kackeros. By deed to Stephen Van Cortlandt in 1683, it would appear that they had either moved fur ther north or had more northern territory, the tract conveyed being described as lying opposite Anthony's nose, from the u south side of a creek called …

This purchase covered what were sub" the Christian Patented sequently called lands of Haverstraw," and by that title formed the boundary in part of several The original grant from Caterpatents. et was predicated on the supposition that the tract was within the limits of New Jer- sey. OF HUDSON'S RIVER. gan's purchase in 1685 covered this tract, and had as one of its grantors …

may be regarded as described with sufficient accuracy in what known as Governor Dongan's two purchases (i684~'85), the is first of which extended from the Paltz tract to the Danskammer, and the second from Dans-kammer to Stony point. In the first, the limits of the Esopus Indians, or Warranawon, kongs^ are defined as terminating at the Dans-kammer, and in the second the …

to another west side of the river, there is a point of land that juts out covered with sand, opposite a bend in the river, on which another nation of savages, the Waorantch, DeLaet. have their abode." At Fisher's hook are Packany, Warenockcr, Warraiuannankonckx. Documen- " Murderer's and the subsequent signatures classed as " inferior owners." Thus in the Haverstraw purchase …

name by which they were last designated was that of the creek now called " Murderer's " their first name from ; disappears the early records almost simultaneously with the appearance of the latter, 1 and with the general classification of " Esopus Indians," while the territory assigned to them had no other known occupants, rich though it was in all the ele ments of favorite …

This creek is first called Murderer's on Van der Donck's map, 1656, and was so called doubtless from events occurring during the first Esopus war. Esopus is supposed to be derived from " Sopus Seepus, a river. Reichel says Indian, or a lonvlander" : " castle" and house where John McLean now (1756), He subse dwells, near the said kill." removed to what is called a " wigwam," …

" A little beyond, on the west side, OF HUDSON'S RWER. Dans-kammer to the Katskill mountains, or more properly perhaps to the Saugerties, and embraced the waters of the Shawaugunk, the Wallkill and the Esopus rivers. Their principal castle was in the Shawangunk country, although a very consi The derable one was on the Esopus river, known as Wiltmeet. " oldest and best of their …

The cies, the TVawarsinks, inhabited the district of country which bears their name. have no history. Separate from the Esopus Indians they The Katskills. The fifth and last of the Esopus chief still 5th. taincies J inhabited the territory north of Saugerties, forming the eastern water-shed of the Katskill mountains, 2 including the Sager's creek, the Kader's creek, and the …

i, 435. locates here some families of Nanticokes, and it is possible that when that nation " disappeared without glory," some of its members were induced thither either as recruits of the Minsis or the Mohaiuks, but their more considerable emigration was to Pennsylvania. * THE INDUN'TRIBES pie, as may be inferred from Kregier's account of them. 1663, was known as Long Jacob …

On Sauthier's map, Minnisink, the capital of the clan, New Jer located some ten miles south of Mahackemeck, in is sey. Very little is known of the history of the clan as distin guished from the tribe of which they were part, although the au thorities of New York had communication with them, and the Tradition gives to them missionary, Brainerd, visited them. the honor of …

She answered that some Katskill Indians lay on the other side near the Sager's kill, but they would not fight Documentary Hisagainst the Dutch." here ? /cry, jv, 48. " Mahak Niminaw shall have, as being sachem of Katskill, two fathoms of duffels and an anker of rum when he Deed to Wm. Loveridge. comes home." On the cast bank of the Neversink river, three miles above Point …

Cahaniaga, or Gandaougue, by the Dutch called Kaghnewage, and more modernly known as Caghnawaga ; 2. Gandagaro, or Kanagaro 3. Canajorha, or Canajoharie, and 4. Tionondogue or Tionnontoguen. The first contained ; twenty-four houses ; the second, sixteen ; the third, sixteen, and the fourth thirty. 1 Tionondogue was the capital of the tribe. destroyed by the French in 1667, and …

