Ruttenber, E.M. History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River; their origin, manners and customs; tribal and sub-tribal organizations; wars, treaties, etc., etc. Albany: J. Munsell, 1872.

Sergeant, Brainerd visited the Delaware country in the At Minnisink he encountered the opposition spring of 1744. of the Indians, 2 but established himself at the Forks of the Dela1 Hccke*welder*s Narrative; Life and Times of David Zeisberger ; LoskiePs History of the Mission of the United Brethren ; contract Memorials of the Moravian Church ; The Moravians in Neiv York and …

me and went away. I then addressed another principal man in the same manner, who sa;d he was willing to hear me. After some time, I followed the my king into his house, and discourse to him : but he talking, and left renewed declined the affair to another, who appeared to be a rational man. He and talked very warmly near a quarter of an hour together; he enquired why I desired …

informed, their presence was a source of weakness rather than Loskiel states that they " instructed of strength to their allies. the Delawares and Iroquois in preparing a peculiar kind of poison," which was capable of infecting whole townships and tribes with "disorders as pernicious as the plague," and that they " Their history, nearly destroyed their own nation by it." until …

But the Indians, he added, were none or them ever hanged for stealing, and yet they did not steal half so much 5 and he supposed that if the Indians should become Christians, they would then be as bad as those, and hereupon he said, they would live as their fathers lived, and go where their fathers were when they died, I then freely owned, lamented, and joined tice. with him …

He died in 1747, of consumption, a martyr to the work which he had un1 dertaken. pie, The Nanticokes, or tide water peohad their seats, when the Europeans first met them, on the eastern shore of Maryland. At the time of the removal referred to in the text they were not considerable in numbers. Gallatin the allies of the Six says they were Nations. Their lands in Maryland were …

policy, the Necariages, a remnant of the once powerful Hurons, or Wyandots, had been induced to visit Albany, in 1723, and to ask to be received as the seventh nation. The commissioners of Indian affairs accepted them as such, 2 but the confederates never acknowledged them. When the Mississagies tendered a similar alliance, however, they were received by the confederates, and …

subsequently gathered several Mahican families who had previ " dis ously found homes with the Mohawks, but who had become " of that tribe ; satisfied with the ruling politics Skaniadaradigk*In 1740, George Clark, then acting governor, secured the assent of the " take Six Nations to the proposition to into the covenant chain all the nations of Indians lying to the westward and …

They were at treaty conference for the last time in Colonial History, vn, 259. Colonial History, v, 675. 1755. They were subsequently called the Onoghquageys, Oghquagas, Aughquages, Ochquaquas, Onenhoghkwages, Auquaguas, OnehohIndex Colonial History ; Pro quages, etc. ceedings of the Provincial Convention of New York, n, 340, 419, 423, etc. Dr. O'Callaghan says they were …

from Maryland, a portion of the Cbugnuts* a Susquehanna family, and several clans of the Minsis or Esopus Indians river 3 They were living upon the east branch of the Delaware not without favorable record in the wars of 1745 and I755, 4 roonas, ; but derive their historic interest mainly from the distinguished services of their chief, Thomas King, 5 and from the fact that …

Meanwhile the Esopus clans who had not followed the for tunes of their kindred, the Minsis, maintained their succession of sachems and held annual conferences with the justices at Kings Thither came Ankerop, chief sachem, in 1722, and tc white man had offered violence to an Indian complained that a ton. 9 of Aughquages and Mahicanders under Thomas, an Aughquage chief. Ibid …

The Delaware Indians, who live on the east branch of the Delaware river, near the head of it, have given us the strongest assurances that they will live and 50. die with us." Colonial History, vu, " I assure your excellency I never saw better inclined to assist us than Colonial History, vi, 361. they are." 5 This chief was actively employed as the principal deputy of the Five …

whom he had met carrying rum," and the justices promised the punishment of the offender. The justices, on their part, charged that the Indians " had hired negroes to fight against the Christ Not a conference passed ians/' which the sachem denied. without a claim for lands taken from the Indians without com pensation, many of them entirely unfounded, according to the English …

converts in Pennsylvania, but to them as an organization no The people - of Kingston missionary work was undertaken. cared little for their own improvement, much less for that of the Indians, and preferred rather to earn for themselves the sobri " the Sodom of New York," than to perform those quet of acts of charity and mercy which spring from a proper apprecia tion of the …

The result of these and other changes was, that at the close of the half century the Lenapes had an active, vigorous organ ization of five tribes j the Iroquois^ one of seven tribes, and the i, Memorials of the Moravian Church, sions with the addition of the Shawanoes 58. Colonial History, vn, 869. and Mafricans. There were also several detached clans of minor importance …

Fugi tives from the fields on which he had met disaster, bore them to congenial soil among the Lenapes and Skawanoes ; to the north, among the Abenaquis, sharpening their desire for revenges which were unatoned ; on the prairies of the west and amid the wilder nesses of Canada, they were the theme of thought and prepara The English saw the gathering storm and sought shelter …

We are inclined to peace, till some of his majesty's subjects, and then we the enemy attack will join together to defend ourselves against them. The conference with them in October of the following year The chiefs thanked the governor successful. was not more which he had given them concerning the hatchet which they accepted they would keep in but the war, " in alliance with a …

dors were met in the most cordial manner. Mahican chief, " I ask you a question. Uncle," said the hear you have agreed Mohawks to sit still, in case of war between You well know how that matter is. I desire you to tell me what we are to do in that affair. If you those we must are to see sit still, we will sit still. If we say " Indians help their friends, we must help ours." …

