Ruttenber, E.M. History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River; their origin, manners and customs; tribal and sub-tribal organizations; wars, treaties, etc., etc. Albany: J. Munsell, 1872.

people till age incapacitated him, and younger laborers stepped During his old age, he went to live with his kindred in. at New Stockbridge, where adds to : " It is whom we he died in 1792. New Schoolcraft England clergy, expressly stated by the are indebted for these notices, that his Christian HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. and ministerial character were well approved, and that he …

The foundation of the tribe of the Brothertons is a work due to his him enterprise, foresight and exertions. The practical working of The Brothertons the plan which he introduced was excellent. continued to dwell county together at their first location in Oneida they had well advanced in elementary education and till At this period of their history, they sent delegates to the …

way, in which the experience and wisdom of Occum and his clerical teachers of the done." olden time predicted, it could only be later his During years Occum's reputation passed under a cloud, and before his death he relapsed into some of the worst habits of his tribe ; but this fact cannot detract from his per sonal worth or the excellence of his earlier life. Men can be found …

people, and as being crippled by his He became not only a convert, but an interpreter and a vices. among his Most eloquent is his own account preacher of the word of life. cc of his conversion Brethren, I have been a heathen, and : have grown old among the heathen, therefore I know how the heathen think. Once a preacher came and began to explain answered ' Dost thou to us that …

my hut and He spoke to me nearly as follows I come He sends to you in the name of the Lord of heaven and earth. sat down by me. ' : is willing to make you happy, and the in from which to deliver you you are at present. misery To this end he became a man, gave his life as a ransom for man, and shed his blood for him.' When he had finished, he rrie lay fell is to let you know …

Henry's words to the other Indians." HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. WASAMAPACH removed from Shekomeko to the Delaware, Here he acted as interpreter in the service he also gave instruc held for the Indians on Sunday afternoon tion in Mahican to a number of brethren and sisters who were in August, 1745. ; On the organization of the refugees designed for missionaries. from Shekomeko into …

His gifts were sanctified by the grace of God, and employed in such a manner as to be the means of blessing both to Euro Few of his countrymen could vie with him peans and Indians. in point of Indian oratory. His discourses were full of anima words penetrated like fire into the hearts of his countrymen ; his soul found a rich pasture in the gospel, and whether at home, or on a …

glorious mysteries of the gospel of Christ, and whose strength of will, inspired and sanctified by Christianity, at once triumphed over the vilest passions and most hideous vices by which the human heart can be deformed." SHABASCH, the associate of Wasamapab, is also favorably He became a convert and was baptized He was appointed elder of the under the name of Abraham. spoken …

The proceedings to which he was a party for the recovery of the lands of his people, would occupy a volume. The facts stated in the case, as reported the by lords of trade, on the hearing of NIMHAM, who visited England, for that purpose, are " that the tract of land, the property and possession whereof is claimed by these Indians, and their title disputed, is situated between …

went into your majesty's service under Sir William Johnson, and the residue removed to Stockbridge, for their greater con venience and accommodation that whilst the said sachem and his people were righting under your majesty's banner; all this tract of land was taken up by persons claiming under a grant ; thereof made by the governor of New York .to one Adolph Phillipse in …

state great prejudice and partiality), they applied by petition in February, 1765, to the lieutenant-governor and council, and had a hearing upon their case ; that in the proceedings before the lieutenant governor and council they were treated with great supercilious neglect, the claims of their adversaries countenanced partiality, and a decision given and supported with …

devotion to the cause of the colonists with his life, is from the pen of those against whom he fought, 3 American historians refusing, apparently, to do justice to the memory of one who was wronged in his life and in his death : " Lieut. Col. Simcoe, returning from head-quarters, the 3Oth of August, heard a firing in front, and being informed that Lieut. Col. Emerick had …

Simcoe understood that NIMH AM, an Indian chief, and some of were with the enemy ; and by his spies, who were excellent, he was informed that they were highly elated at the his tribe, retreat of Emerick's corps, and applied light troops at Kingsbridge. it to the whole of the Lieut. Col. Simcoe took measures to increase their belief; and, ordering a be day's provisions to a …

distance, the names being the same, and there he posted himself, and soon after sent from thence a patrol forward upon the road, before Lieut. Col. Simcoe could have time to stop it. Thisa the had not had no ; effect, patrol single man meeting enemy of it deserted, or been taken, the whole attempt had, probably, Lieut. Col. Simcoe, who was half way up a on the tree, top of …

Simcoe, he broke from the column of rangers, with the grenadier company, and, directing Major Ross to conduct the corps to the heights, advanced to the road, and arrived without being perceived, within ten yards HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. They had been intent on the attack on Emerick's corps and the Legion they now gave a yell and fired upon of the Indians. ; the grenadier company …

men were taken but a under afterwards was dis of who them, Stewart, body Major and fled. at the left Indians Point, Though Stony tinguished rebel light infantry and a few of his ; the ambuscade, its greater part, failed, it was of consequence. Near forty of the Indians were killed or desperately wounded ; among others NIMHAM,* a chieftain who had been to England, and it was …

man dragged him knife to stab him, and for his was from horse, searching he out a pocket drew French's hand, when, loosening luckily in situation the the Indian which and shot head, through pistol, struck at an Indian, but missed him ; the his One man of the Legion Cavalry was he was found. and two of the Hussars, wounded." them and one of killed, The battlements of the …

The Savanos was the dialect of the south, and the The progress of the inquiry Wappanoos that of the east. tribes." this classification was slow. Wassanaar writes, "'Tis worthy of remark, that so great a diversity of language exists among the numerous tribes. They vary fre not over five or miles forthwith comes another six quently in resulting in : ; language ; they meet and …

many guttural letters which are formed -more in the throat than by the mouth, teeth, and lips, which our people not being accustomed to, guess at by means of their signs, and then It imagine that they have accomplished something wonderful. is true, one can learn as much as of trading, but this is sufficient for the purposes occurs almost as thumb and fingers as by speaking …

