Indian Notes & Monographs INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS INDIAN NOTES MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN AND MONOGRAPHS h. i^Ji LiftiH w lib HE YE FOUNDATION (fi'sc,*2) INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS Edtted by F. W. HODGE A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS REGINALD PELHAM BOLTON NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN U …

Upper Manhattan paths 68 IV. Paths in the Bronx 90 V. Indian paths in Kings county 129 VI. The Home-lands of the Canarsee. . . 147 VII. Native paths in the Borough of Queens 171 VIII. Richmond paths 187 IX. Paths in nearby New Jersey 197 Notes 207 Bibliography 212 Maps consulted 217 Index of Stations 220 Index of Proper Names 242 IND IAN NOTES ILLUSTRATIONS Plates PAGE I. Jeffreys…

Van Cortlandt avenue, once the Indian Shore path 116 INDIAN NOTES ILLUSTRATIONS XIII. Acqueanounck, the Hutchinson river, where the Shore path crossed 120 XIV. The old Eastchester and Westchester road, once the Indian trail from the Siwanoy settlements 122 XV. The Split-reck road in Pelham Bay Park near the site of the house of Mistress Ann Hutchinson 124 XVI. Excavation of Indian shel…

The victims of prehistoric warfare buried at Ward point, near Tottenville, Stat en Island 192 XXVIII. The Billopp house on Ward point 194 Fig. 1. Skull of an ancient denizen of Shorakapkok 87 INDIAN NOTES BOLTON-- INDIAN PATHS Englewood KEY MAP MAPS A. Key map Facing page 9 I. Map of Greater New York and the contiguous territory, on which are traced all the Indian paths shown in great…

A detail of the topography of the district between 90th and 125th streets, from Fifth avenue to East river, showing the probable situation of two native settlement's of the Reckgawawanc. In portfolio AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS V. Upper Manhattan, comprising the Inwood valley, the Dyckman tract, and Marble hill. A detail of the position of the native sites determined by exploration in th…

This section includes part of the Indian path known as Sackerah, between Williamsbridge, Eastchester, and Pelham. . .In portfolio B. The district of Pelham neck, within the Borough of the Bronx, with Pelham Manor, and New Rochelle to Mamaroneck, together INDIAN NOTES MAPS with the islands in the Sound adjoining In portfolio C. Southern part of the Borough of the Bronx, from the Bronx k…

A. The lower end of Manhattan island, as far north as Central Park, also the East river shorefront of Brooklyn, Williamsburg, and Greenpoint, and the New Jer- AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS sey shore-line of Jersey City and Hoboken In portfolio B. The Long Island City and Newtown district within the Borough and County of Queens, with a part of East New York, Bushwick, and Greenpoint, within…

Original map of eastern New Jersey showing the extent and course of the Minisink path.. . .Facing page 196 - XL Original map of a portion of eastern New Jersey, embracing the native sales of territory contiguous to Staten Island, showing a part of INDIAN NOTES MAPS the course of the Minisink path. Drawn probably about 1750 as an exhibit in the Elizabeth boundarydispute, and now in posses…

Scattered references to these native paths in historical records afford the names and INDIAN NOTES INDIAN PATHS directions of only a few of the many which must have existed But within the boundaries of the great city of New York some of its thoroughfares are traversed today by millions, who little comprehend that their lines of travel were decided, and their convenience in distance and gr…

So it becomes an interesting and instructive thought, as we travel along the regraded thoroughfare, or race over its surface in a roaring train of cars, that beneath its hard, asphalted surface, below the remains of its macadamized predecessor, perhaps under the corduroy logs of an earlier cartway, there may yet be traces of the beaten surface of the narrow footway, hardened by the soft footf…

The woodland growth along the Indian path was doubtless cleared to suit the native habit of bearing burdens across the back. Thus the red men of all times transported their loads of game or merchandise, and the women carried their children or bore the household goods of skins and earthen pots. We can suppose therefore, that the trail was cleared only so far as to cut away the underbrush wa…

Such paths, however, ran not only between the several stations of related members of a single tribe or chieftaincy, but were highways of communication between very diverse peoples. The trail up the east side of the Hudson, which is in great part followed by Broadway and the old Albany post-road, provided not only access to the friendly tribes up-river, but to the masterful Mohawk, whose repr…

Leading, as they did, to the most desirable residential sites, to the best fishing-places, and the finest huntinggrounds, the trodden paths directed the invaders to the choicest parts of the land which their cupidity sought to acquire, and doubtless facilitated to a marked extent, and also advanced by a considerable period of time, the overrunning of the interior from the seaboard. Even po…

But while the dugout was doubtless a favored means of transit, it had its limitations, by ice and storm, and by exposure to hostile attack. Thus the waterways are found to have been paralleled by paths of great length and common usage; such as the Shore path extending along the north shore of the Sound, and the northern trail along the east side of the Hudson, and in great part the same tren…

The wily Indian, also, was addicted to the method of secrecy and surprise as prime tactics in his warfare, and the "war-path," which has passed into colloquial reference, was more likely the trail of the wild animal of the forest, or some little-used passage by mountain and water-course, than the trodden path through villages, where the camp dogs at least might be depended on to make known…

In some localities, however, their longcontinued use must have worn their surface deeply into the ground, and some such well-used paths have left traces in otherwise unchanged regions, and have been recognized by the recent explorer. It is not by a wholly speculative process, but rather by deduction, that the course of some unrecorded Indian trails may be traced in the windings of ancient h…

It is not only assumable, but fairly certain, that the early settlers gradually widened out the trodden path so that companions could travel together, side by side, and that their next act would naturally be to extend the width of the passage to permit of the use of a sled or a wagon. Thus, with a little grading of the highest parts and a corduroy or plank support over wet and boggy place…

Interesting combinations of recorded fact and deduction from physical circumstances are to be found in the Indian trails on the Island of Manhattan, of Brooklyn, and the Bronx, traversing the forest-grown site of the great metropolis. Around the site of each native settlement, other little paths branched out to all the nearby sources of food and supplies. The most used, and therefore perhaps…

In the summer season other of the women folk could be seen making their way on narrow trails through the woods to gather the wild fruits in brake and thicket, the strawberry, wild 'henry, and blueberries, or, in fall to collect the mushrooms and other fungi, to shake down the hickory nuts and walnuts, or in early spring to tap the maple for its sweet sap. Down at the marsh, while the men w…

You could find most of the old men around the bark houses doing a little light labor -- repairing arrows and bows, carving bowls and spoons of wood, and fitting handles to tools; and possibly some were fixing gourds with rattles of wild-cherry pits or Jack-in- the-pulpit seeds, or were indulging in the adornment of their persons with paint-stone or dyes of blood-root and sumac. The old w…

The arrival of the canoes at nightfall after a day's fishing or oystering was the signal for the villagers to crowd the path to the landing-place, whence, in notassen of woven grass and basswood fiber, they aided the men to fetch the catch of oysters and fish; or when the whoop of the returning hunters echoed through the darkening forest, to run on the main trail to meet them, as on bough…

peared from sight and human memory, the humble but indestructible debris of shell and sherd and spearhead have re-opened the book of history, and recorded in no uncertain terms the place of one-time aboriginal habitation. And in the trodden paths that once united these recorded, recovered, or other unknown sites, the forerunners of our modern means of communication are found, a practical a…

This is well illustrated by the course of the Shore path through the one-time village of Eastchester on its way to Pelham and the Sound shore. Here the path came over from the Williamsbridge crossing of the Bronx to the hillside overlooking the Hutchinson river, and descended to the margin of its marshy borders which afforded no practicable place of crossing. Turning, therefore, abruptly n…

These main arteries of traffic then combined in a single trail down the island, uniting at McGown's pass with the branch path extending from Harlem. So far these trails are recorded in history, and below that point we can be reasonably sure that the path was continued On the line of the old Boston post-road, whose tortuous course, avoiding streams and bogs, extended down the east side of t…

Plains scarce trodden by human kind save by the red man are clothed in all the beauty of their pristine verdure, while the rock-capped hills and the resonant forest echo back and forth the sounds of wild and savage life. Plumed songsters fill the woods and enliven our journey with their music. Perchance the shrill cry of the eagle, or the plaintive note of the cuckoo, or the busy hammer of …

On the native path, even then an ancient thoroughfare, the rising sun of our early history sees the wondering Manhattan crowding down from the upland regions to the Kapsee rocks, to gaze at the sails of the ship of Verrazano through the vista of the Narrows, and a generation later sees their successors filing down the trail to the place of the fateful bargain when the Manhattan path becam…

The path itself, so familiar in its every turn to his quick vision, was destined thereby to become the broad King's Highway on which his silent footfall was forever replaced by the traffic of leathern heels and iron wheels, and over whose widened surface, where once the meeting Reckgawawanc and Siwanoy crowded each other in friendly passage, the rushing tide of rubber-tired cars shall swing…

Long canoe trips across broad reaches such as the Lower bay, Jamaica bay, and the Sound, involved risk, and occupied the time and energy of a number of individuals, on a duty or an errand that could perhaps be as well performed by one proceeding afoot. There were obstacles in some places to water-travel, such as tides, shallows, and the roaring torrents of Hell Gate, which had their effect …

In particular their use in fishing required strength enough to carry loads of shellfish, and heavy sea-going fish such as sturgeon. They were often of great size and admirable workmanship, says Winthrop, and sometimes "so great as one will carry eight men." A canoe in which the envoys of the Dutch authorities returned from a visit to Rockaway carried eighteen natives with them to New Amst…

A "day's walk" is the description applied in early native conveyances, covering tracts fully twenty miles in depth of hill and dale, marsh and forest. Such a distance from the Battery would have included the vicinity of Yonkers and Larchmont on the north, Port Washington and Valley Stream on the east, Paterson and the Oranges on the west, and would have touched the region from Amboy to …

It is noticeable that large Indian settlements existed at those points on which traffic converged. This is evident at the upper end of Manhattan and Kingsbridge, where paths from the northeast and southeast merged at the Wading place, and certainly at the head of the Long Island system of paths the native settlements m old Brooklyn indicate concentration on the head of that important network …

The accumulations of discarded shells around its shores testify to the activity of the coinage industry, and the wealth thus created flowed naturally to Manhattan, and found its way into the pouches of traders up the Hudson, to the distant homes of the Wappinger and the Mohawk, or along the Sound shore to the villages of the Siwanoy and the Pequot. In addition to their position of advantag…

There could have been but little wild life in its restricted area of woodlands, and no such broad and level acreage suited to cultivation as in the flat lands of Long Island. The tidal movement in the two estuaries of North and East rivers, around its rocky shores, probably provided good opportunity for the spearing and netting of the swarming inhabitants of the waters, and from the nearby …

Around this sheltered spot, discarded oyster-shells, the unfailing sign of local aboriginal occupancy, were at one time observable in great abundance.1 About this site there also spread tracts of cultivable land. The space now composing City Hall Park was of such a nature, though limited in area. A larger tract afterward formed the old Out Ward of the Colonial city, broad and level land ext…

The native name of this locality was fortunately preserved in a grant from the Dutch government to Augustine Heermans in 1651, which described "the land called Werpoes" containing about fifty acres, extending on the north side of the Kalch Hoek and its adjoining ponds. According to Tooker, this name should have been more correctly written Werpos, or "the thicket," a designation which descr…