England authorities had erected a chain of stockades and block houses along the frontier from Maine to the Connecticut river, and from thence across the Hoosic mountains to the territory of New York. Upon the Hoosic river, within the bounds of what is now the town of Adams, one of these blockhouses, known as Fort Massachusetts, was attacked in August, 1746, by a force under …

expected and ordered them to join with their whole force in the "a contest, thereby giving them glorious opportunity of establish ing their fame and renown over all the Indian nations in America,' cc by the conquest of their inveterate enemies, the French, "who, however much they might " dissemble and profess friendship," would never forget the slaughter which the Five Nations …

you now call upon us we are ready, and do declare, from the bottom of our hearts, that we will from this day make use of it To this determination against the French and their children." the Mabicans and the Schaticooks gave their assent. But nothing more than a petty warfare followed. In New England the English suffered some disasters, but in New York they escaped, with the …

a successful attack in the summer of 1 747, but at the Cascades they were defeated with loss. Pending formidable aggressive movements against the French, the war was closed by the treaty of peace at Aix la Chapelle. The news of the conclusion of this treaty reached Governor Clinton on the eve of the assemblage at Albany of a grand con ference, with the Six Nations and their …

" covenant chain " was brightened in ancient form, but instead " of the command, " Onto Canada which Clinton had expected ! " Peace " was the to issue, injunction which fell upon the ears ! of the assembled chiefs. The Mohawk's, and Mahicans, the representative tribes ad dressed, were disappointed. While the other tribes in the English alliance had, with the exception of a few …

was completed in June, 1750.* the Mohawks carried the For two or three years later hatchet in their hands, the English having neglected to call them together and remove it by a dis tribution of presents, a custom for which they had a most tena cious regard. In the meantime, five tribes of the confederacy made peace with the French, asserting thereby not only their national in …

THE INDIAN TRIBES THE WAR OF REHABILITATION OF THE LENAPES THE CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC. AND SHAWANOES | HE treaty of Aix la Chapelle was a very imperfect paper. By its Acadia, with Great Britain stipulations its ; "all Nova Scotia, or dependencies," was ceded to the " subjects of France, inhabit ants of Canada," were not to " disturb or molest in any man ner whatever," the Five …

then were the prohibitions of the treaty void, so far as they circumscribed the operations of the French or defined the boundaries of their possessions. interpretation, the French Availing themselves of this forstalled the English by securing from the Onondagas, Senecas, Cayugas^and Qneidas, the declara tion already quoted that they were independent tribes, and re sumed the …

and the lilies of the Bourbons were nailed to forest trees in token of possession. 1 The determination of the French reopened the original con The establishment of the contemplated forts was troversy. Not only would with fraught danger to the English colonies. country belonged to France, they cut off the western Indian trade, but would build up a power behind the English …

thousand acres, this company sent out, in Oc tober, 1750, Christopher Gist to make treaties with the Indians and select locations for colonies, while Pennsylvania, for a similar purpose, dispatched George Croghan. At Logstown, these agents met and together prosecuted surveys, and consum mated treaties, covering a broad expanse of territory, resting from their labors in the …

Life and Times of Sir Wm, Johnson, i, 386, etc. 1HE INDIAN TRIBES to his council, and added to the pending conflict a third party in the aboriginal proprietors who were resolved to defeat interest the purposes of their European neighbors in such manner as opportunity should develop. Strong in all the resources of civil and military centralization, the government of Canada …

Promptly voting 10,000, Virginia dispatched, in May, a force of one hundred and fifty men, under Washington, to the invaded territory, instructed " to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the Not a moment English settlements." too soon did he reach the field. The French, sweeping down from Venango, had compelled the English to evacuate the trad ing post which …

Washington was severely criticised for attack, and was charged with the Memoirs Hist. murder of Jumonville. this Soc. Penn., v, 45, etc. OF HUDSON'S RIVER. disaster, a soldier reached the headquarters of the mandant ; a council of war was French com instantly assembled ; its deli berations almost as instantly resulted in sending out an over whelming force to meet and crush the …

had formerly been exercised by the Five Nations, when, armed by the English, they had first been commissioned a roving police over their contemporary tribes. In this respect the change had been wonderful indeed since the confederates rallied in the war of 1688. The liberality of the French had removed much of the ancient prejudice against them ; the labors of the priests had …

Perhaps this result was due in a great measure to the policy of the English in seeking through their alliances the promotion of trade ; in neglecting to supply them with priests as selfsacrificing as were those sent out by France ; in supplying the more immediate tribes with intoxicating liquors to their destruc tion, and in failing to cultivate the intimate relations with …

the English settlements; as allies, they would still interpose a barrier to the incursions of their relatives in the Canada alliance. Their threats x intimidated Clinton the rapidity with which events ; were culminating in hostilities, aroused the reluctant assembly ; the funds necessary to provide presents for a renewal of the ancient alliance with them was voted, and Colonel …

The conference at Albany was appointed for the fourteenth of June, 1754, and was to be held in conjunction with a con vention of delegates from the several colonies, called to consider a The attendance plan for a general union for mutual protection. was not large ; the colonies were not fully represented ; the con federates were still halting between two opinions. The proceed …

It appears to us that their mea sures must necessarily soon interrupt and destroy all trade and intercourse between the English and the several Indian nations on the continent, and will block up and obstruct the great roads, which have hitherto been kept open, between you and your allies and friends who live at a distance. want, therefore, to We know whether these things …

But the Indians of Canada come frequently and smoke here, which is for the sake of their beaver. But we We have not yet confirmed the peace with them. hate them. we are not strengthened by con have would we gone and taken Crown point, but quest ; had concluded to go and take it, but we you hindered us. it too late and that that was the ice would not bear were told 'Tis your …

New York, as well as those living under the go vernment of Massachusetts, were present, and also the Schaticooks. thorities of The latter, replying to the governor, said ; u Your honor may see that we are young and inexperienced, our ancient people being almost all dead, so that 'we have nobody to give us ad vice, but we will do as our fathers have done before us." The re …

had been made to conciliate the chiefs, and presents and promises were lavished upon them. " We are The heart of Hendrik grew happy. highly pleased that all things have been so amicably " and said he, settled," hope that all that has passed between us may be strictly observed on both sides. If we do not hold chain of friendship, our enemies will laugh us to Thirty wagons …

