Ruttenber, E.M. History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River; their origin, manners and customs; tribal and sub-tribal organizations; wars, treaties, etc., etc. Albany: J. Munsell, 1872.

He stone mansion on the built a large Mohawk, about three miles west of Amsterdam, where he resided for twenty erection of Johnson years, previous to the Hall at Johnstown, where he resided at He was never the time of his death. given credit for great military skill or personal bravery, and was more expert in intriguing with the Indians, than in leading disciplined troops …

Life tfnd Times of Sir WiHi am Johnson^ etc. He was commissioned to fill the va cancy in September, but performed the duties of superintendent in the interim by virtue of his appointment as deputy. OF HUDSON'S RWER. tionship to his predecessors inspired, of Sir John Johnson, estate, brother combined with the support who succeeded to his fathers's title and and that of Molly …

England and educated with special refer ence to missionary labor among the Indians,with whom he lived many years from his youth. At the outbreak of the war he was stationed at Oghkwaga, where he made no attempt to conceal his views from the Indians. In 1774, he was em ployed by the Continental congress to visit the New York and Canada tribes to ascertain the part they would …

At the close of the war the Oneidas granted him a tract of land two miles square, lying on the Wood creek west of Rome, to which he removed in 1784. Here he continued two years, when he effected an exchange with the nation for the tract of land lying in Westmoreland, known as Dean's patent, to which he removed, and where he continued to reside until his death in September …

vernment of the value of his services, that in the year 1789, it granted him a tract of land two miles square in the present town of Kirkland, whither he imme diately removed, and where he subse quently made a liberal endowment of land for the purpose of founding a school which was originally called Hamilton Oneida Academy, subsequently incorpo rated under the name of Hamilton …

remitting in his endeavors to preserve the good will and affection of the Six Nations, the colonists lost no time in instructing them in regard to the nature of the controversy, and in advising them to act as With a very considerable neutrals. of the portion Six Nations neutrality had long been an established policy, and gained for the colonists not only an attentive ear, but …

" with the nothing to do," any more than they had " that which they foolish people" who talked to them about they had " themselves did not understand." 1 in general council at Onondaga, Thus urged, the Six Nations to resolved to have " nothing do with the axe, but to support their engagements." This action left the Johnsons with nothing but their personal influence and …

Butler to were prominent, and accompanied by Brant and a portion of the Mohawks, he fled to Oswego, where he held a conference with the tribes, and from thence pushed on to Montreal, where, in July, he met the Indians of the northren confederacy, seven Whether his fears were well teen hundred in number. 1 founded or not, the movement was an adroit one. Wherever he met the …

In accordance with this resolution, the commissioners for the northern department 3 held a council with chiefs of the Six Nations at German Flats on the fifteenth of August, but the attendance being limited, adjourned it to Albany, where, on the twenty- fourth, its proceedings were con At this conference the commissioners recited the cluded. grievances of which the colonists …

The department included the Six Nations and all other tribes to the northward of them. THE INDIAN TRIBES troops ; we desire you to remain at home, and not join either In the name and behalf side, but keep the hatchet buried deep. of all our people, we ask and desire you to love peace and maintain it, and to love and sympathize with us in our trouble, that the path may be kept …

tion of the Six Nations not to take any part, but as it is a family affair,* to sit still and see you fight it out. this as infallible, it being our full We beg you to receive resolution ; for we bear as much affection for the king of England's subjects on the other It is a side of the water, as we do for you upon this island. It is the result of long time since we came to …

He originally drik (Colonial History). represented the lower Mohawk castle, He subsequently folHistory, vn, 115). lowed the fortunes of the Johnsons, but died soon after the opening of the Revoand was known lution. 'Abraham was the brother of as Little Hen- Abraham, On the death of Hendrik, he became Referring to the chief sachem of Canajoharie or the upcouncil at Onondaga …

But it would hurt us to see those brought up in our bosoms ill-used. around us who are friends to the king. In particular we would mention the son of Sir William Johnson. 2 He was born among us, and does not intermeddle in public dis We would likewise mention our father the missionary putes. who resides among the Mohawks. The king sent him to them, and if he was removed, they …

ministry, and which he received after his arrival in Montreal. These instructions were under date July 5th and July 24th. In the former he was advised to inform the Indians that in con " unnatural rebellion" which had broken out, the "immediate consideration" of the grievances of which they sequence of the Connecticut claimed by virtue of the The boundaries of its original …

to the patriots, and exerted his influence against them until the close of the war. Soon after the close of the war he went to England, and, on returning in 1785, settled in Canada. was appointed He superintendent and inspector general of Indian affairs in North America, and for several years he was a member of the To com legislative council of Canada. pensate him for his …

" lose no time in " to induce them to be might necessary come ; that he should taking such steps" as take up the hatchet against his majesty's rebellious subjects," and that he should " engage them in his majesty's service" upon such plan as would be suggested to him by General Gage. The course to be pursued in carrying out this plan was left to Johnson, but with the specific …

The retreat of the Americans and the subsequent capture of Ethan Allen inspirited his recruits for a short time, but by the middle of October scarce one of his dusky followers remained. Even Brant was lukewarm and indifferent. The pledge of the tribes was sacred and could not be easily broken, even by one so firmly bound to the fortunes of the Johnsons. Be he was thoroughly …

Sir John to operate upon the borders of Johnson, the last of the patrons of his family, had fled from his parole of honor, and taken refuge in Montreal, and whatever regard the confederates had for his father had been fully aroused, while the tories had been active in prejudicing the colonists. In the spring of 1777, Brant appeared at Oghkwaga with a retinue of warriors. He …

soon as they departed, not feeling safe in their remote settle ment, the whites abandoned it, and took refuge in Cherry Valley. Some families in the neighborhood of Unadilla fled to the German Flats, and others to Kingston and Newburgh on the Hudson. For the purpose of obtaining more positive information in regard to the intentions of the Indians, General Herkimer was …

ence should, with a few of their followers, meet in an open These preliminaries being adjusted, the conference was field. opened. In reply to Herkimer's inquiries, " that the Indians were in concert with the Brant declared,* king, as their fathers had been ; that the king's belts were yet lodged with them, and they could not violate their pledge ; that Herkimer and his fol …