The language of this people is very various ; they are very difficult for strangers to learn as they without any principles." And Van der Donck, are spoken writing in 1656, concludes: "Their languages and dialects are very different, as unlike each other as the Dutch, French, Greek are. Their declensions and conjugations have an the Greek and accord to it. Their declensions …

that in the observation of that writer of the fact that they fre " a dozen things and even more by one name," quently called he had simply failed to note the inflections which constituted But notwithstanding an important principle of the language. the publication of Eliot's grammar in 1666, and the observations of the Jesuit and Moravian priests, it was not until 1819 that Du …

While each Iroquois tribe had its dialect, the generic teristics. language, as spoken by the Five Nations of New York, differed many respects from that spoken by the southern and western in The Algonquin was represented Iroquois families. by equally Edwards says that the Mabi" can was spoken u by all the Indians throughout New England ; that though each tribe had " a different …

The language of the Delawares has an agreeable in common conversation, and public delivery. The dialect spoken by the Unamis and JVunalachtikos is pecu liarly grateful to the ear, and much more easily learnt, by an European, than that of the Monsys^ which is rougher and spoken However, the Monsy dialect is a key to Unamis and Wunalacbtlkos. The latter many have a way of …

The Ottawa is nearly related to the the upon but the Shawanose, Chippewa more immediately to the Delaware. to the The language of the Twichtwees and Wawlachtanos resembles the Sbawanose ; dialect in the Kikapus, and Karhaski, differ from the Delaware Tukachohas, Moshkos, proportion to their in distance from each other, but all are nearly related." The Algonquin dialects spoken …

on the west, the Unami and the Unalachtin are classed as Delaware as distinguished from the Minsi. The Mahican has been preserved, partially at least, as has also to some extent the Long Island, the latter extending along the east side of the Highlands, where it met the Wappanoos, which has been preserved as spoken by its more eastern families in the Massachusetts ; but the …

each will sufficiently illustrate. Man, in Long Island, is wonnun (white man) in Wappinoo or Massachusetts, lenno. wosketomp-, in Mahican neemanoo; in Delaware and Minsi, run ; Mother, in Long Island, is cwca-y in Massachusetts, okaooh ; APPENDIX. Minsi, guy; in Delaware, gabowes. Stone, in Long Island, is sun ; in Massachusetts, bussun; in Ma in Mahican, okegan ; thaunaumka …

among which there is a natural connection. tures of the principle. All the other fea language seem to be subordinate to that general view has been attained by various The object in means of the same tendency and often blended together : a multitude of inflections properly so called ; a still greater num ber of compound words, sometimes formed by the coalescence of primitive …

but if he touches the hand of the Indian^ and in either case he will infer ; my hand that he has received the there is no such word in Indian word for hand, simply, when the language." Schoolcraft, in his explains this principle more fully and defines the idioms and structure of the language. From this treatise the annexed treatise, synopsis is made, presuming that those …

sound of x is also believed to be wanting in all the Algonquin dialects but the Delaware and Mahican of the Hudson valley, in which it is fully heard in Coxsackie, and in a few of the ear geographical terms of New Jersey, the sound of r is repre Thus an alphabet of five vowels and thirteen sented in ah. lier consonants is capable of expressing, either simply or in com In this …

The combinations of cb, sh, and z, are common, as are also those of bw^ dw, gw, and hw. Al expresses the sound of a as in fate ; ah the sound of a as in father ; au, as in fall, auction, and law ; au in in media , in converting ee is ia, as the sound of i alw , ouw and eow appear different moods ib, the the sound of e as in feel ; the sound of o in voice , <?/, verbs …

In a general survey of the language there is perhaps no feature which obtrudes itself so constantly to view, as the principle which separates all words, of whatever denomi nation, into animates and inanimates, as they are applied to This objects in the animal, vegetable, or mineral kingdom. most words, and carries its dis It is the gender of the lan throughout the syntax. but …

number is comparatively limited, being chiefly confined to trees, and those only while they are referred to as whole bodies, and It is to to the various species of fruits, seeds, and esculents. be remarked, however, that the names for animals are only employed as animates, while the objects are referred to as whole and complete species ; but the gender must be changed when it …

There are as many modes of indicating the are as there vowel plural sounds,' yet there is no dis forming it tinction between a limited and an unlimited substantive plural ; al though there is, in the pronoun, an inclusive and an exclusive plu ral. Whether we say man or men, two men or twenty men, the But singular inin-e, and the plural ininewug, remain the same. if we say we …

Thus the term for Our Father, which, in the inclusive Kosinaun, is, in the exclusive, Nosinaun. But the plurals mak The general plural is variously made. take upon themselves an additional power or are distinguished into animates and which substantives sign, by Without this additional power, all nouns plural inanimates. would end in the vowels a, e, /, o, u but to mark the …

Where a noun terminates with the vowel in the singular, the addition of the g, or n, shows at once both the plural and the In other instances, as in peena, a partridge ; seebe, a gender. requires a consonant to precede conformity with a rule previously stated. river ; it and seebe-wun. the plural vowel, in Thus peenal-wug Where the noun singular terminates in the broad instead …

no prefixes and no inflec ing no change of these simple forms at a be But it will tions. seen, glance, how very limited such an application must be in a transpositive language. Distinctions of number are founded upon a modification of the five vowel sounds. Possessives are likewise founded upon the basis of the vowel sounds. There are five declensions of the noun to mark the …

constant and unremitting aim in the Indian languages, to distinguish the actor from the object ; partly by prefixes, and That the termination un is one inseparable suffixes. partly by of these inseparable particles, and that founds the number its of the third person, office, is while it con to designate the APPENDIX. object, appears probable, from the fact that it retains its …

Substantives require, throughout the language, separable or Inflections inseparable pronouns, under the form of prefixes. of the first and second persons, which occupy the place of possessives, and those of the third person, resembling objectives, pertain to words which are either primitives, or denote but a single object, as moose, fire. There is, however, another class of …

Substantives have modifications by which locality, diminution, a defective quality, and the past tense are expressed ; by which various adjectives and adverbal significations are given ; and the substantives themselves converted into verbs. Such finally the of the and modes masculine feminine are, also, indicating yun, thy home; Aindau-d, his is ; (both merged in the animate …