* Colonial History, vn, 956. OF HUDSON'S RIPER. Sundry individuals of Connecticut had, after exploring the Susquehanna valley, determined to locate a settlement at Wyoming. The territory being regarded as the property of the Six Nations, although in the occupation of the Lenapes and their confederated clans, a deputation was sent to Albany to confer with them and effect its …

to their purchase of 1737, "a tract of land between the Blue mountain and the forks of the Susquehanna river." These purchases were not made in open council with the representatives of the Iribes, but from a few of the chiefs, several of whom when they signed the deed of but the purchasers, and especially the Connecticut conveyance; were a in upon their validity. convention of …

Regarding the transfer of powers to a confederate organization as too much of an encroachment upon the liberties of the people, the colonial assemblies refused their assent, while the parent Known as the Susquehanna company. It was organized in 1753. i, Life and Times of Sir 468, etc. Wm. Johnson, THE INDIAN TRIBES government rejected the plan on the ground that it favored the …

assailants, or were carried away captive. Even more disastrous results were inaugurated in Pennsyl vania and the Ohio country when the Albany purchases became known. The Senecas openly repudiated the contract. The were occupied by their lands which had been sold were theirs their children and allies, and they would not listen to its sale. ; Their principal chief, who had been …

of August a party of to be of Bekancourt, a place between Quebeck and Montreal, made an incursion into this province and burnt the houses and barns full of at Hoosic, a place lying about grain eighteen or twenty miles east from that part of Hudson's river which is ten miles above Albany. They carried off with them the few remaining Indians at Schaticook, being between fifty …

OF HUDSON'S RIVER. half ; " thence to the Delaware again, and so down to the place the later, Penn's successors were of beginning. Sixty years to secure as good a bargain surveyors of this tract, and, in order " as possible, prepared a road for the walk," provided expedi tious means of crossing the intersecting streams, and selected the swiftest pedestrians in the province …

The famous Minnisink patent covered lands which had been purchased from them but never paid for, the purchasers having made the grantors drunk pending the execution of the deed, obtained their signatures when they knew not what they were doing, and then refused the promised com The pensation on the plea that it had already been given. Esopus chiefs, and the Hackinsacks and …

" The examinant (John Morris) says he often heard the Delawares say that the reason of their quarrelling with and killing the English in that part of the country was on account of their lands which the Pennsylvania government cheated them out of, and drove them from their settlement at Shamokin by crowding upon them, and by that means spoiled their hunting, and that the people …

the Lenapes to yield possession of the lands. you ; we made women of you u We conquered we charge you to remove in we don't give you liberty to think about it we assign stantly ; ; ; you two places to go to, either to Wyoming or Shamoking," was their answer, and the debate was closed. The Lenapes had removed as they were bidden, and settled in the valley of Wyoming, but with …

means they had been despoiled of their former homes, they resolved to fight to the last in defense of their rights ; to revenge this last the well bosoms and crowning outrage, and to wipe away with blood remembered wrongs which had rankled in their for years. The chiefs of the east met those of the west in council at Alleghany, rehearsed the wrongs which they had suffered, and …

The Senecas gave them arms, removed from ing alliances. them the petticoat, and bade them take the hatchet the " six ; . different nations of French Indians "2 plead their cause with the " to break the entreated them " advised and Mohawks, and " have some consideration for those Albany sales, and to they 'called brothers;" the council at Onondaga repudiated the offensive …

promiscuously tomahawked or scalped, or hurried away into There distant captivity, for torture or for coveted ransom. was literally a of fire by night and a pillar and cloud by day going up along the horizon, marking the progress of the relentless Indians, as they dealt out death, and pillage, and con pillar flagration, and drove before them, in midwinter's flight, hundreds of …

ploits on record they would form an interesting document, though a shocking His person was small, but in point one. of courage and activity, he was said never to have been exceeded by any one." (Hcckciu elders Narrative, 64). Pennsylvania offered 200 for his scalp. His brother, Tamaque, was a chief. also Ib,, or distinguished 61, 64. King Beaver, warrior and THE INDIAN TRIBES …

month when all the settlements along the Susquehanna, between Shamokin and Hunter's mill, for a distance of fifty miles, were Early in November the Great and Little hopelessly deserted. Cove were attacked and the inhabitants either put to death or taken prisoners, and the settlements totally destroyed. These blows were promptly seconded by the eastern organ ization under …

Gnadenhutten was surprised and ten of its converts scalped, or shot, or tomahawked, or burned to death in their dwellings. This was but the prelude to the tragedy which was to be per formed. Along the northern line of the tract which had been so fraudulently surveyed, the tide of devastation rolled its black Within a month, fifty farm houses were plun ening current. and dered …

while such of the poor planters who, with their wives, children and servants, escaped from the enemy, have been obliged, in this inclement season of the year, to abandon their habitations almost naked, and to throw themselves upon the charity of those who dwell in the interior of the province."' The Minsis, unleashed, performed their part clan, it will for each tribal be borne …

northern part of Orange and southern part of Ulster, were kept in almost perpetual alarm and under such " continued military duty as to be rendered incapable of taking care of their private affairs for the support of their families." An extent of country, on the west side of the Wallkill, of fifteen miles in length and seven or eight in breadth, which was "well and thickly …