A few days after this conference, Brant withdrew his warriors from the Susquehanna, and joined Sir John Johnson and Colonel John Butler, who had collected a body of tories and refugees at Oswego, preparatory to a descent upon the Mo hawk and Schoharie settlements. There Guy Johnson, and other officers of the British Indian department, a The conference of July, 1775. CampbtlFs …

at Oswego, on the east side of In 1726, in order to prevent the river. the encroachments of the French, Governor Burnet erected old Fort Oswego, on the west side of the river. In 1755, Fort Ontario was constructed, on the east side of the river, under the direction of Governor Shirley. On the I4th of Auerected gust, 1756, both these forts, with a garrisoaofi6oo men, and a …

until the British commissioners appealed to their was overcome. avarice that their sense of honor The con tract was closed by the distribution of scarlet clothes, beads, and trinkets, in addition to which each warrior was presented a brass kettle, a suit of clothes, a gun, a tomahawk and a scalping knife, a piece of gold, a quantity of ammunition, and a promise of a Brant was …

I was great and you was very little, very small. then took you in for a friend, and kept you under my arms, so that no one might injure you ; since that time we have ever great waters, ^ been true friends ; there has never been any quarrel between us. But now our conditions are changed. This See Life of Mary Jamison. pamphlet was written in 1823, and published by James D …

world, and Now you take care of me, and I look to you as your heel. for protection. " Brothers : and old England. end this quarrel. am sorry to hear this great quarrel between you It appears that We never till blood must soon be shed to this day understood the founda tion of this quarrel between you and the country you came from. " Brothers : Whenever I see your blood running …

westward, and feel the mind of my Indian brethren, the Six whether they are on your Nations, and know how they stand side or for your enemies. try to turn their minds. If I find they are against you, I will think they will listen to me, for they have always looked this way for advice, concerning all important news that comes from the rising of the sun. If they hearken to me …

I would not have you think by this that we are back from our engagements. are ready to do any : We thing for your relief, " Brothers : and shall be guided by your councils. One thing I ask of you, if you send for me to I am fight, that you will let me fight in my own Indian way. not used to fight English fashion, therefore you must not expect your men. Only point out to me …

Whether we are Spirit orders these things. or great, let us keep the path of friendship clear, which our fathers made and in which we have both traveled to this little time. The friends of the wicked counselors of our king fell upon us, and shed some blood soon after we spake to you last But we, with a small twig killed so many, and by letter. them so much, that they have shut …

If you think it best, go and smoke with Indian brothers toward the setting sun, and your pipe your them of all you hear and all* you see and let us know what If some of you young men have a mind to see what we are doing, let them come down and tarry among We will provide for them while they are here. *pur warriors. " Brothers When you have any trouble, come and tell it to tell …

"Depend we are Wherever you go, we will it We be by your sides. Our bones shall die with yours. are determined never to be at peace with the red coats, while they are at variance with you. We have one favor to beg. We you would help us to establish a minister amongst us, that when our men are gone to war, our women and children may have the advantage of being instructed by …

At White Plains, in October, 1776, their united Woach, Woach, Ha, Ha, Hach, Woach " ! rang out as when of old they had disputed the supremacy of the Dutch, and their blood mingled with that of their chosen allies. 3 Active hostilities brought sifting time to the Six Nations. Notwithstanding the efforts of the Johnsons and the pleadings of Brant, they were not united in the …

about, for we assure you, brethren." (Letter to Justices of Kingston signed by chiefs of Tuscarora and Esopus 301,419, 424. To what extent these Indians were compromised with Brant is not known, but it is quite certain that a large number of the Esopus Indians became his obedient followers. The Indians were stationed on Chatterton's hill, under Colonel Haslet, and were in the …

the west had never been suspended, constituted no inconsidera Could they have been regularly could their services have been time, any they would have constituted an ble portion of their forces. enrolled and disciplined, or at depended upon effective body of men ; but their modes of warfare would not admit of discipline, and their habits of living would not permit any …

Sweeping down from Canada with his powerful army, Burgoyne recaptured Crown point and Ticonderoga, while his auxiliaries, the Indians and tories, attacked the defenses more remote from his route. Of these Fort marched Colonel Butler the was which first, against Schuyler The reference is not to the lower Mohawk castle of which Little Abraham was chief sachem while his brother …

from Oswego with a motley crew of whites and Indians, 1 un commands of John Johnson, Claus, and Brant, and united with the forces under St. Leger. 2 The siege commenced on the fourth of August, when a few bombs were thrown into der the the fort, while the Indians, concealed behind trees and bushes, wounded several men who were engaged in raising the parapets. Similar …

the unreliability of the Indians, and defeated its further prosecu tion. A half idiot, named Hon Yost 4 Schuyler, a nephew to General Herkimer, who had been taken to Canada by Walter Butler, burst into the British camp almost out of breath, and delivered the story that the Americans, in numbers like the forest leaves, were approaching ; that he himself had barely escaped with …

their reinforcements) empty, they boldly sallied out with three hundred men and two field pieces, and took away the Indians' packs, with their clothes, wampum and silver work, they having gone in their shirts, or naked, to action. The disappointment was rather greater to the Indians than their loss, for they had nothing to cover themselves with at night, against the weather …

the battle of Oriskany, Brant and a party of his warriors fell upon the old Oneida castle, burned the wigwams, destroyed the crops, and drove away the cattle of his former confederates. No sooner had he retreated, however, than the Oneidas retali ated. The residence of Molly Johnson, at the Upper Mo hawk castle, was ravaged, herself and family driven from home, and her cash …

now began to find their way back to Canada in large numbers. With his defeat at Stillwater, they were as thoroughly demoral ized as they were at Fort Schuyler when frightened by an idiot boy. Within three days after that battle, one hundred and fifty warriors made their peace with General Gates, accepted the war-belt, partook of the feast, and joined the Americans. When the …