The principal local inflections cealed, or not fully apparent. are ing and oong, which become aing and eeng as the terminal vowel of the noun may require. Ishkodai, fire ; hhkod-aing, Kon, Sebeeng, in or on the river on the snow Azhibik, rock ; Azhibikoong, in or on the rock, &c. The local form pertains either to such nouns of the animate class as are in their nature …

Thus, Ojibwai, a Chippewa, becomes Oji^w-ais, Amik, a beaver, Amik-0.r, a young beaver a little ; Chippewa ; Minnis, an island, Minnis-fl/j, a small island ; Shomin, a grape, Shomin-^/V, a little a small stone ; Sebe, a river, Ossin-m, stone, grape Seb-m, a small river ; Negik, an otter, Negik-w, a small otter ; ; Ossin, a Wakiegun, a house, Wakieg-^wi, a small house. These …

woman, becomes Eckwai-if/V^, a becomes Nebe-^, strong water ; Webeed, a tooth, becomes Webeed-tfw.f, a decayed or aching The rule is nearly universal that the final sound of sh 9 tooth. in any of its forms, is indicative of a faulty quality. Substantives have, therefore, a diminutive form, made in ais^ or aus ; a derogative form, made in isb, eesb, oosh, or ausb ; and a local …

throughout the structure of the language, constituting indeed its fundamental In the plural only of the substantive principle. is the One set of adjective symbols express adjective indicated. the ideas peculiarly appropriate to animates, and another set is exclusively applicable to inanimates. Good and bad, black and white, great and small, handsome and ugly, have such …

waubik, etc., compounds in which the words, red, white, black yellow, etc., unite with aubik. HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. Let this mode of interrogation be continued, and -extended to other adjectives, or the same adjectives applied to other objects, and results equally regular and numerous will appear. we shall be told, is an island ; Minnis, miskominnis, a red island …

Enough has been given to prove that the adjective combines itself with the sub stantive, the verb, and the pronoun ; that the combinations thus produced are numerous, afford concentrated modes of convey ing ideas, and oftentimes happy terms of expression. Varied as the adjective is in its changes, it has no compara A Chippewa cannot say, that one substance is tive inflection …

the adjective. it When the adjective is preceded by the adverb, assumes a negative form. 4. Pronouns. Pronouns are buried, if we may so say, in the structure of the verb. In tracing them back, to their primitive APPENDIX. forms, through the almost infinite variety of modifications which they assume in connection with the verb, substantive, and ad jective, it will facilitate …

The plural of the possessive mine, or my, in the inclusive, is made by k the pronominal sign of the second person, and the usual sub stantive inflection in w /, with a terminal d. The letter o is a mere connective, without meaning. The second person is rendered plural by the particle, au instead of win. The third The examples person has its plural in the common sign of w …

my ; exclusively employed as suffixes ; and as suffixes to the de scriptive substantives, adjectives, and verbs. Relative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns, both animate and inanimate, are found in many forms are very limited. The Algonquin language is in a peculiar sense a language of Originally there appear to have been but three terms, answering to the three persons, I, thou …

To make the suffixed or objective pronouns, they ap pear to have availed themselves of a principle which they had already applied to nouns namely, the principle of indicating, by the letters g or n added to the plural terms, the two great divisions of creation, on which the whole grammatical structure is built namely, the genderic classes of living or inert matter. n, could be …

so easily, that a child need never mistake it. The terminal g or n of each word denotes in all positions, the remembered ; classes of nature, great genderic the of grammar. points two which are the cardinal the regular plurals are respec Agreeably to data furnished, and ain, een, in, on, un, with the addi tively ag, eg, ig, og, ug, tional aug, eeg, and oag, in the vital, and …

These suffixed plural inflections, as before indicated, are yaun, yun, id, or simply d /, you, be, she ; which are changed to plurals personal by the usual inflections of the letter g, making them yaung, we, us, our (ex.) for ye. yung, we, us our (in.), and yaig The vital particle are, is placed before d for the pro ; noun they. As the pronouns are made plural precisely as the …

but they provide for all the nouns and of every' possible kind ; for these, it must be noun-adjectives verbs in remembered, can all be converted, under the plastic rules of the language, into verbs. With a formidable display of vocal terms and inflective forms, there is, therefore, a very simple principle to unravel the lexico graphy, namely, fidelity to the meaning of primary …

If we would know to what class of conjugations a word It will be belongs, we must inquire how the plural is made. borne in mind that all verbs, like all substantives, either termi nate in a vowel sound, or, where they do not, that a vowel sound must be added in making the plural, in order that it may serve as a coalescent for the epicene g or the anti-epicene . Thus man …

The arrangement of the vowelic classes is so important to any correct view of the grammar of the language, and is, at the same time, so regular, euphonious, and philosophical, that it on the mind, by presenting a tabular will impress it the better view of it. t CORRESPONDING CLASSES OF VERBS. Epicene Substantives. 1. 2. Words ending in " " " " 3' "... '*'" . . " 5. a …

a or an e or en i' . n or in 6 or on . . ii in class a . . or iin 6. Radices. The Algonquin language is founded on roots or primary elements having a meaning by themselves. As waub, to see ; paup, to laugh ; wa, to move in space ; bwa^ The theory of its orthography is to employ these sounds in combination, and not as disjunctive elements, primary a voice. which has originated …

to trace its compounds to their embryotic roots, and to seize upon those principles of thought and utterance, by attention to which, there has been created in the forests of America, one of the most polysyllabic and completely transpositive modes of communicating thought that exists. Humboldt applies the term " agglutinated" structure of the language. tion, in defining the If …

dub is the name of the eye-ball, hence ai-aub, to eye, Ozh appears tb be the root of or to see with the eye-ball. contrivance of species designed to float on water. every of light, Wa-mit-ig-o%h, the people of the wooden-made vessel this the Algonquin term for a Frenchman. O%, vessel ; mitig, trees or timbers, and wa^ a plural phrase indicative of persons. is It is the Indian …

compounded from Misb, the primordial root, and Min, a berry, with the The principle of short sound of / thrown in for euphony. euphony requires a vowel to be interposed where two short words meet, which would bring two consonants (as in this case) in expressions which would bring together, and a consonant two vowels together. The enlargement of the word into the class of …

word for mechanical, and all classes of implements, is 'Jegun. To break up (any inanimate substance), is Pegoobidon. or earth is Akki > Akkum, surface of the Land earth. Hence, PegooWassakumibe'ejegun, a plough or breaking-up-land instrument. au is light Biskoona, 'flame. Hence, Was-ko-nen-jegun, a ; candle or light flame instrument. Not only verbs and substantives are thus …