It was known as the " lower Mohawk and the castle," occupied of the present village of Fonda, Montgomery county. Gandagaro passed out of existence with the second French in long site In 1690, a vasion, or at least is lost to the records after 1693. new castle was erected at the mouth of Schoharie creek and Tiononderoge, after the name of the ancient capital of the tribe, but …

hundred houses the Onondagas, a palisaded town of one hun dred and forty houses, and a village of twenty-four houses ; x the ; Cayugas three towns, and the Senecas four. The capital of the confederacy was the village of Onondaga, on the lake of that name, the principal settlement of the OnonBishop Cammerhof, who visited it in 1751, says, Onondaga, the chief town of the six …

subsequently stated that forty towns existed in the three western cantons. Journal of Sullivan s Expedition. Indian Fort. ONONDAGA, THE CAPITAL OF THE FIVE NATIONS 1609. O.F HUDSON'S RIVER. THE INDIANS UNDER THE DUTCH THE MANHATTAN WARS FROM THE DISCOVERY TO THE PEACE OF 1645. ROM the first hour of Hudson's appearance in the waters of the Mahicanituk, to the last of the domina …

There they main tained kindly relations with the Indians, and around their trading Nassau, and subsequently Fort Orange, hed neu tral ground between the contending Mahicans and Mohawks* posts, Fort But this alliance of friendship did not relieve the Dutch from apprehended attacks on the part of those whom Hudson had Hudson's Journal; ante, p. n. The first, or Fort Nassau, was …

was removed to the banks of the Tawalsontha creek, now called the Norman's kill, from whence it was soon after removed further north and located in the vicinity of what is now South Broadway, Albany, and called Fort Orange, by which name, and that of Beaverwyck, the small settlement which gathered around it, it was known until 1664. it Ante^ p. 54. THE INDIAN TRIBES it was …

The offense was more so than by the To appease them, Eelkins was discharged, and Mai?icons. in further overture to them, Krieckbeck, the Dutch apparently commander at Fort Orange, in 1626, joined them, with six men, on a hostile expedition against the Mohawks.* Other causes of grievance were not wanting. The sale of fire-arms to the Mahlcans and Mohawks at Fort Orange and …

committing great damage there. their part and Wassenaar, Documentary History , in, The location of this fort has never been positively ascertained. 35. Wassenaar, Documentary History t m, 45 j Brodhead, i, 146, 1 68. Brodhcad, was not i, 168. The expedition Krieckbeck and men were killed, and the successful. three of his The Mohawks Mahicans put to flight. did not resent the …

are, on the contrary, strong and mighty ; have, one with the other, made alliances with seven different tribes, well supplied with guns, powder and ball." (Colonial History , i, 190) ; yet there is not a single case of the use of fire arms by the InEven in their most dians recorded. desperate defenses bows and arrows are alone spoken of as their weapons. OF HUDSON'S RWER …

Regarding the latter as the Director Kieft, who had in the mean cases, time succeeded Minuit, determined, in 1639, to demand from them tribute, not only as compensation, but to aid in establishing over them, and for that purpose sent an armed sloop to the Tappans to exact contributions of corn and wam pum. The Indians expressed their astonishment at this pro his government " " …

by the servants of the company, then (1640) going to the South river to trade, and who landed on the island to take in wood and water ; " but, as Kieft professed to believe, by the Indians. He accused the Raritans of the offense, and, on the sixteenth of July, commissioned Secretary Van Tienhoven to proceed, with one hundred men, to their territory and demand satisfaction. The …

Kieft followed with a proclamation announcing the policy of exter mination, and offering a bounty of ten fathoms of wampum for planters and the head of every Raritan which should be brought to him. Holding their own grievances in abeyance, some of the Long Island warriors took up the hatchet against the Raritans, and brought in at least one head for the director's …

meeting and. laid the matter before them, especially -asking if it was not just that the murder should be avenged, and if in case the Weckquaesgeeks would not surrender the murderer, it would not be "just to destroy the whole village" to which he belonged and if so, in what manner, when, and by whom such chastise The meeting referred the pro ment should be inflicted. " twelve …

before anything else was done the director should send up a shallop to the Weckquaesgeeks to demand of them " once, twic e, yea for OF HUDSON'S RIVER. a third time," the surrender of the murderer in a " friendly manner." Offended and bent on war, Kieft " would not listen." Re maining inactive until November, he consulted each of the " twelve" separately on the question of …

and punish them with lay in their village suspecting nothing," and sword. Fortunately the guide missed his way, and the expedition was compelled to' return to Fort Amsterdam " in all the mortification of failure." The re fire however, was that the Indians, on discovering the trail of Kieft's men, and detecting his intention, became alarmed sult, and asked that peace might be …