" would have ren by St. Leger, and that had they been they " dered more material service ; but the fact would seem to be that they had acted in precise accordance *with the course which they had pursued in the previous war with France, and were ready at all times to court the favor of the party which, for the time being, appeared the most successful. The evidence of their …

Colonel John Butler succeeded, in the spring of 1778, in organiz ing a force of five hundred Indians and six hundred tories, and At Winwith these made his appearance on the Susquehanna. termoot's fort, on the third of July, the colonial militia, in infe rior numbers, under progress in a Colonel Zebulon Butler, opposed his Retreating from thence to desperate conflict. Fort …

bably during the wars between the Hurons and the French and the Six Nations, and was carried into the Seneca country, where she married a young chief who was sig- Catharine had several children by him, and remained a wjdow. Her superior mind gave her great ascendancy over the Senecas, and among them. she was a queen indeed Lasting, i, 357. O^ HUDSON'S RIPER. delibe ring of …

Butler almost withdrew after his from the valley followers massacre, he nevertheless the left immediately behind him those who had personal grievances to avenge and These were mainly fugitives mercenary rewards to secure. from the Esopus clans at Oghkwaga, and tories, who, availing themselves of the withdrawal of Count Pulaski and his legion of cavalry from Minnisink, where …

Notwithstanding the persistent efforts of the poet Campbell and that of the English historians to escape censure by blackening the name of Brant, the fact is pretty well established that he was almost entirely innocent of the excesses which were committed. Nor is there better ground for associating with the transaction the old dispute of the Lenapes. That question was …

Alarmed, it is said, by a faithful dog, settlers two miles distant came to the relief of their friends. The tories fled without completing their work, only Napanoch, where they burned the only house From on the site of the present village of Ellenville. standing to reappear at thence they moved to Minnisink, where, on the night of July Qth, Brant, with sixty of his Indians …

Alarmed by fugitives, Lieutenant Colonel Tusten, of Goshen, issued orders to the officers of his regiment to meet him at Minnisink the next day, with as many men as they could muster. In response to this call one gathered in council with hundred and forty-nine men were him the following morning. Tusten regarded the force as too small to attempt the pursuit of the invaders, but …

A long and bloody conflict ensued. Brant had the advantage of position and superior numbers ; one-third of Hathorn's small force became detached ; closer and closer allies drew their circle of fire until Hathorn was hemmed within the circumference of an acre of ground, upon a rocky hill that sloped on all sides, where he maintained the conflict until the sun of that long July …

the wounded men in his charge, seventeen in number, and com which they had commenced. Of the whole number who went forth to chastise the invaders, only about thirty returned to relate the scenes through which they had passed, and to graft forever their traditions of the damage from which they had escaped upon the history of Orange county. The attack upon Wyoming and the …

" Indians shall see," said Sullivan, that we have malice enough in our hearts to destroy everything that contributes to their sup Cathaport," and faithfully was that determination executed. THE INDUN TRIBES rine Montour received in part the the destruction of her residence at punishment she merited in Catharinestown ; Kendaia was swept from existence ; Kanadaseagea, the …

desolated ; the proud Indians, who had scarce felt the touch of the colonists except in kindness, were driven into the forests to starve and be hunted like wild beasts ; their altars were overturned, their graves trampled country laid upon by strangers, and their beautiful waste. The punishment administered by Sullivan was indeed terrible, That the projectors of the …

to them an earnest and eloquent appeal to preserve their neu and refrain from further hostilities, to sit under the shade trality, of their own trees and by the side of their own streams and " smoke their pipe in safety This address recognized the division which then existed in the confederacy, To the four hostile tribes, it said " : Brothers, Cayugas, Senecas, Onondagas and …

four prisoners ; houses, the occupants of which were made but the torch was stayed by the entreaties of home less frontier settlers who begged that they might occupy them them was also given the and and the horses stores furniture, of the remain cows, grain, until they could procure others, and to ing followers of Little Abraham, who had found opportunity to make themselves …

wish to bury the hatchet, and wipe away the blood which some of you have so un Till time shall be no more, justly shed. we wish to smoke with you the calumet good Spirit, whom we serve, will enable us to punish you, and put it out of your power to do us farther mischief." To the Oneidas and Tuscaroras no such warning words were necessary. of friendship at Onondaga. But …

" Hearken to us," said the address to them " It rejoices our heart that we : have no reason to reproach you in com mon with the rest of the Six Nations. We have experienced your love, strong as the oak ; and your fidelity, unchangeable as truth. You have kept fast hold of the ancient covenant chain, and preserved it free from rust and decay, and bright as Like brave men, for …

own." Stone's Life of Brant, i, 292, etc. The castle of the Praying Maquas at 1HE INDIAN TRIBES Mohawks at Fort Niagara. Humbled, the former sent their " Was the destruction of our chiefs to Fort Stanwix and asked, by mistake ? If by mistake, we hope see our brethren, the prisoners ; but if our brethren, the we will Americans, mean to destroy us also, we will not fly castle …

many, and they grow fast in : " The number. They were formerly like young panthers they could neither bite nor scratch we could play with them safely we feared But now their bodies are become nothing they could do to us. ; ; ; big as the elk, and strong as the buffalo ; they have also got They have driven us out of our country great and sharp claws. for taking part in your …

upon the Oneidas and Tuscaroras ; burned their castle, church, and village, and drove the offenders down upon the fell Fort Niagara was erected by the French in 1725, and was for many years The the seat of the French missionaries. English captured it in 1759, when it was rebuilt and During the regarrisoned. revolution, it was held by the British, and became the head-quarters …

them, in one of the mountain gorges, and subsequently reached the Hudson in an attack upon the settlement at Saugerties, where they made prisoners of Captain Jeremiah Snyder and his son Isaac, who were taken to Fort Niagara and from thence to Montreal. The convenient instruments of the tories, they followed their footsteps wherever they were bidden. In the meantime, Sir John …

the cattle killed, and all the horses that could be found taken away. With many prisoners and much booty, Johnson made good his retreat. During the autumn more formidable operations were under Sir John Johnson, with three companies of refugees, taken. one company of German Yagers, two hundred of Butler's Rangers, and one company of British Regulars, with Brant and The …