A bad spirit of demon of evil. A bad man. One of the most striking sources of Indian compounds is that The open firmament derived from men's and women's names. of heaven is the derived. field from which these names 'aje generally They are, consequently, sublime or grandiloquent in phraseology ; sometimes poetic, always highly figurative, and HUDSON RIVER INDUNS. The following …

Males have two and sometimes three names, but generally two, one of which may be called his baptismal name, and the other that which he has acquired from some incident or cir cumstance. The former is studiously concealed, and never revealed by the Indian bearing it j the latter is the familiar cog nomen. is characteristic of female names, that they denote the gender in their …

The formation of geographical names is no exception to the rule. Wombi, in the Natick, or Massachusetts dialect, which means white ; the Wappingers are presumed to have spoken, is a termination for azbfbik^ a rock or solid formation /V, or //, of rocks. Hence Wombic, the Indian name mountains o/ signifies bad ; for the White New Hampshire. In the Algonquin, monaud nok and nac …

Housatonick is a trinary, which appears to be composed of wassa, bright, atun, a channel or stream, and from azkebic, rocks ; ick " While it is e., Bright stream flowing through rocks." to of the local translate and perhaps impossible geographi many i. cal names which are found in the valley of the Hudson, from the fact that the language was a mixture of Algonquin, Man hattan …

ples of the polysynthetic languages embrace the rule of concen trating, in their compounds, the full meaning of a word upon a single syllable, and sometimes a single letter. Thus in Alonquin, the particle be denotes water ; wa, inanimate motion ; ga, The sylla personal actidn ; ac, a tree ; bic, a rock or metal. ble tiy in Iroquois, constantly means water ; tar, a rock ; on, a …

justment of syllables to attain the requisite degree of euphony, for the adoption of such compounds by foreign ears. Generally, words of three syllables recommend themselves to the English ear for quantity, in geographical names adopted from an Indian language, as heard in and Toronto. Oswego, Chicago, Ohio, Monadnock, In the terms suggested in the following lists of words …

words, denotes excellence ; oma, a large body of water j non, a place ; gan, a lake ; coda, a plain village, or cluster of houses, &c. " or valley ; oda, a town, By adding the primary syllable of a word, as conveying the entire signification of the word, and employing it as a nominative which are also made use of in their concen words is formed, which are generally shorter …

Terms from the Algonquin. I. we take, from the " As a basis for these terms, vocabulary of analyzed words, the primary terms ad, ab, os, w ud, pat, mo, at, seeb, gon, pew, cbig, naig, ag, mon, tig, cos, pen, mig, won ; meaning respectively deer, home, pebble, mountain, hill, spring, channel or current, river, clayland, iron, shore, sand, water's edge, corn, tree, grass, bird …

Not only can the objective be exchanged for the nomi the qualifying word admits of many euphonious ex but native, terms. changes, and it may itself be employed as an objective, and the nominative itself thrown in the body of the terms as a qualify ing syllable ; producing a set of words like those heard in Peoria and Kaskaskia, where the terminal syllable, ia, denotes fair or …

particle na as heard in Namikong, denotes excellent, abundant, surpassing. By taking this for the objective syllable, and retaining the same nominative, and the same qualifying syllable made use of above, the resulting terms are as follows : Min-ia-na, Ack-ia-na, Tig-ia-na, Mon-ia-na, 2. .... .... ..... .... Terms from the Iroquois. water ; tar, rock ; on^ hill ; Good, fair …

hills ; Tar-i-o, : beautiful waters ; On-ti-o, rocks ; Os-i-o, beautiful beautiful view." Examples of transpositions and elisions are abundantly fur nished, but sufficient have been quoted to illustrate the principle and direct attention to the subject. Instead of Smith's corners, Johnson's mills, arid a class of local terms without significance, might be introduced Na-pee-na …

have been preserved are composed of words spoken in different localities and. at different periods, and frequently mislead the inquirer. Those having occasion to do so, will consult them in their most complete form in Schooler affs History, and in tin's Synopsis. illustrative. The table annexed is introduced as Gallasimply Voca parative APPENDIX. III. GEOGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE …

may be accepted as a fact that the Indians had little of poetry in their" composition, and that, while many of their terms can be made poetical, they were originally of the plainest statement and simplest descriptive equivalents. a large hill or a small one, a small A black hill or a red hill, stream of water or a larger one, or one which was muddy or stony, a field of maize …

Sappokanikan, a point of land on the Hudson below Greenwich avenue, supposed to indicate, and oumgan, a portage. is " the carrying place," from sipon^ river, The Indians carried their canoes either over the point or across the island to East river, at this place, to save the trouble of paddling down to the foot of the island and then up the East river. (O* Callaghari). called …