The larger pond overflowed in two directions, east and west, the western outlet passing along the base of Kolch hill to a wide area of marsh-land which extended in a northwesterly direction to Hudson river. On the east side the overflowing water had found an outlet to East river, along the line of the present Roosevelt street, passing through a marshy tract which was later the "vly" or mea…

At this favored place, sheltered from the west winds, provided with abundant water and nearby access to the river, the unfailing signs of Indian residence were found in masses of oyster-shells "abundantly strewn over the hill on the western side of the lake." Modern excavations on the line of Pearl street reached these old shell-beds, indicating the existence of a native station situated …

Such a combination of fresh-water supply and of shelter from the northwesterly gales of the winter season, with a natural grade for its drainage, as existed on the west side of the little lakes, would today invite the exploration of the expert investigator, who would confidently expect, on the removal of the surface of turf and leaves, to find the familiar shells and carbonized debris tha…

It seems from these circumstances that the needs of aboriginal residence would have been served by a site under the lee of the Kolch hill, between Duane and Leonard streets, on the sloping ground between Broadway and Lafayette street. It is through this area that the grading of Pearl street west of Park Row cut between the two ponds and disclosed the shell-beds that marked a village-site…

The restricted hunting area and the rather limited cultivable lands in its vicinity would indicate that Werpoes probably comprised fewer lodges than Snakapins, on Clasons point, in which more than sixty pits discovered may be taken to have marked the sites of some forty lodges, housing a population which may be assumed to have been about three hundred. As the needs of a group of even half…

Access to this favored village-site was possible from two directions. It has been noted that the line of lower Broadway, which below Park Row is reasonably assumed to have been the successor of a native path, is directed toward the rear of the village at Duane street. By such a route the inhabitants could have made their way directly to the extreme end of their island home. A path undoubt…

If, as would seem most likely, its occupants were those with whom Minuit made his bargain in 1622, supposedly for the entire island, the sale of their home-site resulted in their entire evacuation of the place after that event. Doubtless these natives were those Manhattan Indians who were afterward found to be settled at Nayack, or Fort Hamilton (68), where they resided for twenty-five y…

The extreme end of this tract, which was later named "Schreyers Hoek," was a point extending south of Pearl street and Whitehall street, bounded on its shore-line by our present State street, the curved portion of which has preserved for our observation the outline of the ancient promontory. This point formed on its east side a small cove, somewhat protected from the tides that swirled a…

The physical characteristics that determined this position for the path are evidenced in Map II, which is derived from the survey of Ratzer in 1766, omitting, of course, the then existing development of buildings and streets. It is evident that passage along the east side of the neck was barred by the tidal inlet at Broad street, and by the marshy vly along its course, which extended as f…

The line of travel farther north, however, was barred in the direction taken by Broadway by the broad swamp-land through which the outlet of the Kolch pond made its way to the Hudson. From the path along Broadway, therefore, another trail set off to the east. If, as is probable, this followed a course which was later developed into the earliest roadway, the turn was made at Ann street, wi…

This point of crossing was at the head of Roosevelt street, where the swampy ground was no wider than fifty or sixty feet, and the rivulet turned in its course between rising ground north and south only fifty paces apart. At the south this high ground developed into the Catiemut hill, a little eminence occupying the area in the angle of Pearl street and Park Row, covering City Hall place…

The old shore-line ran inland on Dover street near Cherry street, and the outlet of the Old Wreck brook, as the watercourse draining the ponds became known, was near the junction of Roosevelt street with Cherry street. From the crossing of the brook at Roosevelt street the path continued in an easterly direction, following Chatham street to Chatham square. A small hillock then occupied th…

This appears to have been the only source of fresh-water supply in the entire tract, and, situated as it was with a southern exposure sheltered between rising ground east and west, the latter being covered with timber even as late as 1766, with a good beach in front, the space in the vicinity of the pond offered about as attractive conditions for village life as could be desired, and was …

It has a tragic interest as the scene in 1643 of that ruthless slaughter of the unfortunate natives of Weckquaesgeek, who had sought refuge from their oppressors, the Mohawk, near the white man's settlement. From its junction with the trail to the Rechtauck village, the line of the Bowery lane indicates the most probable course of the pathway by which the native traffic proceeded toward t…

This was an important connection between the main line of travel and the landing-place on the shore of the Hudson by which trade in peltries and food was conducted with the tribes on the west side of the estuary. This place was known as Sapohanikan (4), and was situated on the curving shore of the river at our present Gansevoort street. The tide-line in those days was well inland of Washi…

It was, in point of fact, a trading station only, occupied by those who met there to exchange goods with the natives of Hobokan (116), a terminal to which the people of the East Jersey mountain regions brought skins and meat, to be ferried directly across the river to Sapohanikan. The name denotes its position "over against the pipe-making place," and thus indicates its character as a con…

At this point the path crossed the rivulet known to the natives as Minetta,5 and to their successors as the Bestavaer brook. It turned eastward at this crossing, and cut across the present lots north of Waverly place, passing there between two hillocks, one of which was known as the Sandberg, or Sand hill, and that on the south by a native name, which Schoolcraft gives as Ispetong, probably…

on its way northward as it was developed into the earliest roadway through the island, the old road which was existing when a cartway was ordered to be opened in 1670 to connect New Amsterdam with the township of New Haerlem. There is no historical record of this old road having been an Indian path, but there can be little doubt that this was the case, as it led to the junction of two known …

But the main objection, from an Indian point of view, lay in the exposure of the west side of the island to the bitter wintry winds. In the course of explorations of native sites in and around the island, it has been very definitely determined that the natives preferred the eastern side of hills, or a southern exposure, and the scattered places where aboriginal debris has been found along …

They were more probably reached by a trail through the woods, which was in use in 1679, when Sluyter and D ankers made their way from Harlem to North river, "which we followed a little within the woods to Sappokanikke." Some trails doubtless led across the island to the main path on the eastern side, one of which may well have extended from Strikers bay along the line of the later Blooming…

As there was quite a tract of marshland along the west side of the trail at this part of its course, it is probable that this plantation extended east of the path, over the level lands of the later Tiebout farm. But this area does not have the characteristics of shelter and an accessible spring, which were indispensable elements in the selection of native dwelling places. It is most likely, …

Its east side touched Lexington avenue at 30th street, where it turned north and ran parallel with Lexington avenue through the lots on its west side. It then passed easterly across Lexington avenue between 37th and 39th streets, and diagonally east over to Third avenue at 44th street. It next took a sharp loop westward between 48th and 51st streets, on its diagonal way from Third to Second…

"This road continued thence along the present Third avenue, passing Harsen's crossroad at 71st street and east of Smith's tavern opposite "Kissing Bridge" at 77th street. It crossed the division line between New York and Harlem commons between 81st and 82d streets, and continued along Third avenue to near 83d street. From Third ave. near 83d street this Eastern post-road diverged westerly, …

On the east shore of the island, along this line of the pathway thus described, there were some apparently desirable sites for Indian occupancy, such as at Kips bay, Turtle bay; and doubtless along the bluffs facing Blackwells island could have been found by interested observers in years gone by, the sites of fishing camps. But none of our predecessors in historical investigation seem to h…

Access from the path, which ran in Central Park north of 88th street, was doubtless by a branch leaving the main trail near 95 th street and crossing Fifth avenue somewhere near 96th street. A study of the topography of the locality is presented in Map IV. The name of this native station is recorded in the deed for the sale of Rechewanis in 1669, though it has been misapplied to Harlem cr…

"The underwritten Indians .have sold the Point named Rechewanis, bounded between two creeks and hills, and behind a stream [fonteyn] which runs to Montagne's Flat."10 This exactly and completely describes the neck of low, sandy marsh-land east from the high ground in Central Park (103rd-107th streets), to Hellgate bay or East river, and bounded on its north side by Harlem creek (the fontey…

This is evidently the situation of Konaande Kongh, a particular title which is so precise that it could scarcely have been applied to a mere line of uplands, which in the other part of the deed are referred to merely as "hills" {her gen). The topography is suited to the position of the station, in which Reckgawack and his circle of natives must have made their headquarters, on the high groun…

These flowed together in a level space, which lay between two ridges on the line of Park avenue, and as the lodges there commanded a full view of the waters of Hellgate bay, the village-site would agree with the description of Konaande Kongh as "the hill near which they fish with nets." This was the old haunt of the Reckgawawanc, to which they clung until 1669, when they abandoned their ho…

Curving to the northeast, it reached a point at the southwest corner of 111th street and Fifth avenue, whence it ran on a direct line over the broad and level meadow-land known as Muscoota, to a little creek on the Conykeekst tract, on which the tiny hamlet of New Haerlem was later formed at 125th street, just west of First avenue. Its line was adopted as one of the village streets, and a…

The broad tract of level land on which this station was situated, extending north of the waters of Rechewanis and lying east of the Indian trail, between 108th street and 123d street, was known to the natives as "Conykeekst."11 The queer name may have been more correctly Quinnikeek. As in other situations, the name was probably applied equally to the local settlement (98) and to its vicini…

The path probably ran along the easterly side of the avenue, on INDIAN NOTES UPPER MANHATTAN the line of the old Harlem lane, which was the successor of the Indian thoroughfare. The course headed directly across the level meadowlands now covered by modern Harlem, toward the foot of Washington Heights. Along its route at or near 115th street, at Seventh avenue, the pioneer white settler f…

' Clove of the Kill ' to the North River, or along the base of the height to and up Breakneck Hill." Here these early settlers went about their daily labor of converting the virgin land into a productive farm, while the dusky savage, "whose trail lay near them, leading from the forests of Wickquaskeek to New Amsterdam, passed to and fro on his trading errands and eyed with ill-dis-. guise…

It skirted along the eastern base of the hilly range, bending here and there, within the bounds of St Nicholas avenue as it now runs, and slightly rising in grade to 141st street. It crossed there, and also at 143d street, the cascading brooks which bounded down the steep hillside from sources on the later estates of -General Maunsell and Alexander Hamilton, and uniting, ran into a marshy…

all illustrating the strategic value of the place as that best suited to the scaling of the hill, and the seasonal difficulties which were encountered in the process. Once landed on the high ground, the trail went easily and directly northward, through the dense woodland growth which, until many decades of Colonial advance had passed, covered the favorite hunting-ground of the Reckgawawan…

It crossed the divide at 173d street, and on the line of old Depot lane, now 177th street, a bypath must have led to the fishing-station and canoe-landing on Fort Washington point (14), where a considerable deposit of blackened soil, shells, and occasional scraps of pottery indicate a somewhat extended use of the place by men and women of the local tribe, while the arrowpoints found by Ala…

The path passed on, as Broadway now does, around the western side of "The Knoll" to Dyckman street, which it crossed between the heads of two small watercourses running east and west, respectively, at that point. A branch path must certainly have turned westward along the margin of the latter brook, at the base of the high ground around which Riverside drive now bends, and led to the ancien…

Indeed the numerous spots where such signs have come to light point to the use in one way or another of all parts of the favored valley, from the dense woodlands of the sheltered hillsides to the numerous fishing-places along the placid Muscoota river and around the shore-line of Shorakapkok. The broad tract of meadow-land and marsh in the center of this vale, extending from the base of F…