At the time of its Ante, p. 97). 299. destruction it was occupied principally by German families from the Palatinate. THE INDIAN TRIBES Corn planter and five hundred of their warriors, entered the Schoharie valley, and although not successful in reducing the block-houses which had been erected, nevertheless spread destruc tion along thefr pathway. Not a house, barn, or …

and rapine attested alike the hatred of Johnson for neighbors and the vengeance of his dusky allies. his former But the marauders were not permitted to again escape with Governor George Clinton, having received out molestation. information from two Oneidas, of their movements, promptly marched to the relief of the district. strong body of Oneida warriors, led by their chief …

Johnson immediately made hasty retreat to his boats on Onondaga lake, and escaped to Canada by the way of Oswego, shorn of whatever prestige he had gained on his former raid. Similar were the events of 1781. The devastations of the invading bands commenced again on the borders of Ulster. In August, a body of three hundred Indians and ninety tories fell It is said that he was …

together with the militia, was soon on the ground, but not in time to punish the marauders, although they were pursued for seven days. In October the Mohawk valley was visited by Major Ross and Walter N. Butler at the head of about one thousand troops, The settlement consisting of regulars, tories and Indians. known as Warren Bush was broken into so suddenly that the people …

compelled the enemy to retreat, number killed and wounded and fifty The pursuit was not taken up until the next morning, prisoners. when it was continued until evening before the enemy were A running fight then ensued Butler's Indians became reached. a brisk fire was alarmed at the havoc in their ranks and fled time the until for some who was tories, Butler, up kept by leaving …

The gallantry of the Oneidas and Tuscaroras during the war was only exceeded by that of the Mohicans and JVappingers. Active in the campaign of 1777, tne latter joined Washington again in the spring of 1778, and were detached with the forces under Lafayette to check the depredations of the British army on its retreat from Philadelphia. At the engagement at Barren hill they …

Tarleton were making some examinations of the country, the Mahicans formed an ambuscade for their capture, and very nearly succeeded in their purpose, the party escaping by chang Their most distinguished service, however, ing their route. was performed in August. While on a scouting expedition on the thirtieth, Lieutenant Colonel Emerick met a body of them under Nimham, the …

four of their number accepted the terms only to be hewn in pieces as soon as they reached his lines. The engagement was renewed Emerick charged the ridge with cavalry in overwhelming force, but was stoutly resisted. As the cavalry rode them down, the Indians seized the legs of their foes and dragged them from their saddles to join them in death. All hope of successful …

To their services in that and in other engagements the testimony of Washington is added. 2 Literally did*they redeem the pledge which they had given at Albany, the pledge of Ruth Near forty of the Indians were killed desperately wounded, among them Nimham, a chieftain who had been to or England, and his son (Simcoe's Journal}. Bolton states that eighteen bodies were recovered …

will I be buried." The privations which the patriots suffered, they shared without a murmur their devotion they never wearied. ; in When the tattered banners of the struggle were folded away, they returned to their ancient seats, and at the head waters of the Hudson again met the white men, now their brothers by a holier covenant, as they had met them in 1609, the sole …

and its ancient keepers, the Mohawks, made fugitives from the seats of their fathers ; the alliance of the four tribes with in the crown had divested them of the respect of the victors ; their towns had been destroyed and their fields wasted by the scourg When the war closed, the Oneidas and ing army of Sullivan. Tuscaroras returned to their possessions, assured of the protec …

doubt not, direct such a supply as Captain Solothey shall think proper. mon, with part of these people was with The tribe suffered us in the year 1778. desirous of returning home after severely during that campaign, in a skirreceivwill, I ing some compensation for the time, durmish with the enemy, in which they lost ing which they have been with us, and after having made a …

by expelling the Senecas, Onondagas and Gayugas from all the country within its bounds which had not been ceded by them under the treaty of 1768; but congress adopted a more liberal policy, never theless one involving punishment. Commissioners on the part of the United States met the representatives of the tribes at Fort Schuyler in October, 1784, prepared to negotiate a …

in their possession, white and black, should be delivered up. The Oneidas and Tuscaroras, as well as all the tribes, were secured in the possession of the lands they were then occupying, with power to sell and relinquish, but at the same time gave up all claims to the territory not in absolute occupation^west of a mouth of the Oyonwayea creek, flowing line beginning at the …

Canada, and especially the tories, professing to believe that the contest between the colonies and the mother country lish in had been postponed, not determined, 1 disseminated discontent and hastened to revive in the hearts of their allies the sacredness of the boundary line of 1768, and the policy upon which it had been based. The Lenapes and Shawanoes were encouraged to …

of the Indians, and if he found them hostile, to endeavor to hold as general a treaty with them as he could convene, and, if possible, satisfactorily extinguish their title to lands as far westward as the Mississippi. Under these instructions St. Clair concluded at Fort Harmer, on the ninth of January, 1789, two separate treaties ; the first, with the sachems of the Five …