This is true of city are laid out upon to the the Indian paths Park, where Broadway from the battery forked, one running east to Chatham square, and the other This would lead to Warpoes by west to Tivoli garden, etc. At or beyond paths on the east and west side of the kolck. Warpoes the paths again forked, one leading to Sappokanikan on the Hudson, and the other to Nagbtognk …

the Raritans and the Hackinsacks. Governor's island was called by the Indians, Pagganck ; Bedloe's island, Minnisais ; Ellis' island, Kiosbk; and Blackwell's island, Minna- " at the " the island island," or kanock, the latter signifying ct The word is a compound of Menahan, an island, home." and uck, locality." (O' Callaghan). On the point of land now occupied by Fort Schuyler …

that at a certain time the evil spirit set up a claim against the to but they being as his domain Indians, ; Connecticut, peculiar of course, to try to hold it. The surface of Connecticut and reverse Island then the were Long in possession, determined, of what they are now. The latter was covered with rocks ; Connecticut was free from them. The Indians first tried to with his …

and, as usual, gave up the ground only inch by inch ; and though retiring, still presenting a front whenever attack lected, He kept close to the sound to secure his flank from attack on that side ; and having reached the point, and the water becoming narrow, and the tide running out, and the rocks showing their heads, he availed himself of them, and stepping from one to the …

show the spot where his majesty stood, but insisted that they could still discern the prints of his feet. A projecting point of land on the neck is still called Satan's Toe. HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. Among the natural curiosities of Long Island lake, lying upon the boundary is Ronconcoa line which divides the four towns of Smithtown, Setauket, Islip, and Patchogue. This lake is of …

north and south sides of the island, is a hill known as Marietta, a corruption of the original name, which was Manitou, or the hill of the Great Spirit. The tradition is, that many ages since, the aborigines residing in those parts suffered extremely from the want of water. Under their suffering they offered up That in reply to their prayers to the Great Spirit for relief …

Canoe Place, on the south side of the island, near Southampton, derives its name from the fact, that more than two centuries ago a canal was made there by the Indians, for the purpose of pass their canoes from one bay to the other, that is across the ing island from Mecox bay to Peconlc bay. Although the trench in a great measure filled up, yet its remains are still has been …

Island, as already stated, was called Sewanbackey. the localities, Occopoque (Riverhead), takes its name Long Among from accup, a creek. The Indian village of Accopogue was situ ated on the creek which enters Little Peconic bay on the north Nepeage was the name of the peninsula which unites Montauk to the western part of East Hampton, and is supposed to mean " water land," …

O'Callaghan " on the north end of the island gives the same name to a tract of Manhattans," about 228th street, between Spuyten Duyvel creek on the west and Harlem river on the east. Saw mill creek was called Neperah, from nepe, water, and gave its name to the Indian village of Nappeckamak, which stood on the site of the present village of Yonkers, literally "the rapid water …

Bolton gives the country of the birch bark." keag, country the name to an Indian village which occupied the site of Dobbs' ferry, which he denominates "the place of the bark kettle." Albany Records, m, 379, is this entry " : In Personally appeared Sauwenare, sachem of Wieckqueskeck, Amenameck his brother, and others, all owners, etc.^ of lands situated on North river called …

Phillipse, 1685, it is said, In a deed to Philip (BoltonJ) "a creek called Kitchawan, called by Bolton, however, gives the name of Kitcbawonck to the Croton river. The site of the present vil the Indians Sinksink" lage of Peekskill was called Sackhoes and was occupied by an Teller's point was called Indian village known by that name. Tradition weaves the story that the forms …

The stream may have been densely overshadowed by trees. (O' Callaghan.) Bolton says the name signifies "a run between two hills." The Dutch styled it " Sleepy Haven kil," hence the origin of the Sacrabung^ present term Sleepy Hollow applied to the valley. or mill river, takes its name from sacra, rain. Its liability to freshets after heavy rains, may have given origin to the …

of the Siwanoys, embraces the tract of land now included in the towns of Rye and Harrison. Rye Neck was called Apaw- The town of Morisania was known as Ranachque or The towns of New Castle and Bedford occupy a Raraque. tract called Shappeqlia, a name now applied to the Shappequa quammis. hills, and destined to be remembered from its recent association with trte adjoining name …

In the town of Carmel, in the county of Putnam, is located Lake Macookpack, now Mahopack^ a term probably signifying simply a large inland lake, from The same name was ma large water and aki land. what is now known as The lake is nine miles in cir to applied Copake lake in Columbia county. cumference, and is situated about eighteen hundred feet above On one of the islands of …

airy curtain lifted, and the : shadows rolling back, Shadows of the years that hover o'er the lake of Mahopac Showed me Indian warriors gathered in the wooded island dell, ********** Which the rocks, all worn and moss-clad, and the waters guarded well. Then upon the ledge above them, rose an aged, yet stalwart form, Like some monarch of the f jrest, bending never to the storm …

When the faggots blazed around you, all defiant in your pain; have heard you chant your death-song chieftains, NOW be men again ! APPENDIX. " Snake or traitor hissed that whisper ' : Sell your forests, there is rest On the banks of the Mississippi, on the prairies of the west.' Who the craven counsel uttered " When the Let him in the fire-light stand ? Crouching coward Nay, he …

Where the eagle hath her eyrie, and the rocks their vigils keep. " Twice ten thousand shouts shall answer from the river to the sea ! Fear is failure. Dare, nor falter Craven-hearted, will ye flee ? Go yet on the darkening future, read the sentence of your doom, ! ! As, in letters of the lightning, traced upon a scroll of gloom " Go ! the western tribes shall ! meet you, ye …

resemblance to a molar tooth. approach to a name The nearest the range was that which the Indians " the sometimes applied to themselves Wequekachke, or people for x The Dutch used Hoogland or Hogecountry." land in speaking of the range,' and, like the Indians, gave names of the hill to particular peaks, as Anthony's Nose, Dunderberg, ButtabergJ', etc. Hogeland, or Hoogland …

" would be- u no water or " little water or motion." Another classification would be ma, large water tea, valley or land cc the large water in the scape ; wan, inanimate motion literally ; valley," wan perhaps referring to that portion of the creek near its confluence with the Hudson. What is now known as Wappinger's creek, while appropri ately preserving the name of its …

be changed to Mawenawasigh. Apoquague was the Indian name of what is now called Silver The name signifies " round pond." Wtclake, in Fishkill. was the Indian name of the highest peak in the Fishkill mountains on the south border of East Fishkill, and also of the copee pass or gorge in the mountains through which the Indian trail An Indian castle is traditionally located here …