This name is recorded in the deed of 28 September, 1669, as "the hook called Saperewack." The winding waterway from the head of kill Muscoota, at 225th street, was known as Paparinemin or Papirinemin, a name applied also' to the island of Kingsbridge which bounded the stream on its northerly side, and which seems to be derived from the Delaware papallenumen , "to continually make a false …

The sheltered side of Inwood hill was a most desirable place for native residence, and extensive debris discovered on all favorable sites testifies to their long-continued occupancy. The mouth of Spuyten Duyvil creek bounds the hill on the north and partly on the east, and this portion of the waterway was included in the name applied by the natives to the locality, Shorakapkok, which Mr Ha…

We may be sure that a village path passed on northward to the planting-ground situated on the Isham estate, north of 207th street and west of Seaman avenue. Thence it led by the same route as the present cartway (pi. n) through the woodlands to that shadowy glen under the cliffs of Inwood hill, where the Indian cave still exists, and where the spouting spring still pours out its pellucid st…

The main path, from Dyckman street eastward, probably left the line of Broadway near Academy street, and crossed the brook, the source of which was the spring at the native village, that ran through the head of a swampy tract later known as Pieter Tuynier's fall. The old highroad, its successor, took this course and ran diagonally eastward to 209th street at Harlem river, where it reached …

Calver and Dr Edward Hagaman Hall, in which were found pottery, and dog, turtle, and snake skeletons; or on Isham street, Cooper street, and 207th street, where human and dog burials, shell-pockets, and fire-pits have been discovered by Mr Calver and his companions (pi. iv, v, and fig. 1). Between the high ground of the Dyckman estate at 218th street and the Marble hill at 225th street, …

An arrowpoint was found in one of the woman's ribs, indicating a violent death. Photograph by W. L. Calver, 1908 UPPER MANHATTAN The Wading place is described as having been a short distance east of the original Fig. 1. -- Skull of an ancient denizen of Shorakapkok, disinterred on Seaman avenue near 204th street, Manhattan (Station 15, Map V). Kingsbridge, which in turn was east of the mor…

It has been stated that oyster-shells were to be seen upon the island, but of course they may have been carried there in the extension of its area. By this means the path left the Island of Manhattan. Only those who were ferried over on the backs of others, passed on their way dry of foot, unless perchance at times a dugout may have served the purpose of a ferry. When the tides were high …

This island was a favored place for Indian residence, as it is sheltered by high hills in every direction, with an ample supply of fresh water. Its surface was composed largely of sand and cultivable soil. In the vicinity of 231st street, across the island, many traces of an occupied station have been found (18). Shell-pockets and scattered debris cover the upland, and near the middle of t…

^ OT £* * lx\-« A V\v* ^n \ / r*7 \- 1 * v V, * " * \ A v* \ ' Jf I * - - V • . -\ n \* WADING V * t, * >/'\' J V V\^ u \ M 1 v *■ '&. * i "*- ^V ' \ AH •' \ ,,u> X * X- t\ \ " V .'if ' V" . V, 4 "* * \Hr ;; X THE WADING PLACE AND THE MEETING OF THE PATHS. THE BRONX two hundred feet west of Broadway, Wo L. Calver discovered a fireplace, in the ashes of which there was standing upright…

Over this important crossing all the native traffic necessarily passed between the Island of Manhattan and the outlying mainland north and east. At its landing on the Fordham side, the path reached the base of the Keskeskick highlands, the north part of which was later known as Tetard's hill. Here it divided into two trails passing north and south. That part of the trail extending northwar…

On the east side of the line of this roadway, at 234th street, W. L. Calver, with the writer, found a shell-pocket with pottery fragments, evidently marking the site of a small camp alongside the trail. The path curved around Tetard hill as Albany avenue now runs, crossing near 238th street a small brook descending the hillside, and thence extending on a nearly straight course northward …

The name of this village is not recorded: it may have been Mosholu, by which name the surrounding locality has been known to recent times, but more probably was included in the title of the tract of Keskeskick, that formed the first sale by the local natives to the Dutch West India Company in 1639. That sale was made by Taquemack, the local sachem, but was also agreed to by Reckgawack, ind…

Beyond Mosholu avenue the old line of the highway is now abandoned, but its course may still be traced by the trees and stone fences that once lined it on both sides, as far as about 260th street, where it fell in line with Broadway of today and so arrived at the north boundary of the City of New York. It was over this trail that the party of Dutch militia despatched by Kieft to raid the …

From some point near the village alongside the Mosholu brook, a branch trail must have extended to the Riverdale district, toward the native castle of Nipnichsen (17) ,16 which was situated on the strategic position of Spuyten Duyvil hill, commanding an outlook over a wide expanse of land and water. Such a trail most probably skirted the base of the hill by the line of the old Dash's lane, wh…

Above this sheltered place, on the summit of the steep hill which was afterward known as Konstabelsche hook, or Berrians neck, there was the native station of Nipnichsen, which is said to have been a stockaded position. It overlooked the junction of the creek and the river, commanding a wide view of the great estuary, as well as of the Dyckman flatlands and, all the surrounding hills. Such…

Others may probably exist in the vicinity. W. L. Calver found shells and fragments of pottery near the site of Public School No. Twenty-four, on Kappock street, which is near an abundant spring of fresh water. Along the shore of the Hudson several shell-deposits mark the sites of fishing-camps on the lines of West 232d, 235th, and 245th streets. A site which indicates extensive utilizatio…

Returning now to 231st street, where the Manhattan trail divided (see Map VI), we take up the study of the Westchester path, which turned south from the Albany trail at the crossing of the marsh at 231st street. This was a well known native pathway, recorded in history, utilized later by the white settlers, and extending through the present Borough of the Bronx in two branches -- one conn…

The native name of this important path was Sachkerah, derived from the Delaware shaiahik, meaning "the shore," and oana, or aney, "a path," or, in other words, it was "the Shore-road." It is quite precisely located in the deed by which the natives confirmed the purchase by Archer from Elias Doughty of the tract of land which was included between the two branches of the path, extending from…

As ocque means "at the end of," or "as far as," aney "a path," and om "over," the name may denote "where the path goes over." The boundary ranged thence northward along Bronx river to a place called Cowangongh (120), which was the crossing of the upper or Shore path at Williamsb ridge. This name is derived from cowang, "a boundary," and ongk, "beyond," indicating the point of passing bey…

Sachkerah became the old Boston postroad, and as such is traveled today by thousands of automobiles, the modern successors of the swift and silent Siwanoy, whose patient effort and hardened feet wore the track that ultimately brought about their own displacement. In 1668 this thoroughfare again formed a boundary of property which Elias Doughty, the heir of Van der Donck's land-rights, sold…

The lower path, which led direct to Westchester and the native stations in the southeastern part of the Bronx, took a southerly route by way of Bailey avenue, around the bend of Spuyten Duyvil creek, toward the line of the old Kingsbridge road, which led to the village of Fordham, turning east at the Farmers' bridge opposite Muscoota or 225th street, Manhattan. This part of Westchester path…

It ran past the original site of Edgar Allan Poe's little home, and in front of the site of the old Valentine-Briggs farmhouse which has been very recently removed, on its western side, and so bending sharply east, it descended through the village of Fordham to Mill brook, at the head of Third avenue. JMiH brook was crossed at some point north of Pelham avenue, probably at a shallow place…

Thence the trail extended to the Siwanoy settlements east of the Aquehung or Bronx river, to which the lower part of the stream formed not only a boundary but a physical barrier. Its extension and branches are described later. It would seem that some branch path must have extended toward native settlements in Ranachqua17 or Morrisania, the southern part of the present Borough of the Bronx.…

The Sackwrahung tract on the east was cut by the stream of the same name, now known as Bungay creek, which extended as far inland as Intervale avenue, and the Quinnahung or Hunts Point promontory was bounded by Bound brook on its west side, and by the Aquehung or Bronx river on the east. Native trails therefore must have made their way into these localities from the north, and one such t…

The settlement and cultivated land of Jonas Bronck seems to have been made in that part of the Ranachqua tract directly opposite Harlem, west of the marshes and bogs along Mill brook, as is indicated in the crude map accompanying the Patent of 1676. The extent of the territory known as Ranachqua was not clearly defined, but it ran at least as far east as the Sackwrahung district or Bungay …

Thus the old High Bridge road which was in existence long prior to its receiving that name, was an ancient track used prior to the Revolution. It branched from the Kingsbridge road, the line of the Lower path, at or near the old Dutch Reformed church at Fordham, and followed approximately the course of Aqueduct avenue along the range of hills, as far as Washington Bridge, thence via Boscob…

This led to East 138th street, whence the road proceeded in a southwesterly direction to the Morrisania landing-place, which was situated on dry land projecting into Harlem river just east of Willis avenue bridge, now covered by the New Haven Railroad yards. It was close to this place that Bronck established his home, the situation of which was disclosed in the discovery by W. L. Calver …

If this was the successor of a pathway to Hunts point, which seems the natural direction for such a trail to have taken, it would have followed the line of the Boston post-road to East 177th street, thence by a line which later became the old West Farms road, joining the Southern boulevard at Westchester avenue and following the line of the latter to Hunts Point road, which led directly to…

The objective of the lower Westchester path, the course of which through Fordham to Bronx Park has been described, was, as previously mentioned ] the Siwanoy settlements in the southeastern part of the Borough of the Bronx. This was the district which later became the township of Westchester, the refuge of those fleeing from religious persecution in New England. The native stations occupie…

The native village (13) was situated on a sheltered slope of land on the east side of Downings brook, a small tributary of Bronx river, which has its source in the Bear swamp. Continuing on toward the village of Westchester, the trail crossed Seabrey creek, a little brook emptying into Hutchinson river, where the New Haven branch railroad now runs over it, and a short distance beyond ente…

The old Throgs Neck road extending from the Westchester bridge is a natural line of travel, and passes directly to a site (102) on St Raymond's cemetery near the Eastern boulevard, where excavations for interments have from time to time disturbed shell-pits, indicating an Indian settlement. A trail could readily have been formed from this point, passing eastward over the upper part of Wei…

The most important place on the east side of Westchester creek, however, was that known to the early settlers as "Burial point" (10), a place situated, but as yet unexplored, somewhere on the shore of Morris cove, near Old Ferry point. Upon the point several places, by the presence of shell-beds and by fragments of weapons, evidence the native occupancy of the promontory. It would be most…

Such an important station as Castle point evidently required a pathway, which doubtless must have connected it with the Siwanoy village on the Bear Swamp road. The traffic between the two places could have passed most conveniently by way of the old Unionport road, which, after crossing Westchester avenue, followed the approximate line of Avenue C, or Castle Point road, which leads directly t…

Such a trail on Cornells neck would have been necessarily more or less crooked, as the neck is cut up by small brooks and swampy areas, with isolated rocky patches which stand up like islands in the surrounding sea of cattail rushes. The old "Middle path" down the neck was its probable course, as it led directly to the native village of Snakapins, which was situated on the west side of Soun…

Returning to the upper Westchester or Shore path, which became the old Boston post-road, we find its starting point, now known as Boston avenue, in the village of Kingsbridge. Its course may be traced by reference to Map VII, A, C. This steep roadway connects at Giles street with Sedgwick avenue, where a little south of that intersection a small shell-pocket in the sidewalk gave an indica…

