Ruttenber, E.M. Footprints of the Red Men: Indian Geographical Names in the Valley of Hudson's River, the Valley of the Mohawk, and on the Delaware. Published in the Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association, Vol. VI. 1906.

To disseminte a greater knowledge of the early history of the State, by means of lectures and the publication and distribution of literature on historical subjects. Third. To gather books, manuscripts, pictures, and relics relating to the early history of the State, and to establish a museum at Caldwell, Lake George, for their preservation. Fourth. To suitably mark places of …

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Before assuming the duties of his office, the Treasurer-elect shall with a surety to be approved by the Board execute to the Association his bond m the sum of one thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties as Treasurer. Section 3. The President shall, thirty days prior to the annual meeting of the Association, appoint two members of the …

Such Committee shall direct the business of the Association between meetings of the Board of Trustees, but shall have no power to establish or declare a policy for the Association, or to bind it in any way except in relation to routine work. The Committee shall have no power to direct a greater expenditure than fifty dollars without the authority of the Board of Trustees …

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City. F. D. Howland, Sandy Hill, N. Y. Frank S. Witherbee, Port Henry, N. Y. Cortland de Peyster Field, Peekskill, N. Y. *DeceasecI. MEMBERS. Abbott, Rev. Dr. Lyman I" TheNewOutlook," York. 287 Fourth Ave., Abrams, A. W. Illion. Alexander, Hon. D. S. Buffalo. Allen, Hiram Sandy Hill. Ames, EdgarRev.M. Applegat€, Dr. Octavius Fort 'Edward. Newburgh. Arnold, Hon. Alvaro D. Sandy …

Clark,' Rev. WalterJoseph A. B. 755 Main St., Geneva. Clark, 4th Ave. and 22nd St., N. Y. Clowe, Chas. Waldron 280 Broadway, N. Y. Cole, Norman Glens Falls. Conway. John B. Argyle. Cook, Dr. Joseph Tottenham 636 Delaware Ave., Buffalo. Cook, Joseph Mrs. Ticonderoga. Cook, J. Hervey Fishkill-on-Hudson. Cooke, Rev. Jere K. Hempstead. Cooley, Dr. James S. Glen Cove. Coolidge …

Fowler, Albert N. C. Glens Falls. Gillespie, Nelson Hoosick Falls. Gilman, Hon. Theodore P. 425 West End Ave., N. Y. Green, James Lake George. Griffith, Prof. E. W. Glens Falls. Gunnison, Hon. Royal A. Juneau, Alaska. Hatch, Hon. Edward W. Appellate Division, New York. Haight. Hon. Albert Albany (Court of Appeals). Hall, Fred J. Tarrytown. Halsey, Frances W. 146 W. 119th St …

G. 68 St. Paul's Place, Brooklyn. Jessup, Morris K. 195 Madison Ave., N. Y. Jessup, Rev. Charles A. Greenport. Joline, Dr. Adrien H. 54 Wall St., N. Y. Jordan, Warren S. 984 Main St., Peekskill. Kellogg, Rev. Dr. Charks D. Sandy Hill. Kellogg, J. Augustus Glens Falls. King, Rev. Dr. Joseph E. Fort Edward. King, Charles T. Glens Falls. Kirb- Dr. R. M. Potsdam. Knapp, George P …

Louise Harden- San Luis Obispo, Cal. burg-hL. FrankHn Messer, 403 Main St., Buffalo. Michael. Edv>rard 741 Delaware Ave., Buffalo. Mills, D. O. 634 Fifth Ave., N. Y. Mills, Col. Stephen C. (U. S. A.) Governor's Island, N. Y. Harbor. Moore. Commodore John W. Bolton Landing. Morgan. Rev. Dr. D. Parker 3 E. 45th St., N. Y. Morton. Hon. Levi Parsons 681 Fifth Ave., N. Y. Mott. Dr …

P. 400 Putnam Ave., Brooklyn. Richards, Frederick B. Ticonderoga. 2IO NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Richardson, Rev. George L. Glens Falls. Richards, A. N. Sandy Hill. Roberts, Joseph Banks 141 Broadway, N. Y. Roberts, Mrs. James A. 256 Broadway, N. Y. Roberts, Hon. James A. 256 Broadway, N. Y. Rogers, Howard J. Education Dept, Albany. Rowell, George C. 81 Ohapel St …