The Dutch historians are responsible for Wappingers, perhaps from their rendering of the sound of the original word, and per haps as expressing the fact that they were, in the Dutch lan guage, wapen or half-armed Indians. Fourteen miles west of the Hudson and a few miles north of Poughkeepsie was ^uerapoquett^ from whence the boundary of the Sackett tract ran north-east to a …

A tract of meadow land "lying slanting to the Dancing Chamber," north of Wappinger's creek, had boundary a creek called Wynogkee. for 'its eastern Schoolcraft defines Pough signifying safe harbor, from apokeepsing ; but the In early documents the interpretation is open to question. keepsie. as name is variously spelled. In a deed to Arnot Veil, 1680, covering the tract, the …

In the geographical mata and of this district terms ma^ matea, frequently occur. HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. Crum Elbow creek was called Equorsink, and the lands ad joining, on the Hudson, Eaquaquanessink ; so given in a patent to Henry Beekman, the bounds of which ran from the Hudson " east by side of a fresh meadow called frlansakin and a small creek called conier and others …

which the reader will recognize in the change in dialect shown The creek was called Sankpenak. in the geographical terms. In the Livingston patent, of which it formed the southern boundary, the names of a number of localities are given, and, in some cases, their signification. In his first purchase were " three or tracts of u flat lands" called Nekankook, planes" tc a Kickua …

place empties creeks meet being called Mawichnanck." His third purchase at a creek called thence to a place called ; Wachankasigh began u where the heaps of stories lye," near the Wawanaquassick, head of a creek called Nanapenahekan, u which comes out of a APPENDIX. marsh lying near unto the said hills of the said heaps of stones upon which the Indians throw another as they …

and south ends respectively, but from the fact that the Indians had no titles for entire mountain ranges. The name is pro nounced Toh-kon-ick, and is said to have been given to a spring on the west side of the mountains in Copake. Copake lake was called Kookpake. (See Mabopac.} Scompamuck was the name of the locality now covered by the village of Ghent. " where the …

But he did not like to talk on the sub I have observed in ject. every part of the country, and among every tribe of Indians, and among those where I now am in and enjoined it on him. a particular manner, such heaps of stones or sticks col lected on the like occasion as the above. The largest heapever observed, is that large collection of small stones on the mountain between …

The custom referred to had nothing of worship in it, nor was it in recognition of an u unknown God," or of a u local deity." The stone heaps were always by the side of a trail or regularly traveled path, and usually at or near a stream of water. The Indians paused to refresh themselves, and, by throwing a stone or a stick to a certain place, indicated to other travellers that …

Kinderhook is Dutch of course, but is said to have had its origin point was a favorite place for the children of the Indians to practice their games, and perhaps the only point at which they could be observed from vessels passing on in the fact that the the river, as the Dans-Kammer was the devil worship was similarly observed. only point at which There is a fragrance in the …

described as an island over The island opposite Albany known as island. " Scbotack or Poetanock Smack's, was called Aepjen's island." was the name for Mill creek, opposite Albany, and Semesseeck Another tract adjoin which it passed. that for a tract through ing took its name from its owner, Paep-Sikenekomtas^ abbreviated are names the name was Keeseywego of a kil opposite …

Hoosick from the south was called Tomkenack creek, and one from the north bore the name of Poquampacak. Further east Wallomsckock, after taking in several tributary mountain streams from Vermont, adds its waters in considerable volume. the The Indian village of Schaticook which stood at the confluence Hoosick and Hudson, has already been referred to. Dionondahowa is given as …

place of the inflowing waters ; hills ; on, dar, ' Ticonprecipitous rocks, and oga, place." ^uequicke was the name of the falls (Schooler aft.} on the Hoosick east of the bounds of Schaticook, now known In answer to the claim that the Hoosick as Hoosick Falls. takes its name from is " Abraham Hoosac, one of the early settlers, the positive assertion, in one of the first …

Amboy, Heckewelder, is from emboli, and signifies a in the rear Epatittg, place resembling a bowl or bottle. hence of Jersey city, is from ishpa, high, and ink, a place according to a high place, supposed to be Snake hill. Schoolcraft applies the same term to "the Iskpatink, or Espating, (O' Cal/agban.) Arissheck high sandy bank now known as Brooklyn Heights." was the name of …

name of a range of hills lying some twelve miles west of the Hudson Ramspook or Ramapo, a river into which empties " crooked a number of round ponds mouth," refer Pompton, and the in to the manner which Ramapo rivers Ringwood ring into the and themselves down Pompton. pass discharge It is said that the Tappans derived their name from lupbanne, Kua cold stream, signifying the …

The site of the present town of Orangetown was called the Narrasunck lands as late as 1769, a name which probably has its signification in na and unk, " good land." Verdrietig hook, or Tedious point, as the Dutch called it from the fact that it was generally so long in sight from their slowsailing sloops, was called ^uaspeck, from qusuk, a stone. " small rivulet called …

the starting point for the line which divided the counties of and Ulster. That its ijame was derived Orange from some unex- HUDSON RIPER INDUNS. plained event or on the hostile action part of the Waoranecks appears to be conclusively established from the fact that it was applied to it only until it reached the castle of that chieftaincy on the north spur of Schunemunk …

by this stream was possessed by a small tribe of Indians, which has long since become extinct, or incorporated with some other Three or four hundred yards from savage nation of the west. where the stream discharges itself in the Hudson, a white family, of the name of Stacy, had established itself in a log house, by tacit permission of the tribe, to whom Stacy had made himself …