Making a bend like a flattened S, and crossing the Concourse, it turned around the northern side of the hill on which in the Revolution the Negro Fort was constructed, and, descending to the Mosholu parkway, it went through Mill brook close to its source in a little pond situated near Jerome avenue. Thence curving northeastward, as Van Cortlandt avenue now runs, it passed the site of the old…

It may be noted that it is situated on a prominent tongue of land, diverting the course of the river some distance to the east. The ground north of the place selected for the crossing which now forms part of Woodlawn cemetery, is at a higher grade and would have made it inconvenient to pass in that direction. The river farther south is tortuous, and the banks appear to have been swampy. Th…

Thence it ran nearly due east, only two hundred to four hundred feet north of the New York City boundary, directly to the native station at old Eastchester village (21). The old road may still be traced by the ancient bowlder fences and old trees growing alongside as it falls sharply downgrade toward Hutchinson river. It has recently been cut down between high banks at the Kingsbridge Road…

It passed up a very steep incline at the Marsh View farm, and reached the line of East Sixth street, which was long known as the old Boston post-road, opposite the modern Dunham avenue. Here it descended, east by north, across the head of the marsh bordering Acqueanounck or Hutchinson river, and, as previously described (p. 31), made for a place where the water passed between dry ground …

From this crossing the path proceeded on the line of the original Boston post-road, through Pelham Manor, to its junction with the newer Boston post-road. This line it followed to New Rochelle, through which it passed by Huguenot street, and so by the line of the present Boston post-road, through Mamaroneck to Connecticut. Returning to the village of Eastchester, at the site of the old Sc…

Thence passing straight north by west to a junction with the old Corsa lane, which runs through the tract now known as Pelham-Bay-View Park, it led northwest to the present Boston post-road (of 1798), where it turned northeastward (pi. xiv) . The old roadway was known as the Eastchester road before that date, and led only to that village. At the Old Point Comfort tavern the newer road div…

It became known as, and is still in part called, Wolf's lane, as far as the later or New Boston post-road. Its course on the opposite side of that road was recently traced by William R. Montgomery, of Pelham Manor, by means of the old bowlder fences and line of trees which he found in vacant lots, extending to the Split Rock road (once miscalled Prospect Hill road, but happily renamed), …

Situated as it is on the slope on which grew the historic oak tree under which Thomas Pell made the bargain for his manor with Maminipoe and Wampage, the local chieftains, it would seem probable that this may have been the site of their principal village. The locality of which this village formed the center was known to the natives as Laaphawachking, denoting a plowed or cultivated tract,…

It doubtless connected with a wading place used by those natives who visited or lived on Hunter island (25) , and with those who were resident at a station (24) at Roosevelts brook, which runs into the Sound just below the boundary of the city and Pelham Manor, both of which localities bear abundant evidences of native occupancy. Hunter island (25) was a native resort of some importance, …

The brook now known as Roosevelts (24) , a name dating back to the acquisition of property in that vicinity by that family early in the nineteenth century, may have been the Maninketsuck which Tooker says was a "strong flowing brook" in Pelham. This place is favorably situated, sheltered and provided with good dririking water, and its further exploration by the Museum of the American India…

Southward from the Split Rock road the other branch trail must have led across the head of Bartow creek to the line of the City Island road, and following that course would cross the swamp at Glovers rock, where later the New England men held in check the invading army of Great Britain. Thence it surely led to that point of land extending into Pelham bay (23) , whereon extensive beds of shel…

Its fishing and hunting facilities must have been superior and were capable of supporting a numerous population. The extensive shell-beds which are found at certain parts of the shore-line indicate a long period of settlement, and it is considered by Wood that the course of native migration had proceeded from the western end of Long Island to the eastern part. The tract composing the pre…

The interest and labor of modern local observers such as Austin, Armbruster, and Dove, in exploring and recording the position and condition of native occupied sites, together with the slender references in existing histories, have resulted in locating probably all of the chief places of residence of the one-time owners of the county. What is lacking, however, in regard to the native stat…

Equally marked is the influence of these humble trails on the after-development of the great borough, as the progenitors of those arteries of traffic by reason of which old Brooklyn and its neighbors grew up together and ultimately became united in one great community. From far eastern regions the Long Island natives made their way along the Rockaway path to Brooklyn, and were joined by the …

Careful exploration of these village sites has been lacking, notwithstanding all the street grading and extensive building operations which have metamorphosed much of the surface of the present borough. Their neighbors on the Fort Hamilton tract, known as Nayack, were some of those Manhattan Indians who had sold their home-lands to the Dutch in 1626. Their territory extended on the east …

The most definite of these early discoveries is a site (66) which was exposed in the year 1826, on an eminence in the Fourth ward, which Furman precisely locates at Bridge street between Front and York streets, where, on a grass-grown hill surmounted by three conspicuous buttonwood trees, there were found burnt stones doubtless forming part of the fireplaces of native lodges. Below the sod a…

This station was directly south, across the waters of East river, from the village of Rechtauck, on Corlears hook, and probably in full sight of the Werpoes hill on Manhattan. Its vicinity is now completely covered by modern streets and buildings. The tract of land on which it was situated was called Rinnegaconck,24 which later became known as the Wallabout. As in other instaces, it would…

The first white settlement in Brooklyn was made upon the site of the native village known as Marechkawick (117).25 This would locate that Indian station at the old settlement which was built up on both sides of the native path, now Fulton street, in the vicinity of Lawrence and Jay streets. The name of the chieftaincy is defined by Tooker as meaning "at his fortified house," indicating som…

Between Gallatin place and Elm place, where the old path diverged from its course somewhat to the southwest, would appear to have been the most likely position of this station, which bore the name and was doubtless the headquarters of the chieftaincy. On Fulton street at Hoyt street, there was established in later years the village cemetery, possibly succeeding native interments in favorab…

The grant, which was dated 27 May, 1640, comprised "a certain piece of land upon the Long Island near Marechkawingh about Werpos, reaching in breadth from the kil and valley that come from Gowanes N. W. by N. and from the strand on the East River S. E. by E., 1700 paces of three feet each, and in length from the head of the aforesaid kil N. E. by E., and S. W. by W. to the Red Hook, unde…

It was known in 1642 as "Sassian's maize-land," a name denoting "the sower," and the natives continued its cultivation until that date, after which they probably sold it to Lubbersen, since in 1645 it was described as "Frederick Lubbertsen's maize-land." The home which he established in its vicinity was close to the place called Werpos, near which there was a large Indian burying-ground, …

It was probably reached by a branch trail from Red Hook lane, that extended between Warren and Wyckoff streets. In the same proceedings an old woman, Maritie Bevors, then 84 years of age, remembered going from Brookland "by the house of Lubbertse, and saw many little hills in the way from the house to the mill [B rower's mill] along the neck and enquired what the hills were and was answere…

Flint26 says, "The early settlers widened this trail into a wagon road which retained for many years this rural character." It was not until 1704 that the route was ordered to be laid out as a King's highway, "all along to Brooklyn towne afforesaid through the lane that now is." The route was admirably adapted to connect the native settlements on the Brooklyn peninsula with those which wer…

This branchtrail made a sharp turn, as previously mentioned, to avoid some obstruction, perhaps the native planting-ground at Pacific street, and then followed the line of Court street directly to Degraw street, whence another old lane, which was existing in the eighteenth century, led southwesterly through the native corn-fields as described by old Maritie Bevors, to Red hook. Near the int…

At this early settlement natives were still making their home as late as 1679, when Sluyter and Dankers, the Labadist monks, enjoyed the hospitality of the homestead, and noted in their diary the abundance and enormous size of the oysters gathered in the vicinity. Another nearby station was evidenced by the discovery by Adam Dove of a number of artifacts in the cut for the Shore Line railro…

This old path passes very near the place at 37th street where Indian objects were found, as above mentioned, and its extension across the center of Greenwood cemetery is directly toward the main line of trail on Flatbush avenue at or near Battle pass in Prospect Park (pi. xvm) . It is the trail mentioned in a declaration made 4 April, 1677, by two natives, "Zemo Kamingh otherwise known in…

That there were two paths in the Gowanus district is evidenced in a grant of April 5, 1642, by Kieft to Cornells Cool, of land "called Gouwanes reaching in width from the wagon road running through said land and Jan Petersen's land lying along the river," which further stipulated that the paths running over this piece of land shall remain open.29 It seems very likely that this district wa…

It ran nearly due east, along the base of the Green hills, and was known in early days as the Rockaway path, as it gave access to the country of that chieftaincy. Within the Borough of Brooklyn it followed first the line of Atlantic avenue, reaching Bedford Fourcorners at the present Bedford avenue. Here another path, the old Cripplebush road, set off northward, extending to. the Newtown tur…

Greenpoint and Williamsburg were reached from the old trail on the present Flushing avenue, by the Bushwick road, a winding lane of which a small part still exists in Bushwick place, at the Bushwick Railroad station of the Long Island railroad. This road may have originated in an Indian trail. The old Wood Point road joined it at Metropolitan avenue, and extended up to Greenpoint. If the …

AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS south through the woodlands of Flatbush. Where Cortelyou road now touches Flatbush avenue, the old Canarsie lane set off eastwardly, extending directly to the planting lands of the Canarsee chieftaincy, at the modern Canarsie, and the neck of land extending to Beach Park (pi. xix). This old lane seems to have been a natural line of access to this important locali…

It is first mentioned (Jan. 21, 1647) in a grant by Governor Kieft to settlers of "a certaine tract of land situate on the south side of Long Island called Canarsie with all the meadows belonging." The name signifies "at or about the fence" -- or, in other words, "the fenced-in place." The Dutch cultivated part of the lands in this tract with the consent of the Indians prior to any purcha…

The importance of Keskaechquerem as a meeting place for the natives coming from all directions would indicate its situation at some point where the main lines of travel converge. The station on Canarsie neck does not appear favorably in this regard. It seems to have been more of a place for the cultivation of crops and the manufacture of wampum. The most natural position for a place of mee…

From Clarendon road the main path, following Flatbush avenue, turned southeast on a straight line to this station at Flatlands (104), six and a half miles from East river. This was the earliest white plantation, named Nieuw Amersfoort, embracing a broad tract of cultivable land. At this place the old trail divided, passing east to Winippague or Bergen beach, and west to Gravesend and New Ut…

The supply of water within this settlement, upon which it depended, was a spring at the head of a small stream leading to Jamaica bay. This brook extended between Avenues K and L, and found an outlet in the watercourse that made of Winippague an island. Flatlands thus appears to have been, from all these circumstances, and from its situation in the general direction in which the council-plac…

The place was known to the natives as Muskyttehool, a Dutch application of the word, hole, to the Indian word musquetaug, "a place of rushes," very well describing the characteristic feature of the Paardegat (pi. xxi). This path was a direct means of communication between the Flatlands station and Canarsie. It connected directly with the Hunterfly Road trail, of which it was evidently an ext…

This old road connected with the Mill road which ran from Flatlands village at the point where the King's highway turned off from the present Flatbush avenue. We may reasonably assume that these old lanes were successors of the native trails. Scattered objects found upon the island indicate native residence there, and masses of discarded shells decide the position of a considerable Indian…