<S/o|, u, 2.39. Niagara Falls. Great Britain, it will be remembered, refused to negotiate a commercial treaty with the United States, or to surrender certain forts within the northern boundary of the territory which had been relinIt was not until 1794, that a quished. treaty was ratified covering these points, meanwhile the encouragement of the officers of the crown to the …

insurgents General Harmer was sent out, in the autumn of 1790, with a force of fifteen hundred men, but suffered disaster in a conflict near the junction of the St. Joseph and St. rivers ; and General St. Mary Clair, with an expedition for a similar purpose, was defeated and severely punished in November of the following year. 2 Encouraged by these successes, the Lenapes and …

and they be bidden to withdraw that they never made any agree ment with the king by which their lands followed the fortunes ; of his wars, nor would they now make a treaty which denied " to them the right to make bargain or cession of lands when " ever and to whomsoever they pleased ; peace with them could be had only on the basis that the Ohio should remain the boundary line …

of Brant y Gallatin, 50, 51, 68. 11, 308, etc.; THE INDIAN TRIBES resolved to leave our bones in this small space, to which we are now consigned." Thirteen tribes, the Lenapes^ Shawanoes, Minsis^ Mahicans, of the Delaware, Nanticokes and Conoys, the seven nations of Canada, the Wyandots, Miamis, Chippeways and Pottawattamies^ and the Senecas of the Glaize, signed the …

their grandchildren on the of the Six Nations, warriors Mississippi, who, in small number, had participated in the contest, returned which had been set apart for them by the of New York, which in part they still occupy. 3 legislature From their ancient dominions the Mahicans at Westenhuck removed, in 1785, on the invitation of the Qneidas, to a tract six miles square in the …

A band of Montauks of Long Island, Mohegans of Connecticut, and Pequots and Narragansetts of Massachusetts, under the leadership of Samson Occum, a Mohegan missionary, took up their residence in the Oneida country in 1788, and were confirmed on a reservation two miles in length by three in breadth, in the present town of Marshall, Oneida county, where, having no language in …

lands, which they had reserved in their various agreements with the whites, and the legislature promptly directed the payment to them of two thousand dollars in full relinquishment of their claims. 1 The application was made by Sha<wuskukhkung or Wilted Grass, a chief of the Delawares, who had been educated at Princeton at the expense of the Scotch At the time of Missionary …

south of the Raritan, and of hunting in all unenclosed lands, was never relin quished, but on the contrary was expressly reserved in our last treaty, held at Crosswicks, in 1758. " Having myself been one of the the sale, I believe in 1801, I know that these rights were not sold or parted with. parties to " We now offer to sell these privileges New Jersey. They were once of …

they made claim to lands which they had The first to welcome but without success. previously ceded, Hudson's wandering bark, they are now the last representatives revolution, of the tribes which once held dominion on Sewanhackie. Domestic clans or families of Minsls and Mahlcans lingered We wish thus to excite litigation. con sider the state legislature the proper pur chaser …

Southard voluntarily and ably advocated the claim of the Delawares ; and at the conclusion of his speech remarked "That it was a proud fact in the history of New Jersey, that every foot of her soil had been obtained from the Indians by fair and voluntary purchase and trans : no other state in the union, not even the land which bears the fer, a fact that name of Penn, can boast …

which he was delegated to present. " The final act of official intercourse between the state of New Jersey and the Delaware Indians, who once owned nearly the whole of its territory, has now been consummated, and in a manner which must redound to the honor of this grow ing state, and, in all probability, to the the commonwealth councils of this in dealing with the aboriginal …

" To those gentlemen, members of the legislature, and others who have evinced their kindness to me, I cannot refrain from paying the unsolicited tribute of my Unable to return heart-felt thanks. is still them any other compensation, I fervently pray that God will have them in his holy will guide them in safety keeping through the vicissitudes of this life, and mercies of …

My day In the morning I saw the sons of Unami and yet, before the night has come, have I lived to see the last warrior of the wise race of the Mabicans" APPENDIX. APPENDIX I. i BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HE personal history of the early Indian kings and chiefs who held dominion in the valley of the Hud son, is involved in even greater obscurity than that which attaches to their …

contemporaries, KAELCOP and SEWACKENAMO of the Minsis^ WYANDANCE, of the Montauks, and ORITANY of the Hackinsacks, by the stirring scenes in which they were participants. definite rejlrds came to be Even as late as 1710, when more is no preservation of the lines of kings, nor is there positive identification of the Mahlcan and Iroquois sachems written, there who then visited …

He was one of their sachems or kings, and lived possibly as late as 1680. Heckewelder says: "The fame of this great man extended even among the whites, who fabricated numerous legends respecting him, which I never heard, however, from the mouth of an Indian, and therefore believe to be fabulous." He is said to have been a resident of the present county of Bucks, in …

that day a numerous society of votaries walked together in pro cession through the streets of Philadelphia, their hats decorated with bucks' tails, and proceeded to a handsome rural place out of town which they called a wigwam, where, after a long talk or Indian speech had been delivered, and the calumet of friend ship and peace had been smoked, they spent the day in festivity …

" situate between Delaware and Sus'quehanna, from Duck creek to the mountains on this side Lechay, which lands had been granted by their In 1728, he had removed "from ancestors to William Penn." APPENDIX. Conrad Weisser, the Indian Indians last year interpreter, writes in 1747: "The Delaware intended to visit Philadelphia, but were prevented by ALLUM on Delaware to Shamokin." …

may have been in his earlier years, he was but little more than an intemperate imbecile at the time of his death. his Weisser writes " ALLUMMAPEES would have ever he resigned : crown before now, but treasure (that is as he had the keeping of the public to say of the council-bag), consisting of belts of wampum, for which he buys liquor, and has been drunk for these two or three …

vania had offered for his scalp. TEEDYUSCUNG, the most distinguished of the modern Lenape Major Parsons writes kings, was the successor of Tadame. "a that he was lusty, raw-boned man, but haughty and very desirable of respect and command." of the Moravian Church^ adds Shiktllimy was Oneida chiefs, He died in 1748. " : one of the viceregent residing at Shamokin. i, Reichel, in …