He shook his head, and soon went The next day but said nothing, away. sighed, he came again and behaved in the same manner. Stacy's wife began to think strange of this, and related it to her husband, who advised her to urge the old man to an explanation, the next Accordingly, when he repeated his visit, the day At last the old she was more importunate than usual. * I am a red …

swear, by your Great Spirit, that you will tell none but your " " I have none else to tell." " But will husband ? you " u I do swear ? our Great swear, by Spirit, I will tell none but my husband." " telling ? " Not if "But if my tribe should kill you for not " Naoman then your tribe should kill me for not telling." proceeded to tell her, that, owing to some encroachments of …

u Be haste over the river for safety. quick, and do nothing The that may excite suspicion," said Naoman, as he departed. good wife sought her husband, who was on the river fishing, told him the story, and, as no time was to be lost, they pro ceeded to their boat, which was unluckily filled with water. It took some time to clean it out, and meanwhile, Stacy recol lected his …

the river where their canoes were moored, jumped in and paddled after Stacy, who, by this time, had got some distance out in the stream. They gained on him so fast that twice he dropped his paddle and took up his by telling him that, fired, and they were afterwards overtaken, they would meet with no mercy from the Indians. He accordingly refrained, gun. if he But his wife …

Stacy was first interrogated by one of the old men, Stacy English and interpreted it to the others. refused to betray his informant. His wife was then questioned, the rest. who spoke while at the same moment, two Indians stood threatening the two children with tomahawks, in case she did not confess. She attempted to evade the truth, by declaring that she had a dream the night …

The poor woman looked at her husband, and then at her children* and stole a glance at Naoman, who sat smoking time.' his pipe She wrung her hands, and Wilt thou name the traitor ? 'Tis The agony of the mother waxed it was again she sought the eye of Naoman, but with invincible gravity. wept, but remained silent. the third and last time.' more bitter ; cold and reply …

and it fire, shared the kindness of these Christian white people, I am a withered, leafless, me down if you will I am ready/ A Naoman descended yell of indignation sounded on all sides. was I that told them of their danger. branchless trunk ; cut from the little ; bank where he sat, mantle of skins and submitted to his shrouded fate. his face with his He fell dead at the feet …

range called Sckunemunk, or, as in the early deeds, Skonnemoghky, on the northern spur of which, and near its base was the castle or village of the clan to whom it refers, and where they con settlements had been tinued to reside until after considerable The name is also spelled Skonanoky^ and from derived Shunna, sour, and na excellent, nuk^ apparently local probably referring …

Wawayanda tract, whose wigwam stood beside the spring from which the stream flows. A modern tradition associates the name of Wawastawa, another of the grantors of the tract, with the stream, through his daughter, to whom a Frenchman named The maiden rejected his suit and fled toBoltez made love. HUDSON RIPER INDIANS. wards her father's cabin. Just then her father's shrill …

Jogee Hill, in the town of Minisink, takes its name from and preserves the place of residence of Keghgekapowell alias Joghem. one of the grantors of lands to Governor Dongan in 1684. considerable canton is said to have resided in the vicinity at an early period, and that Jogbem remained an occupant of this hill had departed for the west. Arrowheads and small images of various …

Entering the Hudson south of Newburgh is ^uassaick creek. The name is from qussuk, a stone, and the signification stony Newburgh and partly in New Windsor is what is called Muchattoes Hill, a name apparently derived from brook. Partly in Muhk, red; at, near or by, and os, small a small red hill near the river. North of Newburgh the rocky peninsula known as DansKammer point is …

He had now arrived at such an age that the of his farm were too fatiguing for his declining years ; and Hans being the eldest son, the superintendency necessarily his settlement. affairs devolved on him ; but so important a station could not be pro a vrouw. Hans accordingly perly filled without the assistance of looked among the fair of his acquaintances, and, with the con …

whom she was much attached, who was regarded by some as having intercourse with the an old squaw named Leshee, to but Evil One, and was often consulted even in matters of import ance by the superstitious Dutchmen. The day of the departure was marked by a severe storm, from which Leshee boded illluck ; but the party were impatient of delay, and proceeded on their journey. " The …

Drawing up boats on the sandy beach, they seated themselves on the of the Indians' place of worship partook of their refresh their site ments, joined in the dance, smoked the pipe and told the story. ". In company with one of his friends, Hans wandered over the plain, and on turning espied the sparkling of an eye in a thick cluster of bushes. Knowing that it was no one of his …

" The result was soon manifest. A company of warriors, who had concealed themselves and their canoes above the point, were seen darting forward with appalling velocity. Hans' only hope of escape was his boats. The Indians drew nearer and nearer they were within an arrow's flight, and yet Katrina Hans faltered a moment when and two others were on shore. he saw the danger to …

Hans, always ready in emergency, was prompt in this. He placed the chief before him and proceeded in this manner on board his boat. As he expected, the Indians dared not risk their chieftain's life, for they well knew the quick arm of Hans would place him between the arrow and its intended victim. Just at the point of safety, the Indians separated so that they could kill their …

tied to trees and tortured in all the Then gathering the materials for the fire, they kindled the flame and celebrated the dance of death around their vic devise. tims in fiendish glee, until the forms of Hans and his fair bride were mingled with the ashes of the pyre their embrace of love was at the stake of death. " The remaining captives were treated more humanely, and were …

a portion of the Drowned lands is known from the fact that the Wawayanda patent included the lands which he claimed. In the deed from the Indians, and in the patent, the description implies that the name embraced more than one tract, the lan " " called guage being by the name or names of Wawayanda ; while the deed to Staats is apparently located by the name of Woerawin, a term …

known and occupied lands, or a village and its This explanation accords with the name itself. Wa, according to Schoolcraft, is a reflective plural and may mean be or they, or, by repetition, we ; x it has no descriptive A'mdau-yaun is my home Aindau-yun, significance whatever. his or her home or village. home town Aindau-aud, da, thy From these terms we have Wa-wa-yaun-da …

was called by the Indians Aratkhook, or Akhgook, the Delaware term for snake, the reference no doubt being to the extremely sinuous course of the its flow, which resembles the contortions of a snake when thrown upon a fire. In 1701, Robert Sanders 1 filed a petition for a patent to a tract of land described as " beginning at a fall (/. <?., a stream of water) called Arackbook …

Whereas, Pungnanls is indebted to Robert Sanders the value of seventy pounds, and being ten years gone to the Ottowawas^ and his brother Corpowin^ now going to the war, desires that ye said Robert Sanders may keep the land of his brother, called Ogbotacton, till his brother pays him the said sum of seventy pounds, Robert Sanders comes to me to ask for leave to take this land …