It could hardly have escaped being a center of barter for goods in exchange for fish and mollusks. We have warrant for assuming it to have been occupied for a long period, as the path that led westward from it was known to the Indians as Mechawanienck, "the ancient pathway." That name is recorded in a deed of 1652 in which the path was described as the southern boundary of a great tract ext…

But in prehistoric days it ran through New Utrecht on the line of the modern 83d and 84th streets as far as Fifteenth avenue, beyond which its crooked course to the Fort Hamilton Parkway is entirely lost in the modern street lines. An early transaction in 1636, between certain natives of Keskaechquerem and Jacobus van Corlaer, conveyed to the latter a tract of salt marsh, called Castutee…

Of these the western meadow became known, in 1652, as Amersfoort flat, or the flat "at the bay," and the title is still continued on modern maps. Proceeding from Flatlands westward, by the King's highway and its predecessor, the Ancient Path, another important native settlement was reached, which was situated at Gerritsen basin. This deep tidal inlet, extending northward from the waters …

This place, on which some Indian burials were disturbed in the grading of Avenue U, and many objects found by D. B. Austin which evidenced native residence, will, it is hoped, be further explored by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. Fortunately a great part of the tract, including the pond and contiguous upland and marsh, will be preserved as a public park, by the recen…

"Upland and marshes, anyway belonging thereto, as the Strawn [Strome] Beach or Beaches, as namely that running out more westerly, with the Island adjoining, and is at the same time by the ocean sea wholly inclosed, called hoopaninak and Shanscomacocke, and Macutteris." The situation of the tracts included in the sale are evidently in the vicinity of the Strome beach. Now, the beach at the…

The pond had other points of access, notably a sandy beach at the promontory near Avenue T, so that the inclusion of the Strome beach, or beaches, in the conveyance of 1664, indicates that the sellers were describing its characteristic features. The name Shanscomacocke appears to be that which is intended to describe this enclosed pond area, and as such was probably the name of the village o…

Barren island, or Equendito, which is also contiguous to the tracts of meadow, had been already disposed of by another transaction, in the previous month of April, and on Mill island, also adjoining, the family of Captain John Schenck had been settled for ten years, at Avenue V and East 62d street. We may therefore reasonably presume that the village (50) to which the natives clung, as sho…

Makeopaca began at "the most eastward end of the beach called by the Indians Moeung, or "black miry place," that is, at the head of Harway basin, where the old Beach lane reached Gravesend bay. It extended eastward along the Gravesend Neck road as far as Strome kill, or Gerritsen basin, thus taking in the village-site at that place (50) . Passing up this creek the bounds extended "from the …

A line drawn from the first point on the beach, through this tree, made the western boundary of Gravesend, "soe on a direct line to the Flatbush fence," which was struck at Foster avenue near Ooean parkway, meeting a similar line drawn on the east side from the head of Gerritsen creek through the white-oak tree first mentioned. The old path on the line of the King's highway led farther we…

The neck was probably an appurtenance of the natives of the Gerritsen Basin station, and its grantor, Guttaquoh, was perhaps the sachem of that settlement. Through these tracts the Gravesend Neck road connected the early settlements of Lady Moody and her companions, with the home and mill of Hugh Gerritsen at the Strome beach. It is so natural a line of travel, though it paralleled the Mech…

This extended east of Luna Park, where a small inlet set in from Coney Island creek on the line of Overton place. The eastern island was at first known as Gysbert's eylandt, and both were known as late as 1824 as Schryers hook. The island was doubtless reached from the mainland by a path which led direct from the site of Gravesend village (105) by what became later the old Shell road. Thi…

Beyond Gravesend the ancient path proceeded through New Utrecht to Nayack, and there afforded ready communication, by a short canoe trip across the Narrows, with the natives of Staten Island, and the Raritan and Navasink in eastern New Jersey. Indian Pond (106) is a picturesque little lake which is situated near Mechawanienck, now Kings highway, upon the boundary of Gravesend and New Utre…

Its successor, the King's highway, made two sharp bends at Twentieth and at Eighteenth avenues, perhaps due to village developments or to cultivated tracts. From the turn at 20th street there extended to Gravesend beach a lane known as De Bruyn's (Brown's) lane. This was probably an Indian trail, and seems to indicate the existence of a native station preceding the establishment of the Dutc…

The locality known as Nayack (68) is of particular interest as the refuge of the natives of Manhattan who made the sale of their home on the lower part of that island to Peter Minuit. The name denotes a point or angle of land, and as such may be appropriately applied to the Fort Hamilton tract, bounded probably by Dyker Heights Park on the south, and extending perhaps as far north as Yello…

There was a deed of November 22, 1652, by Seisen and Mattano to Cornells Van Werckhoven for New Utrecht land "stretching from behind Mr. Paulus' land, called Gouwanis, across the hills to Mechawanienck, lying on the southeast side of Amersfoort and thence past Gravesend to the sea following the marks on the trees." This conveyance included all Bay Ridge and New Utrecht to the Gravesend line.…

THE Borough of Queens, which is a part of the one-time county of that name, was added to the Metropolis in 1898. It is a very spacious tract, embracing within its area the old townships of Newtown, Flushing, Jamaica, and part of Hempstead, and the modern industrial district of Long Island City. It is divided from Kings county by a boundary-line drawn between the heads of Mespaetches or Ne…

Within the large territory much remains to be done in the direction of exploration and investigation, by which the limited information regarding its occupancy by the Indians may be considerably extended. The Rockaway, who are considered by Armbruster to have, been the Marechkawick of Brooklyn, or their near relations, were centered beyond the bounds of the Greater City at Rechquakie or Nea…

The name of the inlet, according to Tooker, bears some reference to a bad water place or swampy locality, which well describes the character of the borders of the creek and of its branches. The native names of three branches of Newtown creek have been preserved. Canapaukah, which seems to indicate a shut-in water place, was later Jknown as Dutch kills. This inlet extended in to the heart …

The position of that settlement is indicated by the discovery from time to time of native artifacts upon the Maspeth hills The situation also appears to have been desirable for native residence, as the creek provided fresh water at its source, and the elevation afforded a wide view over surrounding country. A village-site might have been looked for in the vicinity of Borden avenue and Willo…

The only known station within this broad region is at Ravenswood Park (111), on the bank of the east channel of East river, where a shellheap indicates native residence, and some native objects were discovered by W. L. Calver. It is not possible to suggest any particular line of trail connecting this place with Mispat. The path, if such there was, wound its way through the timber, which …

It would seem natural for the neck of land which these creeks enclosed, to afford shelter to the aborigines, especially as the waters between the Hunters Point shore and that of Minnahanonck, or Blackwells island, must have afforded good fishing, and the shallows of Mespaetches should have been the nursery of countless oysters. Flushing bay would appear to have been a very favorable place…

The creek extended inland with deep windings to the Trains meadow, a large tract of marsh-land which is still in great part existing in its original condition, nlling the large basin of lowland now partly occupied by North Woodside, and extending as far north as the Flushing turnpike. On the east of this area the old Trains Meadow road made its crooked way between Maspeth and North Beach o…

It became known later as the Jamaica and Brooklyn plank road, and sometimes as the Old Ferry road. In the village of Bedford it crossed, at the Four Corners, the junction of the Clove road, which was an old lane that may still be traced in part in the line of Canarsie avenue from Montgomery street southward to its old junction with the Canarsie lane, now the south boundary of the Cemetery …

This winding way was a very probable connection between the Maspeth station and the Rockaway path, with which it united at Euclid avenue in East New York. The Rockaway path crossed the boundary of the Borough of Queens, as does its successor Jamaica avenue, at Elderts lane, and passed thence almost due east toward Jamaica (101), skirting the south side of the Green hills through the Woodh…

It would seem probable that the Hewlett and the Near Rockaway stations would have been connected with Hempstead by some branch trail proceeding directly south from the Southern post-road at Hempstead, possibly along che Valley Stream road. The main path to those native settlements was doubtless by the route of the old highway from Jamaica which led direct to Rockaway neck, and was practic…

In this district the Rockaway natives had several settlements, including a station on Hog island (54), and not far away an important fortified station situated on Hicks neck, both having access to saltwater on Hempstead bay. Direct communication was doubtless well established between the residents in these large settlements and those of their kinsfolk living near the waters of the Sound, …

The exact location of the latter has not been recorded, but it would seem likely to have been at the intersection of the important paths which met at Flushing avenue and Fulton street. In the town of Flushing (53) some traces of native occupancy have been recorded. There was a tract on the north side of Broadway, cultivated in the eighteenth century as a horticultural establishment, which w…

The Matinecock were at one time numerous, and their villages and contiguous cultivated fields were scattered all over the territory they occupied, but disease and warfare so reduced their number that their planting land became waste and their homes were abandoned. The line of Broadway was evidently a natural line of travel between their Flushing settlement and their stations on the North s…

The two, however, were separated by the broad marshes extending on the west side of Flushing creek. Across part of this boggy tract a narrow neck of dry land extends nearly two-thirds of the distance, over which Broadway now makes its way, uniting Jackson avenue with Flushing avenue. A canoe ferry over the creek was doubtless a necessary supplement to travel by this route, an effort which…

That legend recorded the pursuit by the natives of "Manetto," the Evil Spirit, through Westchester county to the Sound shore, where, escaping to City island, he stepped across to a safe retreat on Long Island by the use of the Stepping Stones, leaving the imprint of one foot which may still be seen upon a bowlder near Eastchester. He is said to have landed from his leap over the Sound in…

Though its limited area offered relatively restricted facilities for wild animal life, the range of rugged hills that extend from its northeast corner at St George, to the old county town of Richmond near its center, probably sheltered quantities of small game and birds that supplemented the fish and shell-fish which teemed in the shallow waters surrounding the island and provided the nativ…

The native ownership of the borough was divided, its residents being members of several chieftaincies, who were settled upon that part of the coast contiguous to their mainland relatives, those on the north being the Hackensack and possibly the Tappan, those on the west and at the southern extremity the Raritan, and on the east and possibly in some inland positions, the natives of Nayack, …

Perhaps the animosity thus created and continued, and at any rate the contempt of the early settlers for all native subjects, led to the abandonment of the Indian names of their numerous stations, since none of them have been preserved, and their location has been decided only by the persistent efforts of interested archeologists. Similar neglect befell the native paths or trails that must …

Thus the mountainous range from St George to Richmond, and the extensive marshes of the Fresh kills extending therefrom to the Arthur kill, divide the island longitudinally and reduce the opportunity for convenient access from west to east to one or two passes which afforded reasonable grades, such as the Clove road. A trail over that pass would have connected the north and northwestern s…

One of several stations at West New Brighton was situated on the shore at Peltons cove, or Upper cove (72), on the line of the present Shore road. A village of extensive character, and one which was asserted to have been the scene of important gatherings and ceremonies in ancient times, was situated at Cedar and Dongan streets, West New Brighton, and burials within its area were found on t…

A larger and more ancient village and burial place (73) was found at Bowmans brook (or Newtons creek), under the site of the Milliken Brothers' steel works, beyond which, at Western avenue and the Shore road, a more recent site was found. At Old Place (75) in the same district, on a sandy promontory known as Tunissens neck, a large village of ancient character existed. Farther south at W…

It would seem probable that a trail may have connected these fishing stations with a large camp-site (90) not far from Richmond, at the Ketchum mill-pond, on Simonsons brook, and that an extension may have traversed the old Mill road to Richmond, and thence connected with the Amboy road, forming a short-cut across the center of the island. This, however, can be only conjectured. The stat…