having a controversy pending with Uncas, visited the Manhat tans with an hundred men, and passed through all the Mablcan villages to secure their alliance for'the destruction of his rival. The Dutch, however, gave to him a different mission. From a whispered suspicion it grew to public clamor, that the embassy had no less an object than to secure the union of all the Indians …

attempt to place them under tribute, but this attempt appears to have been abandoned. De Vries 3 had settled among the latter, after the disaster which him on Staten befel kindly treatment had won their confidence. however, forced them to take up the hatchet. and by Circumstances, island, Contrary to the advice of the director, and in .opposition to the wishes of a ma jority …

chiefs of his tribe, anxious to keep unbroken friendly relations Vries to secure his counsel and with the Dutch, hastened to De They dared not go to Fort Amsterdam for fear Kieft would keep them prisoners, but they were willing to make " the " blood atonement of money customary among the tribes, intercession. and offered two hundred fathoms of wampum* to the family of …

Vries, who became answerable for their safe return, the chiefs visited the fort with him, and there repeated their offer. Kieft refused to accept the wampum, and demanded the mur The chiefs could not comply ; the murderer had sought derer. refuge among the Tankitekes, and besides he was the son of a chief and could not be surrendered. They then renewed their expiatory offer …

the assailed Indians fled to Fort Amsterdam for protec tion, leaving seventeen of their number dead and a considerable saries, portion of their their enemies. women and children prisoners in the hands of The Dutch kindly cared for the fugitives and supported them for fourteen days ; but, again alarmed for their safety, they scattered themselves among the Hackinsacks and …

" The Indians, the Mayekandcrs, who of came that the Mahicans would not attack assert that this The documentfrom Fort Orange " De Vries. The conclusion that it was by the Moha*wks is apparently based on the hypothe- The fact distinctly appears, however, that not only were the Mahicans armed, but " had neglected to pay them the tribute due from conquered tribes. That no other …

A petition was circulated by the latter, and obtained some signatures, reminding the director that God had now supplied the " opportunity " which the " twelve " had suggested should be awaited, and asking permission to " attack and destroy the enemy which had been delivered into" their hands, and " that one party, composed of freemen, and another of soldiers, be dispatched to …

Michael Pauw purchased from the Indians the tract now included in Hoboken and Jersey City, and established there a colony to which he gave the name of Pavonia. i, Brodbcad, i, 203. Colonial History, in, 1465 0' Callaghan, 266 ; Brodbead, tive is principally by " 3 We, i, 349. The Narra- De Vries. therefore, hereby authorize his request, with to attack a party of sa- Maryn …

Loud shrieks first announced to DeVries, who was watching at Fort Amsterdam, that the slaughter had begun, but these shrieks were succeeded by the stolid indifference with which the red man always met his fate, and nothing was heard but the report of fire-arms. Neither age nor sex were spared. Warrior and squaw, sachem and chief, mother and babe, were alike massacred. DeVries …

Continues DeVries, " some came running to us from the coun having their hands cut off; some lost both arms and legs ; some were supporting their entrails with their hands, while others were mangled in other horrid ways, to.o horrid to be conceived. try, And these miserable wretches, as well as many of the Dutch, were all the time under the impression that the attack had pro …

order to give him to one Cornelius Me- towards morning the poor child, overcome with cold and hunger, made some noise, and was heard by the soldiers, eighteen Dutch tigers dragged (him) from lyn, THE INDIAN TRIBES it is the work of the Swannekens," answered De he and led the fugitives to the gate, " where stood no Vries, sentinel," and bade them seek shelter in the forest …

The first notes of triumph had barely faded from the air, however, ere the hand of revenge was made red with the blood of the Dutch. Kieft, in the exultation of the moment, sent out One of these expeditions foraging expeditions to collect corn. seized two wagon loads from the Long Island Indians, who lost number in endeavoring to save their property. Montauk and the Hackimack …

under the sails, in spite of the endeavors of the skipper, cut (him) in two and Breeden Raedt. threw (him) overboard." Callaghan, i, 269. " It is a scandal Even Vriesendael did only three remained on the Manhattes, and two on Staten island, and the greater Whatpart of the cattle were destroyed. ever remained of these had to be kept in for our nation," says the author of Brtca …

The outhouses, and crops DeVries and his colonists, however, escaped into the manor house or fort, which had been constructed with loop-holes for musketry, and were standing on their defense, when an Indian whom DeVries had" sheltered on the morning not escape the general calamity. and cattle were destroyed. of the massacre came up to the besiegers, related the occurrence and …