The latter named them, it is true, for men of their own people, and TEEDYUSCUNG they named Honest John yet they disliked and then feared them, for the Harrises were known to grow moody and resentful, and were heard to speak threatening words ; as they saw their paternal acres passing out of their hands, and their hunting-grounds converted into pasture and plowed fields." When …

Delaware, employing this He always spoke in the euphonious Castilian of the new world to utter the simple and expressive figures and tropes of the native rhe with which his harangues were replete, although he was It would almost conversant with the white man's speech. toric appear, from the minutes of these conferences, that the English to evade the point at issue, and to …

where, agreeably to his request and the conditions of treaty, a town had been built for him and his followers by the govern ment of Pennsylvania. Here he lived not unmindful of his long cherished object, and here he was burned to death on the night of the iQth of April, 1763, while asleep in his lodge. " The concurrent testimony of his time agrees in representing him as a man …

TEEDYUSCUNG, the sympathies of Sir with his own people ; yet in his correspondence, while he labored somewhat to detract from the lofty pretensions of the Delaware captain, the baronet conceded to him enough of talent, influence, his people, to give him a proud rank among the chieftains of his race. Certain it is, that TEEDYUSCUNG and power among did much to restore his nation …

When the war of the revolution came on he did every thing in his power to preserve peace among the Indian nations. He, however, received a message from the Hurons, " that the Delaware; should keep their shoes in readiness, to join the warriors." >This message he would not accept, but sent several to the Huadmonishing them to sit still, and to remember the misery they had …

and testament, that the Delaware nation might hear and believe the word of God, preached by the brethren, was frequently re peated in the council by his successors, and then they renewed their covenant to use their utmost exertions to fulfill wish of their old, worthy and honored chief. this last Upon such an occasion Captain White Eyes, holding the Bible and some spell ing …

While living, he often encouraged his people to adopt the way of living by agriculture, and finally become civil His ideas were, that unless the Indians changed their ized. mode of living they would in time dwindle to nothing." APPENDIX. Captain WHITE EYES, or Coquehageahton^ distinguished for friendship for the Americans in the early stages of the his was the successor of …

them down in Wyoming, for there a fire is kindled for them, and there they may plant and think on God." About eighty of the converts accompanied the parties to Wyoming, but the remainder refused to do so, under the advice of the missionaries. In the spring of 1754, PAXINOS again appeared in the settle ment, accompanied by twenty-three warriors and three Iroquois embassadors …

1755, PAXINOS "demanded an answer to the message he had " the brethren would con brought last year," and was told that fer with the Iroquois themselves, concerning the intended removal of the Indians at Gnadenhiitten to Wajomick." Los- HUDSON RIPER INDIANS. kiel adds " : PAXINOS, being only an embassador in this business, was satisfied, and even formed a closer acquaintance …

belonging to the mission were burned alive ; and, on New Year's day the work of destruction was completed. What connection PAXINOS had with these hostilities does not appear, but it is said that he sent his two sons to rescue brother Kiefer, if he should be in the hands of the enemy, and that that mission ary was conducted by them to Gnadenhiitten, showing that he must have …

Although perhaps not strictly a part of the Indians of Hudson's river, the connection of the Skawanoes with the Minsis will permit the introduction of one or two of their more BENEVISSICA represented them prominent chiefs. Fort Stanwix in 1764, and again in 1765. In it is said that a belt was sent to NERERAHHE, a Shawanoe, 1774, u but he being a sachem, sent it to the chief …

interview between the chief and Lord Dunmore, thus speaks of the chieftain's tearing on the occasion ' : When he arose, he was in no wise confused or daunted, but spoke in a distinct and audible voice, without stammering or repetition, and with pecu liar emphasis. His looks, while addressing Dunmore, were I have truly grand and majestic, yet graceful and attractive. heard the …

Soon after the arrival of the latter, a white man named Gilmore was killed near the fort. The cry of revenge was raised, and a party of ruffians assembled, under the command of Capt. while Hall, who, instead of pursuing 'the guilty, fell upon the hostages Seeing that there was no escape for him, the old " chief addressed his son son, the Great Spirit has seen fit in the fort …

wrongs summoned him to battle, he became the HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. thunderbolt of war, and made his enemies feel the weight <af His noble bearing, his generous and disinterested his arm. attachment to the colonies, his anxiety to preserve the frontier of Virginia from desolation and death, all conspired to win for him the esteem and respect of others while the untimely and …

Thoroughly indoctrinated in the policy of his a and people, willing student of the schools which demanded a line beyond which the whites should not advance to the hunting grounds of the west, the sale of the lands of his tribe on the Wabash, soon after Mr. Jefferson came into power, gave him About this time Hendrik, of the Mahicans, offense. conceived the plan of uniting the …

have driven us from the sea to the lakes ; we can go no further. They have taken upon them to say this land belongs to the Miamis, this to the Delaware*, and so on ; but the Great Spirit intended it as the common property of us all." For four years he was engaged in the work of preparing the tribes for a gene war. A silent man in the ordinary circumstances of life, ral he …

on the shores of Lake Erie or Michigan, or on the banks of the Mississippi and wherever he goes he makes an impression ; favorable to his purposes." Failing to accomplish his purpose, he accepted the overtures of the British and brought to their an alliance aid, in the war of 1812, two thousand warriors more powerful than that which that government had ever been able to …