The locality was favorable for such purposes, and it may well have been so utilized by the overflow population of the great settlement on Ward point (83) beyond Tottenville. This place, sometimes described as Burial ridge, was evidently of considerable importance and large extent. Recent explorations by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, conducted by M. R. Harrington, are i…

At Princes bay (92) there are cultivable grounds, a fine water-supply, high banks and good fishing facilities, and along the banks several deposits have been noted that determine the presence of the red man. At Seguine point (93) there was a fishing camp, a site south of the Woods of Arden (94) at the mouth of the Great Kills, and another at Oakwood (95). At the head of that inlet, in the…

These are indicated in Map I on the lines of old roadways which suggest the most natural routes. INDIAN NOTES ( '1/ u to Hi ^> <1> > z o V4_ n >4- >, t ' » <tf c c -II < t </) ty BOLTON-- INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS Part of PENStLVANI, Original map of eastern New Jersey, showing the extent and course of the Minisink path from Navesink to Minisink Island. (F…

We find that the natives of the island held title on the west to a large part of the area of the towns of Woodbridge, Linden, and Elizabeth, and that those on the north were in close communication with their fellow AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS tribesmen of the Hackensack who were resident on Bergen neck. That promontory, bearing a singular topographical resemblance to Manhattan, evidentl…

Another station, whose existence is marked in our city's history by the black record of the indiscriminate slaughter of its occupants in 1643, was Aressick, or INDIAN NOTES NEW JERSEY Paulus hook (114), now included in the modern Jersey City, probably situated at a point about a block south and west of Exchange place. It was thus directly across the river from Werpoes, and is likely to …

Direct progress toward the west from the stations on the bank of Hudson river along Bergen neck was barred to native travel by the extensive swamp-land that extended around the head of Newark bay for about sixteen miles inland to Hackensack. It was, perhaps, a common custom to transport goods and travelers by canoe across the Hackensack, which could have been best accomplished at Kearney,…

At modern Passaic the river takes a horseshoe turn around the site of the native station of Acquacanonck (70), the headquarters of the chieftaincy of that name. A short distance north of its junction with Saddle river there is a shallow place used as a ford in Colonial times, which was probably a crossing used by the Indians on their way to the homes of the Acquac anonck along the Passaic…

There two known Indian trails diverged, one leading into the narrow valley of the Ramapo river through the heart of the mountains to the Highlands, and the other turning eastwardly along Mahwah creek directly to Haverstraw. Through these mountain trails there doubtless flowed a great part of the traffic that brought the pelts and game of the wild forests to Manhattan, and carried back ag…

«... , .. i oaotprn New Jersey, embracing: the native sales of territory con- Onginal 1 map of a portion of .aster ^ ^ g ^ tiguous to Staten Island, showing a part 01 k r / 1750 as an exhibit in the Elizabeth boundary dispute. (Courtesy of the New York H.stoncal Society.) ., NEW JERSEY feature of east New Jersey that it appears prominently in ancient maps, such as that reproduced as Map X,…

It relates to a dispute between the towns of Newark and Elizabeth as to their respective boundaries, and is evidently the work of some surveyor AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS acquainted with the historical side of the subject, as it records not only the boundaries but the dates and even some of the native names of the tracts purchased from the natives dwelling in the territory between Rarita…

Keeping to the west side of Rahway river, it reached Springfield; thence it passed through the Short hills to Northfield and Livingston, where it crossed the Passaic into Morris county. Its course may be traced beyond that point by old roadways through Sussex county to the island of Minisink in Delaware river, which is situated halfway bebetween Hainesville and Milford.34 This is stated by…

Valentine 's Manual for 1865, pp. 572 and 652. 2. On the other hand, Mr M. R. Harrington, in a personal communication to the author, says of the name Werpoes or Worpus: "There seems to be nothing in recorded Delaware to help us here, but the Natick word waapu, 'raised up,' with the diminutive -s added, would seem to indicate 'a slight elevation.' This would accord with the Kolch hill, the m…

It is most probable that it is a corruption of the prosaic menantachk indicating the "wooded swamp" through which the upper part of the brook meandered. -- M. R. Harrington. AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS 6. Aspetong; Ashpetong. An elevation, scarcely sufficiently conspicuous to deserve the name of a hill, seems to be indicated by the Delaware as pi, "lifted up," and the locative-o»g, "an el…

indicating a great space of sand, as has been suggested by Riker and others, the precise derivation appears to be the Delaware lexan-hannes-s or "sand-streamlittle," descriptive of the small creek that flowed between its sandy banks. Rechewas point thus appears as lexau-es or "little sand point." -- M. R. Harrington. 11. Conykeekst. The Delaware kwene-akies-k indicates the character of the tr…

A more satisfactory definition of the name applied to this hilltop station than has been heretofore suggested, is found in the Delaware mbinishkeu, or as it appears in its Natick form, nip-nishkeneunque, signifying muddy or dirty water. This could be very reasonably applied to the rain-water pond which in certain seasons filled the hollow space back of the site of the old Tippett dwelling. …

Bolton, Robert, History of Weschester County, 3d ed., ii, p. 578. 21. Skinner, op. cit., vol. v, no. 4, pt. 2, New York, 1919. 22. Bolton, Robert, History of Weschester County, 3d ed., vol. i, p. 686. 23. Furman, Gabriel, Antiquities of Long Island. 24. RlNNEGACONCK, RlNNEGOCONCK. The Delaware lenniga-xunk, or Bark-house hill, is a satisfactory and distinctive description, according wit…

33' Skinner, A nthropological Papers of the A merican Museum of Natural History, 1909. 34. Heye, G. G., and Pepper, G. H., Exploration of a Munsee Cemetery near Montague, New Jersey, Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. ii, no. 1, New York. 1915. AND MONOGRAPHS BIBLIOGRAPHY Armbruster, Eugene L., History of Long Island, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Brooklyn,…

City History Club, Historical Guide to the City of New York, 1913. Cook, Harry T., The Borough of the Bronx, 1639-1913, New York, 1913. Denton, Daniel, Description of New York, 1670, New York, 1845 (reprint). Flint, Martha B., Early Life on Long Island, New York, 1896. Furman, Gabriel, Antiquities of Long Island, New York, 1875. INDIAN NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY Hall, Edward Hagaman, A Brief Histo…

Innes, J. H., Ancient Newtown, The Newtown Register, Elmhurst, L. I., 1898-1899. , New Amsterdam and its People, New York, 1902. Jameson, J. F., Narratives of New Netherland, New York, 1909. Janvier, Thos. A., In Old New York, New York, 1900. Jenkins, Stephen, The Old Boston Post Road, New York, 1914. New York, 1911. 1912. AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS Munsell, J., History of Queens Co…

Schrabisch, Max, Indian Rock-shelters in Northern New Jersey and Southern New York, Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, vol. in, New York, 1909. , Indian Habitations in Sussex County. New Jersey, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin 13, Union Hill, N. J., 1915. Skinner, Alanson, Exploration of Aboriginal Sites at Throgs Neck and Clasons Point, New York City, Co…

Trumbull, James H., Indian Names in Connecticut, Hartford, 1881. Ulmann, Albert, A Landmark History of New York, New York, 1901. Valentine, David T., History of the City of New York, New York, 1853. Van der Donck, Beschryving van Nieuw Nederland, Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc, 2d series, vol. i, 1841. Waller, H. D., History of the Town of Flushing, Flushing, 1899. Whitehead, William A., East Jers…

In possession of the American Geographical Society. Brooklyn, The City of. Watson, 1879. Brooklyn, The City of. M. Dripps, 1853, 1871. Brooklyn, The City of. Alexander Martin, 1839. Elizabeth, N. J. An original map, apparently drawn about 1750, in possession of the New York Historical Society, showing the original purchases of lands from the Indian proprietors, and land in controversy at …

Valentine's Manual for 1853, p. 260. Manhattan Island, 1664. The Nicolls map. Monmouth, N. J., An orig nal survey of part of Monmouth county, 18th century, showing old roadways. In possession of the New York Historical Society. Mount Vernon, N. Y., and environs. Survey by William Bracher. Goldthwaite, 1890. New Jersey, by Robert Hornor. New Jersey, The Province of, by William Faden. London, …

Westchester county, Atlas of, by Jos. R. Bien. Published by Julius Bien, New York, 1893. Westchester county. Walling, 1863. AND MONOGRAPHS INDEX OF STATIONS ON THE MAPS Note: The numbers applied to the stations are those adopted in "New York City in Indian Possession" up to No. 27 and from >os. 50-58, 65-83, 86-97, new numbers being applied to stations not described in that work from 98 o…

See 15th Annual Report American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. 3. RECHTAUCEorRECHTANCK (Maps II; VIII, A). A village-site on Corlears hook, on Manhattan island. Natives who had INDIAN NOTES INDEX TO STATIONS taken refuge there were massacred by Dutch soldiery at the order of Governor William Kieft, 1643. The most natural position for such a station was near a fresh- water po…

Montagnes point, "Little Sand Stream." The tract of marsh and upland extending south of Harlem kill to 91st street as far west as Fifth avenue, to Hellgate bay, on East river. This was the home district of Rechewac, chief of the Reckgawawanc, and was occupied by him and his people until 1669. It probably included a native village known as Konaande Kongh. 6. Ranachqua (Map VII, C). The tract …

village, the name of which was recorded, of extensive character, situated on a tract of sloping ground on the west side of the present Soundview avenue, where it is intersected by Leland avenue. The site was covered by about sixty lodges. In the vicinity, south of the village, there was probably an extensive plantingground. Fishing stations were situated along the shore, and at Clasons poin…

This place is said to have been the site of a buryingground to which the natives brought their dead from the interior country. There are deposits of shells and scattered native objects along the shores of the point, indicating native occupancy. The probable site of the burial place is a mound facing Morris cove on the border of the marsh at the foot of the Ferris estate. The place is in ful…

This village, the name of which is not recorded, was probably a principal station of the Siwanoy of the Bronx district, as they continued to occupy it until 1782. 14. Jeffreys hook (Map I). Manhattan Island, on the east bank of the Hudson, the modern Fort Washington point. A fishing station, evidenced by deposits of shells and charcoal, and by arrows found among the rocks on the beaches.…

In the interior of the area a ceremonial site at 212 th street and sundry places marked by food-pits have been discovered. 16. Shorakapkok (Maps I, V). A name, fortunately preserved, applied to the locality under Inwood hill and to the western part of Spuyten Duyvil creek, on the bank of which, in the glen now called Cold Spring hollow, large deposits of debris, food-pits, and rock-shelte…

An important village-site on the west bank of" Mosholu brook, near the Van Cortlandt mansion in Van Cortlandt park. The title Keskeskick applied to the range of hills forming part of Kingsbridge, Fordham, and University Heights, probably as far south as Washington bridge. The village-site was close to the Van Cortlandt mansion. It was destroyed by grading the playing field. See Skinner, Arch…

Anns hook, possibly Asumsowis, the modern Pells point (Map VII, B), Pelham neck, or Rodmans neck. The site of a considerable station, explored by M. R. Harrington on the northeastern side of the neck, and evidenced by large masses of shells and charcoal, and several human burials. This may have been the place in Pelham known to the natives as Asumsowis, which Tooker (Amerindian Names in We…