Princeton, N. J. Stackpole, George F. Riverhead. State Normal and Training School Plattsburgh. Stearns, Rev. W. O. Glens Falls. Steele, Mrs. Esther B. 352 W. Clinton St., Elmira. Stevens, Rev. Dr. C. Ellis, Ill Montague St., Brooklyn. Stevens, Benjamin F. Bbston, Mass. Stieglitz, Edward Bolton. Stilwell, Giles H. 1906 W. Genesee St., Syracuse. Stillman, Dr. William OHn 287 …

Wicker, Miss Julia Frances Ticonderoga. Willey, Rev. John H. 466 East i8th St., Brooklyn. Williams, Dr. Sherman Glens Falls. Williams, Charles H. 690 Delaware Ave., Buffalo. Willis, James D. 40 East 39th St., N. Y. Wilson. Henry Applegate 574 Madison St., Brooklyn. Wing, Asahel R. Fort Edward. Wright, Miss Abbie A. Sandy Hill. Woodruff, Hon. Timothy L. 8th Ave. and iSth St …

In this work special effort has been made, first, to ascertain the places to which the names belonged as given in official records, to ascertain the physical features of those places, and carry back the thought to the poetic period of our territorial history, " when the original drapery in which nature was enveloped under the dominion of the laws of vegetation, spread out in …

Trumbull wrote, " They were not proper names or mere unmeaning marks, but significant appellatives conveying a description of the locatives to which they were given." Coming down to us in the crude orthographies of traders and unlettered men, they are not readily recognized in the orthographies of the educated missionaries, and especially are they disguised by the varying …

The locatives in Indian deeds and m original patents are the only guide to places of original application, coupled with descriptive features where they are know;i. No vocabularies of the dialects spoken in the lower valley of the Hudson having been preserved, the vocabularies of the UpperUnami and the M'insi-Lenape, or Delaware tongues on the south and west, and the Natick, or …

Many of them were particular names in the form of verbals indicating a place where the action of the verb was performed ; occasionally the name of a sachem is given as that of his place of residence or the stream on whidh he resided, but all are from generic roots. To the Algonquian dialects spoken in the valley of Hudson's River at the time of the discovery, was added later …

Presumably the dialects were more or less mixed and formed as a whole \Vhat may be termed " The Hudson's River Dialect," radically Lenape or Delaware, as noted by Governor Tryon in 1774. In local names we seem to meet the Upper-Unami and the Minsi of New Jersey, and the Mohegan and the Natick of the north and east, the Ouiripi of the Sound, and the dialect of the Connecticut …

In all dialects tbe most simple combina;tions appear in geographical names, w'hidh the late Dr. J. H. Trumbull resolved into three classes, viz. : " I. Those formed by the union of two elements, which we will call adjectival and substantival, or groundword, with or without a locative suffix, or post-position word meaning 'at,' 'in,' 'on,' 'near/ etc. [I use the terms …

Most of these latter, however," he adds, " may be shown by strict ana'iysis to belong to one of the two preceding classes, which compri.se at least nine-tenths of all Algonquian local names which have been preserved." For example, in Class I, Wapan-aki is a combination of Wapan, " the Orient," " the East," and aki, " Land, place or country," unlimited; with locative suffix …

The meaning of this class of suffixes is the same ; they locate a place or object that is at, in, or on some other place or object, the name of Which is prefixed, as in Delaware Hitgunk, " On or to a tree ;" Utenink, " In the town ;" Wachtschunk, " On the mountain." In some cases the locative takes the verbal form indicating place or country, Williams wrote " Sachimaiionck, a …

" The adjective," wrote Horatio Hale, " when employed in an isolated form, follows the substantive, as Kanonsa, ' house ;' Kanonsa-kowa, ' large house ;' but in general the substantive and adjective coalesce." In some cases the adjective is split in two, and the substantive inserted, as in Tiogen, a composition of Te, " two," and ogeit, " to separate," which is split and the …

No two of the early scribes expressed the sound of the same name in precisely the same letters, and even the missionaries who gave attention to the study of the aboriginal tongues, did not always write twice alike. Original sounds cannot now be restored. The diacritical marks employed by Williams and Eliot in the English alphabet, and by Zeisberger and Heckewelder in the …

They serve to illustrate the dialect spoken in the valley as handed down by European scribes of different languages, as well as the local geography of the Indians. The earlier forms are mainly Dutch notations. A few Dutch names that are regarded by some as Indian, have been noticed, and also some Indian names on the Delaware River which, from the associations of that river …