But the accumulating evidences of desolation brought ruler and people to repentance. For that mercy which he had refused to extend to the helpless Indians, Kieft besought the people to ask of the Most High, and to that end appointed a day of fasting and prayer, in his proclamation confessing that them was doubtless owing While people had committed. the calamities which had …

Society ; Collection, De Vries and Alferton were at once New York Historical ad series, i, 269 ; he was arrested." Brodhead, i, 255. " What devilish lies ing of me ? but by the promptness of the bystanders the shot was prevented, and art thou report- 184. Colonial History, i, . THE INDIAN TRIBES appointed to accompany them, and setting out on the 4th of March, came to …

in negotiation a treaty was concluded on the 25th, and the chiefs dismissed with presents and solicited to bring to the fort the chiefs of the river families " who number. had lost so many " of their The Long Island sachem accordingly went to Hackinsack and Tappan, but weeks elapsed before negotiations were concluded. Oritany, sachem of the Hackinsacks, after consulta tion …

1 " were awakened and led by one of the Indians in the woods upwards of 400 paces from the house, where we found sixteen chiefs from Long Island, who placed themselves in a circle around One of them had a bundle of small us. sticks. He was the best speaker, and We commenced his speech. He related that when we first arrived on their shores, we were sometimes in want of food …

De Vries, York Historical Society Collections, ad series, i, another stick." 271. OF HUDSON'S RIVER. " All injustices committed by the ' natives against the said Netherlander, or by the Netherlanders against said natives, and forgotten forever, reciprocally promising, one the other, to cause no trouble, the one to the other ; but shall be forgiven whenever the savages …

had been given to them were not worth the touch, and that At the request of De Vries, they could be no longer pacified. the sachem accompanied him to Fort Amsterdam, where, on repeating his complaint, Kieft replied that he should cause his young Indians who wanted war, to be shot. Kieft then offered him two hundred fathoms of wampum, but the sachem spurned the bribe, and …

New York Historical Society, ad It will be observed that series, I, 270. neither the Ffeckquaesgeeks or Manhattans are mentioned in the treaty, a fact which indicates the local character of both titles, lections Doc. Hist., iv, i z. The Dutch were surprised at the attack by the affingers, and protested that they had never had any trouble with them. mistaken, nearly all tribe …

grandmother, being thus twice rescued from the hands of the Indians, first when he was two years old." Nor Under the pretense of warning from approaching Indians the visited dwellings and killed the inmates, danger, The few and applied the brand to factories and outbuildings. was this all. families who had settled in the Esopus country abandoned their farms in alarm, and …

war and a privateer." is With Roger Williams, she was banished from Massachusetts, as "unfit for the society" of She followed Wilher fellow-citizens. liams to Rhode Island, but fearing the power of Massachusetts would reach her there, removed, in 1642, to Manhattan and settled on a point now known as Pelham's neck. "The Indians set upon them and slew her and all her children …

Throgmorton was another refugee His settlement was from Massachusetts. a few miles west from that of Ann Hutchinson, and included the point now known as Throg's neck. O^ HUDSON'S RIPER. Hudson to the highlands of the sea, the warat a blow " from the Neverhighlands of the whoop was reechoed, and single New the valley of the Tappans, the whole of Jersey once more in the …

who then learned " for the first time that he and his Indians had done" them " much injury." 2 The position of the Dutch was perilous in the extreme. The Indians literally hung " upon their necks with fire and sword." 3 Had they known their own strength, the last refuge of the colonists would have fallen before them, but judging from their own modes of warfare, difficulty, but …

The prowess of the Iroquois is affirmed in that they once placed Quebec in siege, yet Fort Amsterdam, more formidable than Quebec, was twice laid waste by the Indians in its vicinity. * Documentary History, iv, 14. Colonial History, i, 182. " They rove in parties continually around day and night on the island of Manhattans, slaying our folks not a thousand paces from the fort …

companies were soon organized, one of sixty-five and one of seventy-five men, and the work of retaliation commenced. The second company was composed of forty burghers under Captain Pietersen, and thirty-five Englishmen under Lieutenant This Baxter j Councillor La Montagne acting as general. company passed over to Staten island who had fallen previously, ; but found that the …