Benjamin Sutton and one Rude, two of Goshen militia, were killed at Minnisink Morgan Owen was killed and scalped about four miles from Goshen a woman, Philip Swartwout's ; the ; ; taken prisoner at Minnisink, was killed and her body cut in halves and left by the highway ; Silas Hulet's house was robbed and " From about the drowned lands he himself narrowly escaped. down the …

mand of Colonel Johnson, was to have for its object the capture of Crown point, for which purpose he was to have the militia of New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut, and the warriors of the Six Nations under his command. To aid in securing the services of the latter, as well as to effect a more complete organization of the Indian alliances, he was appointed superin tendent …

miles within the settlements at Minnisink, is about sixteen miles from river." Hudson's Affidavit of James Hoivell, York Manuscripts, LXXXII, 107, etc. Colonial History, vi, 961. New O.P HUDSON'S acquainting them of come and meet him. RIPER. appointment and asking them to Over a thousand sons of the forest his accepted the invitation, and, on the 2ist of June, seated them …

the disgraceful termination of the con test of 1745, their relations with their Canada brethren ; indeed, there was apparently no end to the reasons which they could not assign to conceal their indifference to the English cause and the divisions which existed among themselves. From this boasted " bulwark " against the French, turn for t a moment to the conduct of the nations …

number of fifty, left Albany with Johnson on the 8th of Au At the " carrying place " some two hundred warriors gust. joined him, thirty-five giving to him, with the militia, a force of about hundred men. The French, marching in about equal force to attack Oswego, were called back and sent, under Baron Dieskau, to the defense of Crown point. Leaving the of his forces that at …

the French pursued and sumed the battle under the walls of Johnson's position. re After a severe engagement, from twelve until four o'clock, the French retreated. The losses on both sides were heavy, that of the English being one hundred and fifty-eight killed, including King Hendrik and thirty-eight of his warriors, ninety-two wounded and sixty-two missing, while that of the …

southern part of New York, as well as in New Jersdy and " burned several out settlements Pennsylvania ;" that they had and killed many people who had never offended them ;" that as the offenders were " looked upon as allies and dependents of the Six Nations," and living within the limits of their country, was expected that they would reprimand them " for what they had already …

to any more bloodshed." The loyal Seneca villages 2 exercised in the same direction. Visited by a party of to persuade them on their to tried Lenapes Niagara, they way to stop, and called to their aid their most venerable chief; but neither belts nor personal appeals had any effect upon the fol their influence lowers of Shingas. Replying to the loyal Senecas they ex claimed " …

them with billets of wood." In reply, the commandant gave them a hatchet, and arms and ammunition, and lighted afresh the torch of war which they had waved along the borders. Not more successful were the direct appeals of Johnson's " Get embassadors to Shingas. sober," said they to him, in the metaphorical language of Indian speech u Get sober your But the days of yore actions …

speaking of themselves in Five Nations only official transactions were recognized. The Tuscaroras had no territorial rights or authority. The Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas preferred neutrality, with the exception of two Seneca villages loyal to the English. who remained As already stated, the great bulk of the Senecas were actively aiding the French. * iv, Manuscripts of Sir …

or it " would not be well ;" for this they would wait -two months, and if the captives were then returned, they would " corttrive to make up the matter and settle affairs, and not till then ;" meanwhile they promised that their young men who were on the war path should be called back." 2 In February, 1756, Johnson again called the attention of his the matter, and reminded them …

their efforts, and would appoint a meeting at Otseningo, at which, representation of the tribes, they would endeavor to exercise that influence in which they had hitherto failed. by a full Pending this new mission, a delegation of friendly Lenapes The conference, on the 2Qth of February. Oneida and Tuscarora embassadors opened the proceedings, and stated that the Shawanoes …

cared for and supplied with arms and ammunition. Adam, on the part of the latter, expressed his appreciation of the kindness which they had received, and promised never to forget it. The visit was of no significance touching the action of the Lenapes proper, but appears to have been gotten up to indicate that the Oneidas and Tuscaroras still had the influence which they …

Johnson accepted the proposition; he would hold a council at Onondaga twenty days hence, and charged the chiefs, then present with the duty of extending the invitation. About the same time an important change took place in the Lenape government. Tadame, their king, was treacherously murdered, but by whom is not stated, and Teedyuscung, that " lusty, raw-boned man," whose voice …

meantime, Pennsylvania declared war against the and Shawanoes^ and sent out a force of three hundred Lenapes In the men, under the charge of Benjamin Franklin, to build a fort at GnadenhutteR 1 or Shamokin, and restore the fugitive Moravian Indians and their missionaries to their lands. the policy of these movements, regarding it Johnson doubted as the part of wis dom to have …

Teedyuscung made his appearance, but would do nothing, and the conference was adjourned to Mount Johnson. 3 The adjourned conference was more successful. Teedyus himself that the English were not only sincere in their desire for peace, but had been convinced that cung, having satisfied the Six Nations, in their present condition, were wholly unable to control his people, made …

It was built in Januarv *7$6j by soon Dismissing him, Johnson called the confederate Benjamin Franklin. Pennsylvania Colonial Records, vu, 15. There were only two young warriors of the Delaware nation present. Colonial History, vii, 146. Neither did the deputation Delawares come till near upon a conclusion. vu, 153. from the was that meeting Colonial History, OF HUDSON'S …

A formal declaration or covenant of peace and then was made, and the war dance celebrated. friendship Still Johnson was not altogether satisfied that his work was He knew that the Lenapes^ and their allies, aspired well done. to if they did not possess the independence which they claimed, and that so long as this was denied, peace would not be possible. The necessities of the …

were " hereafter to be considered as men," by all their brethren the English, u and no longer as women," and expressed the hope that the Six Nations would follow his example and remove the "invidious distinction." 2 Decking the chiefs with medals, and the kings with silver gorgets, he covered the em from his presence a rehabi bers of the council-fire, and sent litated race …

clans of Minsis and Mahicans, who remained in the Hudson, were not neglected. valley of the To the former, proclamation was made in December, 1755, through the justices of Ulster, " back inviting them to remove from the settlements, where be taken for enemies and to the " towns they might destroyed," where they would be protected and assisted." Accepting these but the promised …

Under the cir cumstances in which they were placed, they readily accepted the offer which was made to them to remove to the Mohawk To that end Mohawk chiefs were sent to them, with country. charity as an interpreter, and provision made for their transportation. On the 22d of May they appeared before Johnson, were ad dressed and assigned to lands in the Schoharie county. 3 Many …