Many objects plowed up in the course of cultivation in the vicinity are in possession of Mr. Ryder, resident nearby. Canarsee (Map VIII, D). The principal station of the chieftaincy known by that name. This is supposed to have been situated at or near the present locality known as Canarsie; but there being no natural water supply, it is evident that the name was that of a locality, probabl…

Austin states that these beds cover the area of the center of the island, and that they were probably debris from the manufacture of wampum. 53. Flushing (Map I). Site of a large village of the Matinecock chieftaincy. Armbruster (Hist. L. I., its Early Days, etc., 1914) says eleven native burials were disturbed within the area of the Linnaean gardens in 1841, and in 1880 a burying ground,…

The greater part of these objects is in the American Museum of Natural History, and one fine pointedbottom jar is in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 65. Mespaetches (Map VIII, B). The modern Maspeth. The name is applied to Newtown creek and the contiguous swampy area, and probably to the place of residence of some natives known as the Maspeth tribe. The name denotes "…

Nayack (Map VIII, C). The name denoting a point of land, probably applied to the whole neck which now includes Bay Ridge and Fort Hamilton. The position of the native village to which INDIAN NOTES INDEX TO STATIONS the inhabitants of lower Manhattan retired is not known. It would have been favorably situated at the southeast end of the United States reservation near the water supply in D…

village-site and native burial-place existed at this point, which is the southern extremity of Bergen neck. It was so isolated from the neck by swamps extend ng from Bayonne to the Kill van Kull that it must have been reached mainly by canoe. Another occupied station is evidenced by shell-deposits on the west side of Bergen neck, at the right-of-way of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. …

At Arlington station, a native village-site, with human interments, was discovered and explored in 1901, and further developed in 1918 by Alanson Skinner. 75. Tunissens neck (Map I), or Old Place. A native site which yielded pottery, bone, and stone objects, indicating village life. ' 76. Watchogue (Map I). A camping site on Big Hummock, at Bloomfield, the name denoting "hill land" (Took…

This very extensive native station is evidenced by masses of debris, accumulated to a considerable depth and spread irregularly over many acres. Part of the site was explored in 1898 by George H. Pepper, who discovered a number of burials, and many objects have since been unearthed through further exploration by M. R. Harrington for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. 86. H…

Princes bay, Princess bay (Map I). An unexplored site at the bay, and another site marked by a shell-pit and scattered objects on the shore halfway to the lighthouse, all indicate native stations, probably for fishing purposes. 93. Segulne point (Map I). A camp-site, probably a fishing station. 94. Woods of Arden (Map I). On the shore, near the mouth of Great kills, there is a place whic…

street, probably near Second avenue, there was a small station or plantation, which may have been named from some nearby brook. (Colonial Docs. N. Y., vol. xiv, p. 110.) 100. Tubby hook (Maps I, V). At this point, extending into the Hudson river at Dyckman street, there was a very ancient station, the extensive deposits of debris being located on the shore of the "Little Sand bay," on the…

103. Laaphawachking (Map VII, B). Pelham Bay park on the Bartow estate. A locality name probably applied to a quite important native site, close to the Shore road or Pelham Bridge road, within the Bartow property now owned by the City of New York. This site, which was discovered and explored by the Rev. W. R. Blackie, for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, gives evidence o…

the gathering place known by the native name which denotes a place where public meetings took place. (See Colonial Docs. N. Y., vol. xiv. pp. 14, 36.) 105. Massabarkem or Gravesend (Map VIII, C). The village established by Lady Deborah Moody and her associated refugees. The acquisition of land conveyed a tract misspelled as above, but ind eating "land by the great water," and probably appl…

A locality at the Paardegat or Bedford creek, where it is crossed by the Flatlands AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS Neck road. It was used as a boundarymark. 109. Sunset park (Map VIII, C). Bennywater pond, in Sunset park, west of Greenwood, was an Indian site located by Adam Dove, of Gowanus. Nearby, at 37th street near Sixth avenue, objects were disturbed, indicating the existence of a stati…

Pagganck (Maps II; VIII, A). Nutten island, Nut island, now Governors island. Owned and probably occupied by natives of the Marechkawick chieftaincy. 114. Aressick, or Paulus hook (Maps II; VIII, A). A native village was INDIAN NOTES INDEX TO STATIONS situated on this favorable promontory, which was acquired from the occupants by Director Kieft in 1638. It has a dramatic interest as the …

It was evidently a trading place, whence goods were transported across the Hudson to Sapohanikan (4), and by its position on the Bergen peninsula was best situated to foot travel toward the mountain regions north and west. 117. Marechkawick or Mareyckawick( Map VIII, A). The headquarters of the chieftaincy of that name, probably situated on the main trail from the ferry (Fulton street) at…

name indicating the situation of the crossing over the Aquehung or Bronx river, at or near Pelham parkway, of the path to Westchester. The nearest known station of the natives was that on the east side of the river (13). 120. Cowangongh (Map VII, A). A name applied to the place where the shore path, "Sachkerah," crossed the Bronx river at Williamsbridge, on the line of the Gunhill road. …

A favorite locality for native occupancy, evidenced by abundant shell-deposits, and the signs of a village and burialground, probably of the Matinecock. 122a. Pudding rock (Map VII, C). A glacial bowlder, stated to have been used by natives as a resort, situated at the Boston road, south of East 166th street, Borough of the Bronx (Historical Guide to the City of New York, City History Clu…

See Mechawanienck Annadale road, 193, 234 Anns hook, 123, 227 Aqueduct avenue, 107 Aquehonga, 194 Aquehonga-Monacknong, 187 Aquehung, 104, 105, 240. See Bronx river Archer, John, 99 Areola, 201 Aressick, 198, 199, 238. See Paulus Hook Arlington Station, 191, 192, 232 INDIAN NOTES Armbruster,- Eugene L., 45, 130, 172, 173, 175, 183,229,235,236 Arrochar, 190, 195, 235 Arthur kill, 190…

Bartow creek, 127 Bartow estate, 124, 236 Battery, the, 38 Battle pass, Prospect Park, 143, 147 Bay Forty-fifth street, 166 Bayonne, N. J., 198, 231 AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS Bay Ridge, 143, 169, 230 Bayside, 172 Beach lane (Kings), 162, 166 Beach Park (Kings), 148, 150 Bear Swamp, 110, 111, 114, 224 Bear Swamp road, 224 Beaver Path, the, 236 Beaver pond, 180, 182, 235 Beaver str…

Bloomfield road, 234 Bloomingdale crossroad, 63 Bogardus Corners, 233 Bolton, Rev. Robert, 128, 185 Bolton road, 84 Borden avenue (Queens), 174 Borough of Bronx, 25, 30, 47, 90, 98, 102, 104, 107, 109, 110, 176, 224, 241 Borough of Brooklyn, 25, 39, 50, 51, 55, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 140, 143, 145, 170, 172, 174, 186, 230, 238 Borough of Queens, 145, 171, 174, 179, 180 Boscobel …

Bronx borough, see Borough of Bronx Bronx kills, 105-106 Bronx Park, 104, 110, 111 Bronx river, 99, 100, 104, 105, 109, 111, 113, 118, 240 Brookland, 139 Brooklyn, see Borough of Brooklyn Brooklyn Bridge, 134 Brooklyn Heights, 136 Brooklyn path, 178 Brooklyn plank-road, see Jamaica and Brooklyn plank road. Brosewere bay, 229 Brower's mill, 139 Brown estate, 224 Brown's lane, see De B…

See Castle Point (Bronx) Castle Point (Bronx), 114, 222 Castle Point (N. J.), 199, 239 Castle Point road (Bronx), 114 Castleton avenue, 192 Castuteeuw, or Kes-asketu, 156 Catiemut hill, 54 Cave, Indian, see Indian Cave, the Cedar street (S. I.), 191 Cemetery of the Holy Cross, Flatbush, 178 Center street, 42 Centerville, 198 Central Park, 62, 68, 69, 71 Central Railroad of New Jersey,…

See Gamoenepa Concourse, see Grand Concourse Coney Island, 157, 162, 165 Coney Island creek, 165 Coney Island Jockey Club, 164 Connecticut, 121 Constable point, 198, 231 Continental Village, 92 Conykeekst, 72, 73, 74, 235 Cool, Cornells, 144 Cooper street, 86 Corlears hook, 56, 67, 134, 220 Cornells creek, 113, 115 Corona (Queens), 175, 184 Corsa lane, 122 Corsons brook, 234 Cortel…

See Lenni Lenape Belaware river, 22, 205 Bepot lane, 79 Bevoes point, 108 Bickey estate, 222 Bivision street, 55 Bobbs Ferry, 92 Bongan Patent of 1685, 153 Bongan street, 191 Bosoris, 183 Boughty, Elias, 99, 101 Bouglaston, 241 . See Little Neck Bove, Adam, 130, 142, 238 Bover street, 50, 55 Bownings brook, 111, 224 Brake Park, 110 Buane street, 47, 49, 53, 220 Bunham avenue, 120 …

60, 66, 68, 69, 121-122, 131, 134, 137, 140, - 151, 171, 175, 184, 185, 221, 238 East Sixth street, Mt. Vernon, 120. See Old Boston Post Road Echo bay, 228 Eighth Regiment Armory, 103 Eighth street, west (Kings), 166 Eighteenth avenue (Kings), 167 Eighty-first street, 66 Eighty-first street (Kings), 167 Eighty-second street, 66 Eighty-third street, 66 Eighty-third street (Kings), 156 …

Fitch, John, 46 Flatbush, 147, 148, 163, 178 Flatbush avenue, 140, 141, 143, 147, 148, 151, 154, 236 Flatlands, 132, 140, 145, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 162, 170, 228, Flatlands Neck road, 148, 151, 153, 236, 237- Flushing, 171, 172, 173, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 229 Flushing avenue, 146, 179, 182, 184 Flushing bay, 175, 176, 177, 185 Flushing creek, 184 AND MON…

178, 188, 230 Fort Hamilton parkway, 156 Fort Independence, 116 Fort Number One, 97 Fort of 1812, 72 Fort Washington, 80 Fort Washington Park, 79 Fort Washington Point, 79, 224 Forty-first street, 66 Forty-fourth street 65 Forty-seventh street, 66 Forty-eighth street, 65, 66 Foster avenue, 148, 163 Four Corners, the, 178 Fourteenth street, east, 64, 235 Fourth avenue, 65, 66 Fourth…

Gerritsen creek, 151, 163 Gerritsen, Hugh, 158, 160, 164 Gerritsen, Wolphert, 44 Getty square, Yonkers, 226 Giles street, 116 Glovers rock, 127 Godwin, Joseph, 88 Godwin's island, 88 Goodrich map, 165-166 Gouwane, Chief, 238. See Gowanus Gouwanis chieftaincy, 169 Governors island, 153, 238. See Nut island, Nutten island Gowahasuasing, 83 Gowanus, Gowanes, Gouwanes, 133, 136, 137, 14…