One of the captives offered the castles of the Weckquaesgeeks. expedition men him and were sent with three castles found, but Sixty-five two women and some to lead the children. to Two of them were burned, and, after " some having marching thirty miles, the expedition returned, killed only one or two Indians, taken some women and children prisoners, and burnt some corn." …

stealing pigs and had been confined in Fordam's cellar. *He held the rank of sergeant-major. Documentary History, iv, 16. Under- OF HUDSON'S RWER. hill killed three of the seven in the cellar ; two were towed in the water until they were drowned, and two were taken to Fort Amsterdam, where, after a short time, they were turned over to the soldiers " to do as they pleased …

given as to the mode to be observed in attacking the Indians ; they then marched forward towards the houses, being three rows set up street fashion, each eighty paces long, in a low recess of the mountain, affording complete shelter from the north-west wind. The moon was then at the full, and threw a strong light against the mountain so that many winter days were not brighter …

the fun, and rubbing his right arm, so much delight he took in such scenes, He then ordered him to be taken out of the fort, and the soldiers bringing him to the beaver's path (he dancing the kintekaye all the time), threw him down, cut thrust them into mouth while still alive, and at last, placing him on a millstone, cut off his * * There stood at the head. same time some …

The general (Montagne) remarked that nothing else was to be done, and resolved, with Sergeant Major Underbill, to set the huts on fire, whereupon the Indians tried every means to escape, not succeeding in which they returned back to the flames, preferring to perish by the fire than to die by Massacre of the Weckquaesgeeks. What was most wonderful is, that among this vast …

of fire having been completed in a manner so satisfactory to the equally pious Monto Stamford the returned bearing with them expedition tagne, reached Fort the force fifteen wounded. days after, humane and Christian Underhill and the Two Amsterdam, where joy bells rang their welcome. The Indians now solicited peace, and a treaty was brought about through the intervention of …

Whiteneymen, sachem of the Matinecocks, with forty-seven of his warriors, was secured and dispatched with a commission to do " to beat and The all in his power destroy the hostile tribes." sachem's diplomacy, however, was better than his commission, and he returned to Fort Amsterdam in a few days empowered by the Long Island chiefs to negotiate a treaty of peace, which was at …

peace with the remaining insurgents, and on their advice the latter agreed to conclude a treaty of which the record is in these words " : Aug. 30, 1645. Amsterdam Fort at This day, being the 3Oth August, appeared before the director and council in the presence of the whole commonalty, the sachems in their own Orabehalf, and for sachems in their own neighborhood, viz chiefs of …

newed, but they shall complain to our governor, and we to their sachems ; and if any person should be murdered or killed, shall be directly administered on the murderer, henceforth we shall live together in amity and peace. justice and "3. They may not come on the island Manhattan with their arms in the neighborhood of Christian dwellings ; neither will we approach their …

Done in Fort Amsterdam, in the open air, the whole by the director and council in New Netherlands, and in the presence this purpose for called together commonalty, been the daughter of Ann Hutchinson. to have Supposed ; OF HUDSON'S RIVER. * of the Maquas ambassadors, who were solicited to assist in this negotiation, as arbitrators, and Cornelius Anthonisson, their in Done …

the burnt houses, barns, barracks and other buildings, and the bones of the cattle," and exclaimed: " Our fields lie fallow and waste ; our dwellings and other buildings are burnt ; not a handful can be planted or sown this fall on all the abandoned places. All this through a foolish hankering after war ; for it these Indians known to all right thinking men here, that is have …

Every advantage was taken by the Dutch. The Indians were employed as servants, and defrauded of their wages they were induced to drink, and while intoxicated were robbed of their furs or of the goods which they had purchased ; they had standing complaint in regard to the sale of arms at Beaverthe streets. ; wyck, and found cause of grievance in the value which the Dutch …

not only slain and killed many animals, such as cows, horses and hogs," to the immigrants belonging, but had " cruelly mur dered ten persons," one in the second year after the peace had been concluded, one in the year 1651, four in the year 1652, The mur three in the year 1653, and one in the year 1654. derers had been demanded under the treaty of 1645, but the Indians had …

the fitting wrongs which they suffered hands of the Dutch, but their acts of retaliation were detailed with horror, and were exceeded, when opportunity offered, in the cold-blooded vengeance which was inflicted upon them. record at were not long delayed. A squaw, detected in from the garden of Hendrick Van Dyck, at New Amsterdam, had been killed by him, and her family deter …

more than the premises" modern officers in quest of fugitives. They offered no personal violence, however, and their sachems readily attended a conference, called by the authorities, But promised to take their departure in the evening. failed to do so. complished. In the evening they were joined " by two hun- Dutch Petition of October, 1655, Manuscripts^ vol. iv, office of …