Credit has been given for interpretations where the authors were known, and especially to the late eminent Algonquian authority, J. Hammond Trumbull. Special acknowledgment of valuable assistance ismade to the late Dr. D. G. Brinton, of Philadelphia ; to the late Horatio Hale, M. A., of Clinton, Ontario, Canada; to the late Prof. J. W. Powell, of the Bureau of Ethnology …

Muhheakun'nuk, " The great waters or sea, which are constantly in motion, either ebbing or flowing," was written by Chief Hendrick Aupaumut, in his history of the Muhheakun'nuk nation, as the name of Hudson's River, in the Stockbridge dialect, and its meaning. The first word, Muhheakiin, was the national name of the people occupying both banks of the river from Roelof Jansen's …

Schoolcraft and Trumbull to be derived from Maingan (Cree Maheggun), " Wolf " -- " an enchanted wolf, or a wolf of supernatural powers." From their prevailing totem or prevailing coat-of-arms, the Wolf, the French called them Loups, " wolves," and also Manhingans, including under the names " The nine nations gathered between Manhattan and Quebec." While the name is generic its …

It is an Iroquoian generic applicable to any principal stream or current river, with the ancient related meaning of '" beautiful river." It is said that the Mohawks called the river Cohohataton. I have not met that name in records. It was quoted by Dr. Schoolcraft as traditional, and of course doubtful. He wrote it Kohatatea, and in another connection wrote " -atea, a valley …

Anthony's River," a name now preserved as that of one of the hills of the Highlands, and it is claimed that French traders visited the river, in 1540, and established a chateau on Castle- Island, at Albany.' and called the ^ " Moliegans is an anglicism primarily applied to the small band of Pequots under Uncas."' (Trumbull.) While of the same linguistic stock, neither the name …

It is an Abnaki term and belonged to the dialect spoken in Maine, where it became more or less familiar to French traders as early as 1535. That those traders did locate trading posts on the Penobscot, and that Champlain searched for their remains in 1604, are facts of record. The name means " Quiet " or '* Still Water," It would probably be applicable to that section of …

From the former Manhattan, and from it also the name of the Indians "among whom " the Dutch made settlement in 1623-4, otherwise known by the general name of Wickquaskecks, as well as the name of the entire Dutch possessions.' Presumably the entries on the Spanish-English map were copied from Hudson's chart, for which there was ample time after his return to England. Possibly …

had a chart from his own tracing or from that of a previous explorer, which he forwarded to his employers, or of which they had a copy, when he wrote in his Journal : " On that side of the river called Mannahata;' as a reference by which his employers could identify the side of the river on which the Half-Moon anchored,' Presumably the chart was drawn by Hudson and forwarded …

Menatan (Hudson's Mannah-atin, -an or -in, the indefinite or diminutive form), ' The small island,' or the smaller of the two principal islands, the Manhates of Adriaen' Block.* Mandhtons, ' People of the Island,' Mandhatanesen, ' People of the small islands.' " ^ The Eastern-Algonquian word for " Island " (English notation), is written Miinnoh, with formative -an (Munnohan) …

Pagganck, so written in Indian deed of 1637, as the name of Governor's Island -- Peconuc, Denton/ is an equivalent of Pagdn'trnk, meaning literally " Nut Island." Also written Pachgan, as in Pachganunschi, "White walnut trees." (Zeisb.) Denton explained, " Because excellent nut trees grew there." ^ The Dutch called it " der Nooten Eilandt," literally " The Walnut Island," from …

Governor's Island was sold in the same year by the Tappans, Hackinsacks and Nyacks, the grantors signing themselves as " hereditary owners." Later deeds were signed by chiefs of the Raritans and Hackinsacks. ^The Objibwe (Objibwai) were a nation of three tribes living northwest of the great lakes, of which the Ojibwai or Chippeway represented the Eagle totem. It is claimed by …

Hell-gate, a vulgar orthography of Dutch Hellegat, has long been the popular name of the place. It was conferred by Adriaen Block, in 1614-16, to tlie dangerous strait known as the East River, from a strait in Zealand, which, presumably, was so called from Greek Hellc, as heard in Hellespont -- " Sea of Helle " -- now known as the Dardanelles -- vi^hich received its Greek name …