Near Walden, Orange county, in the New York. ate of New York Manuscripts, LXXXII, 88; Documentary History of New York, H, 763,764. Colonial History, 11,94/96, 100,113. OF HUDSON'S RIVER. your power to the Indians who are going down, and take care that no just cause of dissatisfaction be will give all assistance in When Johnson returned to his residence on given to them." the …

the subsequent assemblies of the tribes took their place as the allies of the Senecas, After serving Johnson faithfully for a time, and especially in his expedition against Crown point, they joined the fortunes of their brethren in the Lenape confederation and lost their identity in their subsequent wars. The peace which Johnson had made with Teedyuscung was In consenting to …

and such was the interpretation which Teedyuscung himself and the Senecas appointed lands for you Manuscripts of Sir Wm. Johnson, iv, cultivate. Call all your dispersed brethren together and sit down here with to 54. Colonial History , vn, 153. Jonathan, who conference of " last April 23d, 1757, spring, with this belt the Nanticokes took us by the hand and bid us sit down by …

they are removing to Otsiningo." nial History, vu, 253. Colo- THE INDIAN TRIBES Monakadook, the Seneca Halfgave to Johnson's jurisdiction. had been who the sent to Ohio Lenapes to invite them to King, Onondaga, was the bearer of a message from them to the On his arrival he found that Teedyuscung had pre governor. ceded him, and had informed him that he had been empowered by …

having had concealed from him failed to control the Lenapes, hoping to effect the end which he sought by other means, with a view to maintain a reputation their further action in the matter, which they no longer possessed. 4 inquiry at Onondaga in Johnson promised to make What the result regard to the matter. of this inquiry was does not appear; but the governor of Penn …

Captain Newcastle, in October, inquiring the character and credentials of Teedyuscung, and, it is said was informed by one of the Six Nations that the Delaware chief "did not speak the truth when he told the governor that he had authority from the Six Nations to treat with Onas." This inference is strengthened by the speech of the Mohawk orator at Lancaster. "In former times …

To the governor's inquiry for speci wrongs in the sale of lands, he go for an instance. This very it with his foot), was my land by fications in regard to alleged " I have not far to replied : ground under me (striking inheritance, and is taken from me by fraud. When I say this ground, I mean all the land lying between Tohiccon creek and Wyoming, on the" river Susquehanna. I …

moved, and the proprietaries, ready to purchase lands, buy of one chief what belongs to another, this likewise is fraud." In regard to the lands on the Delaware, he said his people had never been since the treaty of 1737. The boundary of the land then sold was to have gone only "as far as a man could walk in a day and a half from Nashamony creek," yet the person satisfied He …

They would listen to no explanations and Canasaexplaining ; ; had abused them, and called them women. The Six Nations had, however, given to them and the Shawanoes the x teego lands upon the Susquehanna and Juniatta for hunting grounds, and had so informed the governor ; but notwithstanding this the white men were allowed to go and settle upon those lands. A viceroy chieftain …

them, and hoped that justice might be done to his people. The conference continued nine days, and was the occasion for the display of no little tact and good judgment on the part of Governor Denny, as well as on that of Teedyuscung. former, as some of the Iroquois chiefs expressed The " put his hand into Teedyuscung's bosom, and was so successful as to draw out the secret …

He proposed represented to make action binding. held at Lancaster in the spring, at be should meeting which all the matters in dispute should be definitely adjusted, properly that a and with that understanding the council closed. But at the meeting which was then appointed, Teedyuscung was not present, 3 and it was not until the 2ist of July that the On its assemblage the …

Surrounded by three hundred of his vestigation was had. counselled people by Paxinos, chief of the Shawanoes, and Abrachief the of Mahicans^ and advised by a delegation of ham^ one of whom, Charles Thompson, acted as his clerk, Quakers, ; Teedyuscung conducted his case. " The land is the cause of our difference," said he, " and if I can now prevail with you, as hope I shall …

hours' walk, the proprietors have, contrary to agreement or bar gain, taken in more lands than they ought to have done, and I therefore now desire that you lands that belonged to others. which you hold the land them be read in public and examined, that it may be known from what Indians you bought the lands you hold will produce the writings and deeds by and fully let What is …

At this council Teedyuscung insisted upon having a secretary of his own selec- He was Philadelphia, was appointed. afterwards secretary to the Continental to take down the proThe ceedings in behalf of the Indians, demand was considered extraordinary and years. tion appointed, was opposed by Governor Denny. Teedyuscung persisted in his demand, and it was finally acceded to …

he may be an honest and sincere do understand he treats his Indians very well, but ; we are sensible that some of the nations are there that have .been instrumental to this misunderstanding in selling lands in this province, having in former years usurped that authority and women, and threatened to take us by the foretop, But after a long space I believe and throw us aside as …

nesses that you are wealthy and powerful, and well disposed to come in as brothers, I will let them know Those who come to me with hostile intent, I will stop, assist such as shall it. and if they will not by reasonable terms turn about and join with me, I will then make an end of them or they of me ; and if there is a great number, so that I may not be able to with stand …

Colonial History, vu, 313. OF HUDSON'S RIPER. may remember I was styled by my uncles, the Six Nations, a woman in former years, and had no hatchet in my hand, but a But now, brethren, here are some pestle or hominy pounder. of my uncles who are present to witness the truth of this. As had np tomahawk and my uncles were always styled men and had tomahawks in their hands, they …

The Six Nations, whose consequence he never forgot to magnify, would " never be satisfied " unless the deeds of the Albany purchase were " surrendered up, and the claims founded thereon in a great mea " sure set aside ; the Lenapes were equally determined, testimony having been furnished him that they had been heard to declare " most " solemnly" that they would never leave off …

on the Ohio, his allies and kindred spurned the overtures made Sendto them and maintained their alliance with the French. Colonial History , vn, 331. ^ THE INDIAN TRIBES ing their emissaries eastward, the latter propagated prejudices against the good intentions of the English, magnified the prowess, kindness and generosity of the French, and successfully plead the wrongs which …