He was parto a high degree, and ticularly designated, by Mr. Miller, as a proper person to furnish the government information in regard to the condition of He rendered himself so obnoxCanada. ious to the French governor there, in consequence of his opposition to the Jesuit missionaries among the Five Nations, that he was the subject of special cornto Governor Dongan in 1687 …

rocks, from skawan, white, and gunk, rock alluding to the white cliffs which face the mountains west of Tuthiltown, is not sustained by any known vocabulary of Indian dialects. The word comes down to us in, two and Cbawangong, the first in the principal forms, Sbawangunk Dutch records of the Esopus In wars, and the second in some of the early English patents. the deed to …

accuracy the bounds of the original It was a section of fine low land, situated mainly on the west side of Shawangunk kil, for about five miles, from near the mouth of the Mary kil, to the mouth of the Dwars kil. Two miles to the west, and near the foot of the mountain, was a flat called Welgbquatenbeuk, the place of wil lows ; and about two miles east, on the Wallkill …

appropriate Acbsinink ; then the settlers along the kil for miles were said to have it for their home ; then the mountains or high its hills running from Rosendale to Minnisink, were thus designated ; And here and finally the precinct and afterwards the township. let it be remarked that the name belongs in no sense whatever to the mountains now bearing it. The Evans patent …

But to what kil and to what locality is Shawangunk relatively Take the map of Ulster county, and notice the posi in tion, respect to each other of the Rondout and of the Sha wangunk kils ; and remember that the Indian paths from one south ? north and south, and one valley to the other, ran almost due and the hunter passed The warrior reason is manifest. good either from the …

stood towards those opposite points of mentioned villages became afterwards < HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. the sites of the old fort and the new fort, mentioned in the second Esopus war." While Mr. Scott's investigation has brought out many facts of interest, it is not clear that he is correct in locating the name, or in explaining its meaning. If the name relates to a particular …

Whether called the north or name apparently from one par ticular locality. This the word itself. The first part or noun of the word, shawan or locality would seem to be indicated in chawan, would seem to be from jewan, swift current or strong stream ; onk or gonk, a place, literally the country of the strong stream, or the rapid water settlement, or if interpreted in con …

found in that section of country. Indeed, so universal is farmer there, that they might well have given this pest of the their name to the stream, the valley, and the mountains. APPENDIX. The name of the Indian castle destroyed by Kregier, and which is described "as being situated at the head of the Kerhonk son," has not been preserveu, unless it has that preservation in the …

Thence following hollow, struck the Rondout at Napanoch. that stream through Wawarsirig and Rochester, it passed over in Marbletown to the Esopus, and skirted the latter to its mouth at Saugerties. The other crossed the mountain range at Minnisink, to the eastern valleys, and followed the Shawangunk, the Wallkill and the Rondout to the Hudson. The first may be distinguished as …

on the 4th of October, he says, " was in the town of Shawan gunk, on the east bank of the Shawangunk kil, and twentyHe adds " Whatever doubts eight miles from Kingston." there may be as to the Kerhonkson village, or the Old fort, there can be none a to that situated on the Shawangunk. : From the first settlement of the country the place has been The New Fort. The village which …

elevation of 75. or 80 feet, and then spreading out into a beautiful sandy plateau of twenty (jr. thirty The hill side is covered with the original forest, and acres. reaching, it broken up into what seem to be artificial mounds. On the edge of the plain overlooking the creek, the fort was situated, and the wigwams a little distance below. To the north, along the kil, flat of …

and through the clove to Marbletown. eastward to the Hudson, through sor, and branching, near the Wallkill, to the south, gave access from the Esopus clans, to the wigwams of the Haverstraws and Hackinsacks." That the valley of the Wallkill was thickly peopled at the time of the discovery, there is no question. Along its banks and tributary streams imperfect but conclusive …

river Pakadasank southerly to a pond called Mallolaudy (Mare- Nothing could more tange), lying on the top of the said hills. and out that which is the right where lies, point pond plainly pond, than the river Pakadasank which takes its rise at the foot of the said hills, opposite the said pond and extends northerly along the foofof the said hills from a place called …

Another stream, called the Little Pakadasank has similar source and outlet. There is reason for supposing that the Indian vil took their name, was in the lage, from which both streams Bancroft present town c f Crawford, Orange county. Library One of the boundaries of the Paltz patent, now known as Paltz point, was called and known by the Indians, Maggrnapogh. u These are to In …

Schoolcraft has preserved a pictographic inscription on the " which, from its antiquity and character appears Esopus rocks, denote the era of the introduction of fire-arms and gun powder among the tribes inhabiting that section of the valley of to He says the Hudson." z : " The location of the inscription is on the western bank of the Hudson, at Esopus landing. Other …

Thus the In pictography when there is nothing new to tell. dian pictography throws a little light on the most rude and un promising scene ; and if the sources of these gratifications are No attempt but small, we are indebted to them for this little. of rude nations to perpetuate an idea is ever wholly lost." Atkarkarton, the Indian name for Kingston, was not the name of an …

obtained " five great flats or plains" called Wachacbkeek, Wichquanachtekok, Pachquyak, Assiskowacbkok, and Pot'ick ; a tract sold to Jacob Lockerman was bounded on the south by a creek called Canasenix, " east on the river in the Great Imbocht where Loveridge leaves off, called by the Indians Peoquanackqua, and west by a place called by the Indians htackanock ; " and Henry …

in regard to the kings have found no other mention. Schobarie, gives a singular of the Mohawks, of which I The Mohawks and River In dians were once bitter enemies, the former becoming the terror Brown states that the last battle and scourge of the latter. between the Mahicans and Mohawks took place on Wanton The ques island, in the Hudson river, not far from Katskil. tion …

gathered and disposed around them for that purpose, as though The they themselves had encamped by their fires as usual. HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. Mahicans following on, landed upon the Island in the depth of Sup night, and were completely taken in by the deception. posing that the Mohawks were sleeping soundly beneath their blankets, after their fatigue, the Mahicans crept up with …