Green Wood point, 146 Grenen Hont Punt, see Greenpoint Gunhill Road, 117, 240 Guttaquoh, a sachem, 164 Gysbert's eylandt, 165 Hackensack, 50, 198, 199, 200 Hackensack (chieftaincy), 188, 190, 221, 232 Hackensack river, 198, 200, 201, 205 Hainesville (N. J.), 205 Hall, Dr. Edward Hagaman, 86, 97 Hall of Records, 54 Hamilton, Alexander, 77 Hamilton square, 66 Hamon place, 142 Hanse, Ja…

Hell Gate, 36, 69, 70, 71, 178, 184, 185, 186 Hellgate bay, 221 Hempstead, 171, 180 Hempstead bay, 181 Henderson street, Hoboken, 199, 239 Henry street, 56, 221 Hewlett, 172, 180, 181, 229 Hicks neck, 181 Highbridge, 107, 108 Highlands, 92, 202 High sandy banks, see Aquehonga Hills of Jochem Pieter, 76 Hobokan, 59, 239 Hobokan Hackingh, 199, 239 Hoboken, 39, 199, 221, 239 Hobson lan…

Hunts Point, 105, 109, 110, 222 Hunts Point road, 109, 222 Hutchings, John, 46 Hutchinson, Mrs. Ann, 123, 124, 227 Hutchinson river, 30, 111, 119, 120, 121, 123. See Acqueanounck Hyatt tavern, 86 Indian cave, 84, 225 Indian pond, 166, 237 Indian trail, 72 Institute Park, 147 * Intervale avenue, 105 INDIAN NOTES In wood,. 80, 81, 95 Invvood hill, 83, 84, 225 Iroquois, 91 Isham estate…

Journeay avenue, 193, 234 Jumel, Madame, 78 Ka, a sachem, 144 Kakapetteyno, a sachem, 152 Kalch Hoek, 42, 43, 137, 220 Kamingh, Zemo, or Kaus Hansen, 143 AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS Kappock street, 97 Kapsee, Kap-se, 33, 51, 220 Kaus Hansen, see Hansen, Kaus Kearney (N. J.), 200 Kenrom, an Indian, 143 Kents neck (N. J.), 204 Kes-asketu or Castuteeuw, 156 Keskaechquerem, Keskaechquer…

See Post-road Kips bay, 66, 67 Kissing Bridge, 66 Knoll, The, 80 Kolch hill, 44, 45, 47 Kolch pond, 44, 53, 54, 220 Konaande Kongh, Konaandekong, 63, 68, 70, 71, 221 Konstabelsche hook, 96. See Berrians neck Kreischerville, 194 INDIAN NOTES Laaphawachking, 124, 236 Labadist monks. See Sluyter and Dankers Lafayette avenue, 192 Lafayette street, 47 Lake lane, 162, 166 Lakes island, 1…

Long Island Railroad, 146 Long Island Sound, 21, 36, 121, 125, 177, 181, 185, 223 Long Neck, 193, 232 Lower bay, 36 AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS Lower path, 102, 107, 109 Lubbersen, Lubbertse, Lubbertsen, Frederick, 137-138, 139, 230 Ludovics brook, 176. See Wessels brook Luna Park, Coney Island, 165 Macomb's Dam Park, 108 McGown's . (McGowan's) pass, 31, 61, 67, 72, 75 Macutteris, 1…

Marble Hill, 81, 82, 85, 86, 100, 224 INDIAN NOTES Marechkawick, Mareyckawick, Marychkenwingh, 132, 133, 135, 137, 169, 170, 172, 230, 238, 239 Marechkawingh, 137 Mariners Harbor, 191, 192, 232 Market street, 56 Marlboro, 237 Marsh View farm, 120 Marychkenwingh, see Marechkawick Mashanscomacocke, 159 Maspeth, 174, 177, 179, 230 Maspeth creek, 174 Maspeth tribe, 230 Massabarkem, 163, …

Mill road (S. I.), 193 Milliken Brothers' Steel Works, 192 Minetta, 60 Minisink, 203 Minisink, island of, 205 Minisink path, 21, 39, 195, 202, 204 Minnahanonck, 176, 238. See Black wells island Minsi, 201 Minuit, Peter, 43, 50, 168 Mishow, 125, 227, 228. See Hunter island Mispat, 173-175, 177 Mitchel square, 78 Moeung, 162 Mohawk, 19, 40, 57, 92, 96 Montagne family, 68, 75 Montagne'…

Narrioch, 164, 165, 231 Narrioch neck, 162 Narrows lane (Kings), 144 Narrows, The, 33, 39, 166 Nassau street, 53, 54 Navasink, 166, 203 Navasink river, 203 Navy Yard, 134 Nayack, 50, 131, 132, 144, 145, 166, 168, 169, 170, 188, 230, 234 Near Rockaway, 172, 180. See Far Rockaway, Rechquakie, Rockaway, Rockaway Beach, Rockaway Point Nechtank, 57. See Naghtongh Negro Fort, 117 Neperah …

Newtown creek, 171, 173, 230 Newtown inlet, 60 Newtown road, 145, 179 New Utrecht, 140, 148, 151, 156, 166, 167, 168, 169, 237 New York and Harlem Railroad, 118 New York Bay, 166, 177, 197, 202 New York Catholic Protectory, 115 New York Central Railroad, 86 New York commons, 66 New York Historical Society, 203 New York, Westchester and Boston Railway, 119, 226 Nichols, Governor, 121 …

See Westchester Old Boston Post-road, 120 See Boston Postroad, Boston Road Old Ferry point, 113, 223 Old Ferry road, 178 Old Place, 191, 192, 232 Old Point Comfort tavern, 122 Old Wreck brook, 55 One Hundredth street, 68, 70 One Hundred Third street, 69 One Hundred Fourth street, 72 AND MONOGRAPHS 'A INDIAN PATHS One Hundred Fifth street, 67, 68 One Hundred Seventh street, 67, 69 On…

One Hundred Sixty-eighth street, 78 One Hundred Sixty-ninth street, 107, 108 One Hundred Seventy-third street, 79 One Hundred Seventy-sixth street, 79 One Hundred Seventy-seventh street, 79, 109 One Hundred Seventy-ninth street, 79 One Hundred Eightieth street, 79 One Hundred Eighty-first street, 79, 109 One Hundred Eighty-second street, 109 One Hundred Ninety-fifth street, 80 One Hundre…

Pelham, 30, 99, 126, 128, 227 Pelham avenue, 103 Pelham Bay, 125, 127 Pelham Bay Park, 227, 236 Pelham-Bay-View Park, 122 Pelham Bridge road, 236 Pelham Heath Inn, 122 Pelham Manor, 121, 123, 125, 127 Pelham neck, 123, 185, 227 Pelham Parkway, 104, 111, 122, 240 - AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS Pelham Road, 127 Pell, Thomas, 123, 124 Pells point, 227 Peltons cove, 191, 231 Penadnic, …

Prescott avenue, 84 Princes bay, Princess bay, 195, 234 Prospect avenue (Kings), 147 Prospect Hill road, 123 Prospect Park, 141, 143, 147 Prospect reservoir, 147 INDIAN NOTES Prospect street (Kings), 141 Public School No. 1, 120, 121 Public School No. 24, 97 Pudding rock, 241 Pugsley creek, 115 Quandoequareous, 173 Queens, see Borough of Queens Queensboro bridge , 173, 175 Queens co…

94, 107, 221, 225, 226 Red Hook, 137, 140, 141 Red Hook lane, 138, 139, 141 Revolution, the, 107, 117, 147 Richardson house, 110, 222 Richmond, 39, 187, 190, 193 Richmond avenue, 196 Richmond creek, 234 Richmond Hill, 179 Richmond Plank road., 234 Richmond road, 190 Richmond turnpike, 190 Riker, James, 32, 72, 75 Rikers island, 176 Rinnegaconck, 134, 141, 153, 230 Riverdale, 95 Riv…

Raymond's cemetery, 112, 113, 236 Sandberg, 60 Sand hill, see Sandberg Sandy brook, 194, 233 Sandy Ground, 233 Saperewack, 82, 86, 100. See Marble Hill Sapohanikan, Sappokanikke, 58, 59,63.221, Sassian's maize-land. 138 Sawmill river, 95 Schenck, Captain John, 161 Schoolcraft, H. R., 57, 60 Schreyers hoek, Schryers hook, 51, 165, 220 Screven residence, 114, 223 Screvens point, 113. Se…

Shore Line railroad, 142, 232 Shore path, 100, 101, 102, 116, 118, 121, 122 123, 241 Shore road, 30, 31, 33, 99, 124, 236 Shore road (S= I.), 191, 192 Short Hills (N. J.), 201, 205 Shrewsbury river, 22 Silver Lake, 190, 192, 233 Silver street, 111, 122 INDIAN NOTES Simonsons brook, 193, 234 Sint Sinck, 176 Siwanoy, 34, 40, 99, 101, 104, 107, 110, 112. 113, 114, 116, 119, 122, 123, 128…

South river, see East River South street (Queens), 182 South Seventh street, Mt. Vernon, 119 South Twelfth avenue, Mt. Vernon, 119 South Williamsburg, 146 Southern boulevard, 104, 109 Split Rock, 123-124, 127, 227 AND MONOGRAPHS INDIAN PATHS Spring Creek, 171 Springfield (N. J.), 205 Spuyten Duyvil, 32, 75, 83, 95, 96, 225 Spuyten Duyvil creek, 82, 83, 90, 102, 225 Squam creek, 231 S…

Third avenue, 65, 66, 70, 103, 109 Third avenue (Kings), 142, 169, 238 INDIAN NOTES Third street (Kings), 140 Thirtieth street, 65 Thirty-first street, east (Kings), 148 Thirty-second street, 66 Thirty-fifth street (Kings), 144 Thirty-seventh street, 65 Thirty-seventh street (Kings), 142, 143. 238 Thirty-eighth street, 66 Thirty-eighth street (Kings), 238 Thirty-ninth street, 65 Thore…

Twenty-sixth street, east (Kings), 147 Twenty-eighth street, 65 Twenty-ninth street, 66 Twin islands, 125, 227 Two Hundred First street, 225 Two Hundred Fourth street, 84, 87 Two Hundred Seventh street, 84, 86 Two Hundred Eighth street, 225 Two Hundred Ninth street, 85, 225 Two Hundred Twelfth street, 85, 225 Two Hundred Thirteenth street, 225 Two Hundred Seventeenth street, 119 Two Hu…

Upper cove, 231. See Peltons cove Utrecht.. 163. See New Utrecht Valentine avenue, 103 Valentine-Briggs farmhouse, 103 Valeyen, 70 Valley grove, 147 Valley Stream, 38, 229 Valley Stream road, 180 Van Brunt lane, 169 Van Corlaer, Jacobus, 156 Van Cortlandt, Frederick; 93, 94, 226 Van Cortlandt avenue, 117 Van Cortlandt Park, 92, 226 Vanderbeeck, Paulus, 143 Vanderbilt avenue (Kings), …

Weir creek, 112, 113, 224 Werpoes, Wrerpos (Manhattan), 43, 48; 49, 50, 53, 57, 199, 220 Werpoes hill, 134 Werpos, Worpus (Brooklyn), 50, 137, 138. 139, 141, 230 Wessels brook, 176. See Ludovics brook Wessels mill, 177 Westchester, 98, 100, 102, 110, 111, 112, 120. 121, 122, 226, 240 Westchester avenue, 109, 110, 114. 115 Westchester bridge, 112 Westchester county, 185, 227 Westcheste…