Some time in the first part of October, in Ulster county, the Indians fired into the furthermost house in Rochester, and women, but were repulsed by two men. 4 Just before the other Indians came up, one of the company that was fore killed two most seized a young woman as she was washing at the door upon which she screamed out another woman rescued her, beat ofF the Indian and …

Coll., v. 3 " I am inclined to think the Minnisink Indians who formerly lived on those lands, the only are at least the chief perpetrators of those hostilities and ravages which the frontiers of your province and if not that of New York, have and are daily suffering." Johnson to Gov. of New Jer- * The official account states that this raid was by a party of Senecas and river …

they were joined by two Indians with they had taken that day, and killed and scalped another, in one Anthony Westbrook's field, near Minnisink, so man captives called, Not long Susquehanna county, if I mistake not. where to his great surprise he found in after Cole returned home ; his four children murdered, and his wife and other son missing. fort, and got Upon which he went …

The woman they led with a giving a yell after their manner. her and the about neck, string boy by the hand ; who, finding themselves loose, made their escape along the road, and happily met at James McCarty's house, the boy first, and afterward the woman. " The daughter of one widow Walling, living near Fort between Goshen and Minnisink, going out to pick up Gardiner, some …

the same time, in THE INDUN TRIBES the frontiers of the Jerseys, a house was beset by a party of In where were seventeen persons, who were killed, as I A man and a boy traveling on the road with their muskets were fired on by some Indians in ambush. The man was killed ; but the boy escaped, having first killed one of the Indians. Not far from this time whether before or dians …

fect protection, however, and, as already shown, were themselves the object of hostile attack. There was some excuse on the part of the Indians for the The proprietaries of Pennsylvania had manifested no willingness to relinquish their claim to the lands which they had so fraudulently acquired, nor had New continuance of hostilities. To Johnson's letter to Jersey made …

These blockhouses were joined on the south by those erected by New Jersey of which the fort. While the two spies returned to inform their party, a small company of soldiers, marching from New Jersey to Esopus, came along and stopped at the fort, They were scarcely seated before the Indians rushed in and fell on the men with their tomahawks. The soldiers fled to the chamber …

Teedyus1 cung attended as the representative of thirteen nations, assumed the position which he had formerly occupied, and sustained eloquence and dignity. Finding that nothing could be done unless the land question was satisfactorily dishimself with *posed of, the proprietaries came forward and surrendered the confirmatory deed which had been received from the Six Nations …

The tribes represented were classified Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, the Cayugas, Senecas, and Tuscaroras, comprising the Six Nations, the Nanticokes, Conoys, Tuteloes, and Chugnuts, of the Susquehannah j the Lenapes, Minsis,Shawanoes, Mahicans, and Wappingers of In the Wappingers will the Delaware. be recognized the families gathered at Fishkill in 1756, and in the Mahicans …

were returned April 13, 1759. at Canajoharie, THE INDIAN TRIBES Qnondagas, and Gayngas, threw off the disguise of active friend ship which they had professed for the English, and sent a large " Our belt to Canada to make peace with the French. promise," " to remain firm to the English was given with the war should be prosecuted vigorously ;" now that they saw the French …

Although by its terms the English were not deprived of any numerical force, yet the fact that the confederacy was divided in its allegiance had its influence at home as well as among the The Mohawks were compromised by it, and became idle spectators to the numerous incursions of the French Indians, whjle to the Indians of the Ohio country it was nations more remote. an …

Ipok upon the covenant chain as absolutely broken between us." This promise they gave, and their neutrality was confirmed. With war rolling its folds of fire on the north and west, and within their bosom who were indifferent if not willing had no mean task before spectators to its progress, the English them to retain their supremacy. At one time, indeed, even allies this …

Usually the first, they were now the last to yield. The Senecas joined them ; the Lenapes saw all their ancient wrongs repeated and riveted upon them in the success of the English. Already had the advanced couriers of the the latter penetrated Ohio valley ; here and there in convenient proximity forts had been erected to overawe them and protect their enemies. Every promise …

gave and Shawanoes, nine hundred ; two hundred ; warriors ; the Mahicans and Wyandots, the Ottawa confederacy under Pontiac a num ber equal to their allies. Moving quickly to their work, one after another, LeBoeuf, Verrango, Presque Isle, Sandusky, St. and Michillimackinac fell into the hands of Joseph, Miami, the conspirators. save a country ; prevent the downof the British …

Manuscripts, xxiv, 186. THE INDIAN TRIBES The Mohawks^ Oneidas, Tuscaroras^ Onondagas and Cayugas held to their covenant with the English, but only as neutrals. Teedyuscung followed their Easton, in May, 1762, fully adjusted his prietaries. It example, having, in a treaty at dispute with the pro The Senecas and the western was his last treaty. Lenapes were alike offended by …

Stimulated by these representations, the infuriated Lenapes fell upon the unsuspecting whites, on the I4th, and massacred about cattle, rifled their stores, and at night torch to the applied dwellings and barns, and lighted up the val thirty, drove off their ley with their destruction. The fall of Teedyuscung accomplished its perpetrators had designed, the purpose which the …

the confederacy in the transaction, and assuming that they were offended at the growing power of Teedyuscung. Such an interpretation does not correspond with The Indians were the apparent facts. Iroquois it is true, but it is also true that (Fort Laurens) of "The person on small-pox in 1778. whom, by lineal descent, the station of head-chief of the nation devolved, being they …

withdrew to Tioga, while the Moravian Indians, who had taken no part in the transaction, removed to Gnadenhiitten. Failing to reach the guilty, a band of lawless whites determined to punish the innocent, and with a hatred born of the pernicious teachings of Church, banded together to exter minate the whole Indian race, " that the saints might possess Sixty in number, these …

they could not escape, and being without the least weapon of defense, they divided their little families, the children clinging to their parents ; they fell on their faces, protested their inno cence, declared their love for the English, and that in their whole lives they had never done them any harm, and in this Men, women and children, posture they received the hatchet …