When he arose before his savage audiences, his imposing manner created a feel but when he kindled with his great subject, he ing of awe seemed like one inspired. His eye flashed fire, his swarthy bosom ; heaved and swelled with imprisoned passion, his whole frame with excitement, and his strong untutored soul poured dilated When eloquence, wild, headlong, and resistless. " His …

conceive a grand, difficult, and unselfish project, to labor for years with enthusiasm and prudence in attempting its execution ; enlist in it by the magnetism of personal influence great multitudes of various tribes ; to contend for it with unfaltering to valor longer than there was hope of success ; and to die fighting for it to the last, falling toward the enemy covered …

member of the Mohawk family, or was fair charmer who became his wife, thither by the herself the daughter of a king. HENDRIK became king. In the right of his mother, When about twenty years of age, and for half a century or more subsequently, he represented his people in council and in camp, coming down to the present time model of Indian courage and the embodiment of Indian …

and keep it so securely that Slither thunder nor lightning shall break it ; there we will consult over council-fire always burns, * The statement of Governor Hunter Parton's Life of Jackson ; Hcadley's Second War ivitA England; Drake's Life of Tecumseh ; Montgomery^ Life of Harleaves no room (Colonial History, v, 358), to doubt that Hendrik was one of the riton. chiefs named …

our other absent As to the accounts you have heard of our living have several from each other, 'tis very true. dispersed times endeavored to draw off those of our brethren who are : We settled at is Oswegatchie but in vain, for the governor of Canada however, as you desire we shall like a wicked deluding spirit ; persist in our endeavors. " You have asked us the reason of our …

sunshine, and keep together in strict union and friendship; then we shall become strong and nothing can hurt us. live in bright " Brethren : This is the ancient place of treaty, where the of friendship always used to burn, and 'tis now three years 'Tts true since we have been called to any public treaty here. fire there are commissioners here, but they have never invited us to …

Look about your country and see ; you have no fortifications about you, no, not even to this city 'tis but one step from Canada hither, and the French may easily come and turn you ; out of your doors. " Brethren You desire us to speak from the bottom of our : hearts, and we houses full shall do it. Look about you and see all these of beaver, and the money is all gone to …

At the same conference, in subsequent session, he spoke as follows : u Brethren : There is an affair about which our hearts tremble and our minds are deeply concerned ; in people. it this is the selling of rum destroys many, both of our old and young request of all the governments here present, that our castles. We It may be forbidden to carry any of it amongst the Five …

round about us, may not be suffered to sell our people rum ; it keeps them all poor, makes them idle and wicked ; if they have any money or goods they lay it all out in rum ; it destroys vir have a friendly tue and the progress of religion amongst us. We request to make to the governor and all the commissioners here l] TIIK iniir,! ih'iirm, i GKKA'i' f ALTAI A Or THF, SIX …

be added that Aupaumut " for capacity, bravery and vigor of mind, and immovable integrity united, he excelled all the abo Concede riginal inhabitants of whom we have any knowledge." to him all that even charity demands for his race, he yet failed to rise to the greatness of Massasoit, Uncas, Philip, Teedyuscung, He was less eloquent than dupaumut, Pontiac, or Tecumseh. Logan …

Speaking of the succession of kings, " The din of ihe Schoolcraft remarks chief's oldest sister was the chief pre: sum ptive. Such was the Iroquois rule when King Hendrik fell at the battle of Lake George 5 he had a son of mature age, who made use of the memorable expres" sion, on hearing his father's death, No, he is not dead, but lives here," striking his breast. Yet he did …

he was not the less the legitimate sucat the era of the opening of the American revolution, On this, there was a vacancy which was cessor to the throne. But HUDSON RWER INDIANS. then temporarily residing, and where his father soon after died. His mother, on her return to Canajoharie, married an Indian Carrihogo, or News Carrier, whose Christian name was Barnet or Bernard …

New York and Pennsylvania, in connection with the Johnsons After the war he devoted himself to the social of the Mohawks, who were settled improvement religious in Upper Canada, upon lands or Grand the Ouise river, upon the He trans them to governor of that province. by granted and Butlers. and lated the Gospel of St. Mark into the Mohawk language ; and ways his exertions for …

was an officer in the British service, on the Niagara frontier in Schoolcraft repudiates the the war of 1812. (Lossing, I, 257). that Brant made the war chieftain of Stone was claim set up by He that no such office existed, and asserts the confederacy. that simply a chief of the third and lowest class. The authority which he exercised on the Iroquois, 496). Brant was (Notes …

the introduction of Christianity by the Moravians. great friend of the celebrated James Logan, He was a who accompanied Penn on his last voyage to America, and who subsequently became distinguished in the colony for his learning and benevo lence. Hence the name of his son. LOGAN married a Sbawanoe woman and removed from his father's lodge to the Ohio country where he became a …

sister. For this and similar acts, LOGAN placed himself at the head of a band of Ohio Senecas, and, in company with the Lenapes and Shawanoes under Cornstalk, in vaded the Virginia border with fire and tomahawk. At the of with LOGAN not was On Dunmore, peace treaty present. being visited for the purpose of securing his assent to the terms, he delivered the famous speech which …

Such was my love for the whites, that ' as they passed, and said, my countrymen pointed, Logan is the friend of the white men.' had even thought to live with you, but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unpro voked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood the …

"the pride of tribe," and whose speech in reply to M. de la Barre, the governor of Canada, in 1684, is quoted by Thatcher At the time of its delivery he was an old man, and Drake. A man of more activity and disappears from history soon after. earlier period the Onondaga was the warrior called by the English, BLACK KETTLE. Golden " famous hero " but few of his exploits speaks …

was not until the enemy were returning home victorious, after having desolated the French possessions, that a force of four it hundred soldiers was mustered to pursue them. BLACK KET TLE is said to have had but half that number with him at this After losing juncture, but he gave battle and fought desperately. broke men with some he slain, prisoners, through the twenty French …

during the revolution, and died CORN1816, at the age of one hundred and ten years. PLANTER was trader. a Seneca half-breed, his father being a Dutch RED JACKET was a full-blooded Seneca. Both were distinguished for their eloquence, and both were engaged in the border wars of the revolution as inveterate enemies of the colo nists. The former died in 1836, at the age of one …