THE INDIAN TRIBES Indians," and with them renewed the search. About eight o'clock, they detected Van Dyck, and an arrow was almost instantly winged to his breast. One Leendertsen, x in attempting to protect him, was " threatened with an axe." The cry of murder was raised by the Dutch, and the burgher " without guard rushed from the fort, any orders, some through the gate …

Every family, with the exception of one, was destroyed every man killed, " together with all his cattle," and a large number of women and children taken into captivity. speedily followed. ; Staten island was next visited, and its ninety colonists and flourishing bouweries shared the fate of those at Pavonia. For three days the carnage continued, and at its close " full fifty" …

had succeeded Kieft, was absent with his soldiers on an expedi tion to South river, and a messenger his return. disagrees with all of his contemporaries, and was apparently determined to give good reason for the great fright which he suffered. was immediately sent for Meanwhile, as the tidings of the disaster spread, the Neither Van Dyck nor Leendertsen appear to have been …

Ten Frenchmen were enrolled to guard the house and family of the absent director, while the Dutch themselves kept within the fort. In the midst of the terror which prevailed, Stuyvesant and his soldiers returned, restored. and the confidence of the colonists was soon Soldiers were sent to the out settlements, an embargo was laid on vessels about to sail, and passengers able to …

Pos returned, and in a few days brought from the chief of the Hack insacks fourteen u men, women and children," as a " in return for which he some prisoners, token of his good will, requested powder and ball. Stuyvesant sent him a Wappinger and an Esopus Indian in exchange, and also some ammunition, of which he promised a further supply when other prisoners should be Pos …

pounds of powder and ten staves of lead addi more prisoners were returned, the highland tional sent, but no No chieftaincies having determined to retain them as hostages. The Dutch were measures were taken to punish the Indians. clearly at fault, in the opinion of Stuyvesant, and he turned deaf ear to those who clamored for war, and who in return a " at this infraction of the …

though you may consider him no bigger than your fist, he would He has hitherto sat, his head prove himself strong enough. drooping on his breast, yet he fyet show what he could achieve." still hoped he should be able to Henceforth the western Montauk were the friends of the Dutch, and soon renewed with them their treaty of alliance. 2 chieftaincies We lu concur in the general …

That all injuries formerly passed in the time of the governor's predecessors, : OF HUDSON'S RIPER. But there was no general peace. The conflict was remem bered, and the Indians, as well as the Dutch, stood on guard. The scene of combat, however, was changed. The settlers at Esopus, who had returned after the panic of 1655, continued for some time unmolested ; but, as in other …

They wrote at once to Stuyvesant, imploring him to send " forty or fifty soldiers to save the Esopus." The shall be forgiven and forgotten, since ye sd year 1645. z.^That Tackapausha being chosen house or forte to be furnished with Indian trade and commodities. " 6. The inhabitants of Hempsteede ye chief sachem by all the Indian sachems from Mersapege, Maskahnong, Secatong …

to a Christian in his person or estate, and complaint be made to the sachem, hee make full satisfaction likewise if Dutchman or Englishman shall wrong an Indian the governor shall make satis shall ; a faction according to Equity." Tackapausha shall make no peace wh ye sd Indians, without ye con sent and knowledge of the governor, and sd sachem doth promise for himself and his …

was made at Atkarkarton, now Kingston, is not known, although it is assumed that a fort or trading post was erected there as early as 1614. to the first The reference in the text known European settlers who removed thither, in is company with Capt. Thomas Chambers, from Panhoosic, now Troy, in 1652. ' Documentary History, iv. THE INDIAN TRIBES governor responded by immediately …

This request Stuyvepermitted to remain until after harvest. but promised that if they would agree to palisade sant refused ; at once the ground to be selected for a village, he would remain with them until the work was completed. While these proceedings were being held, some twelve or fifteen Indians, accompanied by two of their chiefs, arrived at the house of Stol, where the …

had then slain, adding, however, that they had obliterated these things from their hearts and forgotten them. 1 all Stuyvesant replied to this address, that those things had oc curred before his time, and that the recollection of them had been u all thrown away" by the subsequent peace. He asked them, however, if any injury had been done them, in person or The Indians …