They were removed from Maryland and settled among the Oneidas until they lost their language, when they were sent to Conestoga. Their name would seem to have been derived from that of the chief under whose charge they were placed. Gallatin, 55. * Proud ; see also Life and Times Wm. Johnson. of Sir THE INDIAN TRIBES ensued, and the governor hid himself away in the house of Dr …

The courier who took the belt to the north, offered peace to all the tribes wherever he passed ; and to Detroit, where he arrived on the last of October, he bore a letter in the nature of a pro clamation, informing the inhabitants of the cession of Canada to England ; another addressed to twenty-five nations by name, and particularly to Pontiac, and a third to the commander …

on the 5th and 6th of August, 1763, stratagem alone saved him. Taking advantage of the intrepidity of his assailants, he feigned a retreat. The allies hurried to charge with the utmost daring, when two companies, that had been purposely upon their flank ; others turned and concealed, met them in front ; fell and the Indians, yielding to the irresistible shock, were routed and …

On the 26th of February, a company of insurgents, under command of Captain Bull, was surprised and made prisoners in their encampment near the SusThe prisoners were removed to Johnson Hall, from quehanna. whence Bull and York and thirteen of his warriors lodged in jail, were sent to New and the remainder distributed among the confederates. Another Iroquois party under Brant …

to gain important concessions. stop hostilities and engage never again to make war upon the Johnson pays this tribute to the prowess of the Lenapes and their allies " The Ohio Indians begun on the frontiers of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the communications to the posts, three of sue which, Presque Isle, Verrango and La After Boeuf, they took immediately. s : laying waste all …

of white men then with the Indians and of several different Indians, who all three sons, Amos or Tachgokanhelle, the much danger. Col. Boquet, with six hunmen and a large convoy, marching dred ties agree that that is the' true number), who killed about sixty of his people and greatly obstructed his march. In short, to puri, 252, it is stated that Teedyuscung had and Kesmitas …

When the English under Bradstreet reached Niagara in Au There the Senecas met gust, he found no Indians in arms. delivered fourteen and asked that the Lenapes him, prisoners, up Skawanoes should be included in the treaty of April, 1 Johnson, who had arrived before Bradstreet, agreed to this on condition that those tribes delivered up their king and Squash and Cutter, their …

A little below the mouth of Sandy creek, beneath a bower erected on the banks of the Tuscarawas, chiefs of the Senecas, the Le ; The napes, the Shawanoes, and the Mohicans, invited peace. small and delivered up prisoners, eighteen Lenapes eighty-three sticks as pledges for the return of as many more. tion of the White At the junc Woman and the Tuscarawas, in the centre of the …

Captain Bull and two of his warriors were released, and the remaining prisoners, who had been sent to New York for in charge of the com security, were brought up and placed until the officer at clans, to whom Susquehanna manding Albany they belonged, should deliver up their prisoners according to On the iQth of June the latter appeared with twentypromise. five persons …

In regard to their territorial possessions, their decision in 1748 had grown into a positive policy, which the English were obliged to recognize on the very threshold of negotiations, as well as the o treaties, submissions, wide-spread influence which it exerted. and cessions, which recognized any other fact than that they that they had independent lands, which were a free …

the Six Nations, Shawanoes, They are well acquainted with'the defenseless state of the inhabitoghwa, Tedabajhsika, Lenapes of the Ohio, and Benavissica, Manykypusson, Nanicksah, and Wabysequina, Shawanoes and Delawares. of the Ohio. ants who live on the frontiers, and think Colonial History, vn, 738. these are they will ever have it in their power to and plunder them, and …

Hostilities on ous and at times ready to take up the hatchet. the western border continued of frequent occurrence ; the diffi culties in Pennsylvania, were kept alive by the constantly in Connecticut determined creasing tide of European emigration. to occupy the Wyoming valley, while the fanatics of the Canestogo massacre shot and scalped with unrelenting zeal the Indian …

between the Kenawha and Monongahela ; the proprietaries of Pennsylvania, one of the Wyoming lands, and George Croghan one confirma tory of two grants which the Indians had given him, in 1766, stories as make them believe the English have nothing so much at heart The as the extirpation of all savages. apparent design of the Six Nations is, to keep us at war with all savages but …

and west of the Ohio and Alleghany rivers to Kittaning ; thence in a direct of the Susquehanna ; thence, following that stream through the Alleghanies, by the way of Burnett's Hills and the eastern branch of the Susquehanna and the Dela- New York, to a line parallel with Nonaderha creek, and thence north to Wood creek, east of Oneida lake was recognized as the territorial …

the confederated tribes still had a name, but in almost all other respects their dominion and authority had the touch of the contending civilizations as shriveled up under certainly as had that of the nations which ha<l earlier fallen under its malign influence. Nominally united when the war closed, and maintaining a recognized deference to the action and wishes of each other …

ence, dictated the policy and controlled all of active force that As a nation they never remained among their ancient brethren. Power and territory again appeared in the field as contestants. alike fell from their grasp at Fort Stanwix. Brighter was the record of the Lenapes, and their grand-child ren, the Shawanoes and Mahicans of the west, judged from the En standpoint of …

in the field, their diplomacy triumphant in council, their manhood wrung from the unwilling hands of civilized and uncivilized foes, they gave to the conflicts of the west an impetus which made their name national, and upon the politics and history of their native grafted it forever land. Not lost to the records of this eventful period were the Mabicansand Wappingers of the …

hail them as brothers. When the war came on, their ranks a company to an effort to from made raise Johnson proud to aid in the expedition against Crown point, failing only to Governor Shirley to draw ofF with his expedition fighting man among them." 3 After the " permit nearly every war they demanded restitution from the Abenaquis for the loss of one of their number, and …