amongst all kind of salvages, there hee is at their Revels (which is the time when a greate company of salvages meete from several parts of the country, in amity with their neighbors), tion hath advanced his honor in his feats or jugling tricks (as I may right tearme them], to the admiration of the spectators, whom hee endeavored to perswade that hee would goe under water to …

an instant hee hath showed a firme peece of ice to flote in the middest of the bowle in the presence of the vulgar people, which doubtless was done by the agility of Satan his consort." But he was something more than a juggler his ability as a Gookin wrote of him warrior and as a ruler is acknowledged. " He lived to a in 1675 very great age, as I saw him alive at ; : Pawtucket …

deeply affected, and his voice, tremulous with age and emotion, was musical and powerful a splendid remnant of that still whose power and beauty, in the fullness and vigor of manhood, had soothed or excited the passions of assembled savages, and moulded them to suit the purposes of the speaker. " " to the words of I am your father. an old oak, that has withstood the storms of …

The scalps upon the pole of my weekwam told the way's. of Mohawk suffering. story " The I sat me down English came, they seized our lands ; at Pennacook. They followed upon my footsteps ; made APPENDIX. war upon them, but they fought with fire and thunder my young men were swept down before me when no one was near them. I tried sorcery against them, but still they increased …

Then think, my children, of what I say I commune with Tell your peopl'e, He whispers me now. Spirit. ; ' the Great I have given fire and peace, peace is the only hope of your race. thunder to the pale faces for weapons ; I- have made them plentier than the leaves of the forest, and still they shall increase These meadows they shall turn with the plough, these forests ! shall …

SOQUANS and MINICHQUE appear as representatives of the Mahicdns on the Hudson in 1700. The first was a speaker of more than ordinary merit, as his public addresses attest. " of his people, and MINICHQUE is called the u great sachem great he certainly was in forgiving, upon his death-bed, his mur and praying that they might be spared the punishment There is a due for the …

and his associates in 1724, and subsequently became an influen tial member of the says of him " : mission church at Stockbridge. Hopkins KONAPOT, the principal man among the Muhhekanok of Massachusetts, was strictly temperate, very just and upright in his dealings, a man of prudence and industry, and " inclined to embrace the Christian religion j and Sergeant adds " He is an …

Brodhcad, n, 161. In 1771, Benjamin Kok-ke-we-naunaut, called King Benjamin, being 94 years of age, resigned his office of sachem, and requested his people to elect a succes2 sor. Solomon Un-haun-nau-waun-nutt was chosen. He was acting in that ca- He is first death of King Solomon, the government, said, devolved upon Joseph Quanau-kaunt (pronounced, by the English at it is …

Albany, in 1754, he represented his tribe, and in response^to the governor, delivered the following address " Fathers are greatly rejoiced to see you all here. : : is We by the will of Heaven that It we are met here, and we thank you for this opportunity of seeing you altogether, as it is a long time since we have had such an one. " Fathers short : Who sit present here, we …

they would return back whence they came and come again in a According to their promise they returned back in year's time. a year's time, and came as far up the river as where the old fort Our forefathers invited them on shore and said to them, stood. here we will give you a place to make you a town ; it shall be from this place to such a stream, and from the river back up to …

At this time, which have the white people for their friends. we have now spoken of, the white people were small, but we We defended them in that were very numerous and strong. low state, but now the case is altered. You are numerous and we are few and weak therefore we expect you to act strong j ; HUDSON RIVER INDIANS. by us in these circumstances as we did by you in those we …

between us. u Fathers : Don't think strange at what we are about to say. We would say something respecting our lands. When the white people purchased from time to time of' us, they said they only wanted to purchase the low lands ; they told us the hilly land was good for nothing, and that it was full of wood and stones ; but now we see people living all about the hills and …

paid for our lands that we may live." x In the war which followed, HENDRIK served the English In 1774, he returned to his people with honor. faithfully, and conference held at the his tribe by the com represented Albany missioners of the Continental Congress, and there delivered one of the most eloquent speeches in the English language. "we are true to " Depend you, and mean …

yours ; but if you are victorious, we hope you will help us to recover our just rights." And in this spirit himself and his people fought to make a free nation for white men. Welcoming the missionaries among his people, HENDRIK impressed upon them a recognition of his worth even while refusing to unite with them, and in all his intercourse with them and with the authorities …

sequence of the people among whom he labored, and who at one time had " the Great Hendrik " of the Mohawks among his pupils. HENDRIK was frequently the on to the western Indians, missions employed by government After the war of the revolution and was an important agent in the negotiations with them. In 1810, says his biographer, Captain HENDRIK * was on the Captain Hendrik was …

White river, with his son Abner, and designed to have settled on the land given the Mahicans by the Miamis. Here he formed the plan of collecting all the eastern Indians in that region at a place where they might live in peace with the whites, and in fellowship with each other. Before Tecumseh began his labors, HENDRIK had sent a speech to his people on the subject, and was …

Sergeant writes ments of Captain : appears that through the judicious arrange HENDRIK, the influence of the prophet is " His biographer adds Captain HENDRIK nearly at an end." that the head men of the himself says various tribes do not join : the prophet, but only the ignorant and unwary j that the mes sage of the Delaware* had already shut his mouth, and he believed that in …

but let not the faithful Mahican, who, by sapping and mining, x prepared the way for that victory, be forgotten." Stockbridge, Past and Present ; Stone's Life of Brant, u, 307. APPENDIX. In the war of 1812, Captain HENDRIK joined the American army, was favorably noticed, and promoted to office. In all his public duties he never for a moment forgot his people, and one of his …

began his labors as a teacher and evangelist among the Monon Long island, where he kept a school for some years. tauks He was ordained by the Presbytery and became an efficient means of introducing afterwards the gospel, to preach Christianity to the Indian bands located at separate places in New England and New York. in company with the In 1755-56, he visited England, Rev …