Why have you burned our houses, without paying you for without making it, full killed our cattle, and continue to threaten our people ?" To this harangue the sachems made no reply, but " looked on At length one of them arose and responded " You Swannekins have sold our children the botsson" It is you who have given them brandy and made them cachens^ intoxicated and mad, and …

But it is not time. is Now, then, your manly to threaten far them now step forth. I will place will If this mers, and women and children who are not warriors. be not stopped, I shall be compelled to retaliate on old and This I can now do by killing young, on women and children. and little ones captive and destroying wives you all, taking your I expect you will repair not do …

The sachems promised to take the matter into consideration, While they were absent the and departed with their followers. settlers agreed that it would be for the best to adopt the counsel of the director, arid left the selection of the site of the village He " accordingly chose a spot at the bend of the kill, to him. where a water front might be had on three sides and a part …

with which they had accompanied but they were told a second time that their proposals for peace ; they must surrender the murderer, and make good the damages To these requirements they demurred ; they had committed. finally agreed that they should make compensation for damages, and sell the land for the projected village. and it was They then retired, but returned again on the …

corner ; a bridge thrown over the kill, and barracks erected for Brodhcad, i, 6495 'Callaghan , u, The village located by Stuyvesant 361. was about three miles north-west from the centre of the present village of Kingston, at a bend in the Esopus creek near the residence now, or late, of Benjamin The Indians were probably resiSmith. dents of the castle of Wiltmeet! OF HUDSON'S …

Bouses, and repeatedly extorted money from the settlers, who have already paid you for their farms. You have added threats and insults, and finally forced the colonists, at much expense, to break up their establishments and concentrate their dwellings. Various other injuries you have committed since that time, not For all this we demand compen withstanding your promises …

The Indians regarded the terms as hard, and stated that they had already been deprived of many of their maize fields without Such a demand was unexpected, and as many compensation. of their sachems were absent, they asked time for consultation. Stuyvesant generously agreed to allow them one night to con sider what course they would pursue. The next day (Oct. 16), the council …

But this belt we now pre may let us go in peace, and not beat sent, so that the soldiers us when we visit this place." untouched Stuyvesant's proposition in relation to land was left " What do you intend by the sachem, and the director asked : to propose about the land ? " The sachem replied, that " it belonged to the chiefs who were not here to-day, and we can He 'promised …

A ronduit, or small fort, was also ; projected at the mouth of the Walkill, and the work of its con Several chiefs came in, shortly after struction commenced. Stuyvesant's departure, and made a present to Stol as further The offering was indemnity for the injuries he had sustained. accompanied by a renewal of their request for the removal of the soldiers, and an exchange of …

begin ; while the Indians regarded the presence of the soldiers as a menace, doubted the director's desire for peace, and feared that it was his intention to attack and destroy them, as he had not yet sent the presents he had promised them. A conference was held with the chiefs Aug. 17, but they denied that they " had any hostile intentions. patiently submit," said they, We " …

saw in them nothing but impending destruction. Nor were the general relations existing between the Indians and the Dutch more favorable. Two soldiers, who had de serted from Fort Orange, were murdered by the Mahicam, and some of the Rarltans had destroyed a family of four persons, at Mespath kil, in order to obtain possession of a small roll of wampum which, in an unguarded …

They were engaged in war with the French, and, finding them selves crippled by the liquor which the Dutch sold to their war riors, asked that the sale be stopped, the liquor kegs plugged up 'find the dealers punished. The gunsmiths refused to repair their arms when they had no wampum this was not generous, The nor was it generous to deny to them powder and lead. ; French …

own country. The professions of friendship on the part of the Dutch were warm, and no doubt sincere, in view of their relations with other tribes. They would remain the brothers of the Mohawks for all time, and would neither fight against them nor leave them in distress when they could help them ; but they could not force their smiths to repair " brothers' fire arms without …

But to aid so steep their horses could not draw the timber. them in their work they gave them fifteen new axes and to assist them in their wars, seventy pounds of powder and a hun ; dred weight of lead were added to their stores. It was at this conference that the Dutch speaker asserted that it was " now sixteen years" since an alliance had been formed with the Mohawks …

refer the matter to their castles. ; but they would little faith in the French, however, for they made treaties and did not observe them ; and when hunting parties of the Mohawks were abroad, they were attacked by the French Indians, among whom a number of Frenchmen were always skulking to knock them on In their request that the Mohawks would not aid the Esopus clans in an …