Failing to secure redress, they the forcible attempted ejectment of the settlers, and compelled the interference of the military. Subsequently, Nimham, the in Wappinger king, in company with chiefs from the Mahicans of Connecticut, visited England and received favorable hearing. Returning to America their claims were thrown into the courts and were there overtaken by the …

" The river tribes have become so scattered and so addicted to wandering, that no certain account of their numbers can be the Montauks and others of Long These tribes obtained. island, Wappingers of Dutchess county, and the Esopus, Papacounty^- have generally been denomi goncks, etc., of Ulster nated River Indians and consist of about three hundred fighting men. Most of these …

tribes had adopted a settled and well understood policy, involving resistance to further encroachments upon territory which they regarded as their especial domain. In their controversies in regard to these encroachments the Indians had learned to distinguish between the king of England and those whom they regarded as their oppressors, and to assume that while the latter judge …

but numbers of settlements had been made there previous to the cession, Attempts made since to form others on the Mississippi, and great numbers in defiance of the cession, or the orders of the government in consequence thereof, have orders, since removed not only below the hawa, but even the cession, and Kanbeyond the limits of in a little time we may probably hear that they …

or to a succession of outrages more cruel and known to savage warfare. Retaliation commit unprovqked than any known as Cresap's war was inaugu The immediate causes of this war may be briefly stated. followed, and what was rated. In the spring of 1774, a party of land agents under the lead of Captain Michael Cresap, was sent out by the Virginians to locate and open up farms in …

Not satisfied with these achievements, the party pushed for ward to attack the encampment of Logan, a Mingoe chief, near the mouth of Yellow creek. The expedition was abandoned without consummation, only to be transferred to others. named Baker had Opposite Logan's encampment erected a cabin and engaged in the sale of rum. At this cabin a trader whom was one Daniel a party of …

That a number of Indians having encamped at the mouth of Yellow creek, they with one Grithouse had collee ted themselves at the house of one Baker opposite to the said Indian camp, and decoyed the Indian men, and two women over to their side of the river to drink with them, who, upon finding THE INDIAN TRIBES warned by a friendly squaw to escape, invited the aid of Greathouse …

shooters stationed in ambuscade, shot numbers of them in their canoes, and compelled the others to return. brother and sister were among the slain. Logan's mother, These transactions were soon followed by another outrage, which, though of less magnitude, was not less atrocious. An aged and inoffensive Lenape chief, named the Bald Eagle, while r eturning was from a visit to the …

Shawanoes^ was murdered by trespassers upon the Indian terri tory, and in less than a month forty victims were added to the These acts thoroughly aroused the rapacity of the whites. tribes, and the Lenapes and Skawanoes, under Cornstalk, and the them intoxicated, fell upon them and knocked them in the head, and scalped them that soon after two other Indians came over to see …

manner; that for after this the Indians aptheir banditti, causelessly Colonial History y vm, 471. mur- OF HUDSON'S RIPER. Senecas and Mingoes z led by Logan, threw themselves with fire and tomahawk upon the Virginia border. The war was nominally concluded in October. Immediately outbreak Dunmore organized a force of three thousand men and marched to the Ohio country. One of …

Negotiations were opened, and a treaty concluded. 2 But the war did not stop. Boone and Bullit, and other pioneers, provoked fresh hostilities and entailed upon the colonists the animosities which had been engendered in all the long struggle for the possession of the Ohio valley. The French traders and priests who remained in the Indian country, moreover, contributed in no …

settled after their subjugation by the Iroquois" (Gallatin, 55), but such does not appear to be the fact, except as they were made so by the intermarriages of which Johnson speaks. Cornstalk conducted the negotiations on the part of the Indians. Logan was not present, but sent to the conference the famous speech which Jefferson preserved in his Notes on Virginia, and which has …

With the alliance of the Shawanoes and the Mahican clans, the Lenapes were now more powerful than the Six Nations them and, no longer taunted as women, but recognized as brothers by them, they prepared to contest the supremacy of the colonists. selves, The prejudice against the colonists, which was entertained by the western tribes, was, as has been already shown, equally …

Caughnawagas who visited him at Newport following words: "The France, your father, has not in the king of forgotten his children. As a token of I have presented gifts to He learned your deputies in his name. with concern, that many nations, deceived by the English, who were his enemies, had attacked and lifted up the hatchet against his good and faithful allies, the United …

to the third, or as Baker's falls, on the Hudson, and contained about seven huntion of those streams, it is now called, dred thousand acres of land. of Johnson, u, 299. Stone's Life OF HUDSON'S RI7ER. more immediately under the control of the English. The Mohawks had a blood alliance with Johnson the Oneidas and ; Tuscaroras had submitted themselves almost entirely to the …

The great strength of the control which the English had over them, however, lay in the personal associations of the Mohawks with the Johnson family. To create this influence John son had become an Indian ; his legitimate children had grown up with theirs, while those by his mistress, Molly Brant, eight in number, were " bone of their bone and flesh of their flesh." 1 …

The children borne to him by Molly Brant, sister of the great chief, were made legitimate by marriage a short time before his death. THE INDIAN TRIBES performed ; their interests were bound up in obedience to the To Croghan was assigned the charge directions of Sir William. of the Ohio country ; Col. Claus was sent to Canada, with his heacl-quarters at Montreal, while Guy …

government disappointed in the result, although the great force of the plan was lost by the death of Johnson in July, I774- When that event occurred, Guy Johnson at once assumed the duties of superintendent, 4 with all the prestige Colonial'^History vn, 579. Documentary History , n, 983. 'Sir William Johnson was born in He was Ireland, about the year 1714. ', the nephew of Sir …