Meitates means '■' Small island " as a whole ; Monach'nong means a " Place on the island," or less than the whole, as shown by the claims of the Indians in 1670, that they had not previously sold all the island. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 453.) It is the equivalent of Menach'hen, Minsi ; Menach'n, Abn., " Island," and ong, locative ; in Mass. Mimnoh-hanauke. (See Mannhonake.) …

The island was owned by the Raritans who resided " behind the Kol," and the adjoining Hackensacks. (Deed of 1655.) Its last Indian occupants were the Nyacks, who removed to it after selling their lands at New Utrecht. (See Paganck note.) Minnahanock, given as the name of BlackweH's Island, was interpreted byDr. Trumbull from Munndhan,, Mass., the indefinite form of Munnoh, " …

Wouter van Twiller purchased the tract, in 1629, for the use of the Dutch government and established thereon a tobacco plantation, with buildings enclosed in palisade, which subsequently became known as " the litJtle village of Sapokanican -- Sappokanican, Van der Donck -- and later (1721) as Greenwich Village. It occupied very nearly the site of the present Gansevort market …

The syllable pon may denote a bulbous root which was found there. (See Passapenoc.) The same name is probably met in Saphorakain, or Saphonakan, given as the name of a tract described as " Marsh and canebrake," lying near or on the shore of Gowanus Bay, Brooklyn. (See Kanonnewage, in connection with Manhattan.) Nahtonk, Recktauck, forms of the name, or of two different names …

The record reads : " Where a few Rockaway Indians from Long Island, with their chief, Niande Nummcrus, had built their wigwams." (Brodhead.) "And a party of freemen behind Corlear's plantation, on the Manhattans, who slew a large number and afterwards burned their huts." The name of the Chief, Niande Nniiniicrus, is corrupted from the Latin Nicanda Numericus, the name of a …

Schoolcraft conferred, on several points, terms from the Ojibwe or Chippeway, which may be repeated as descriptive merely. A hill at the corner of Charlton and Varick streets was called by him IsJipatiiiau, "A bad hill." ^ A ridge or cliff north of Beekman Street, was called Ishibic, " A bad rock ;" the high land on Broadway, Acitoc ; a rock rising up in the Battery. Abie, and …

" Moskehtu, a meadow." (EHot.) Papinemen (1646), Pahparinnamen (1693), Papirinimen (modern), are forms of the Indian name used interchangeably by the Dutch with Spuyten Duivel to designate a place where the tideoverflow of the Harlem River is- turned aside by a ridge and unites with Tibbet's Brook, constituting what is known as the Spuyten Duivel Kill, correctly described by …

which, winding around t'he northerly end of Manhattan, connected the Spuyten Duyvil with the Great Kill or Harlem River, gave its name to the land contiguous to it on either side." The locative of the name is clearly shown in the boundaries of the Indian deed to Van der Donck, in 1646, and in the subsequent Philipse Patent of 1693, the former describing the south line of the …

It was utilized as a landing place by the Indians whose path ran from thence across the marsh " to the main," Later, the path was converted to a causeway or road-approach to what is still known as King's Bridge. A ferry was established here in 1669 and known as " The Spuyten Duyvil passage or road to and from the island to the main." In 1692 Governor Andros gave power to the …

Spuyten Duyvil, now so written, was the early Dutch nickname of the Papirinimen ford or passage, later known as King's Bridge. ■' By our people called," wrote Van der Donck in 1652, indicating conference by the Dutch prior to that date. It simply described die passage as evil, vicious, dangerous. Its derivatives are Spui, " sluice ;" Spidt, " spout ;" Spuiten, " to spout, to …

It may, however, had for its foundation the antics of a very black and muscular African who was employed to guard the passage and prevent hostile Indians as well as indiscrete Dutchmen from crossing, and who, for the better discharge of his duty, built fires at night, armed himself with sword and firebrands, vociforated loudly, and acted the cl^aracter of a devil very well. At …

In the patent to Hugh O'Neil (1666) : " To the Kill Shorakapoch, and then to Papirinimen," /. c, to the cove and thence east to the Spuyten Duyvil passage. " The beautiful inlet called Schorakapok." (Riker.) Dr. Trumbull wrote " Showaiikuppock (Mohegan), a cove." William R. Gerard suggests ''P'skurikuppog (Lenape), 'forked, fine harbor,' so called because itwas safely shut in …

Y., xiii, 494), and the place designated may have been in previous occupation. Names on the East from Manhattan North. Keskeskick, "a pijce of land, situated opposite to the flat on the island of Manhattan, called Keskeskick, stretching lengthwise along the Kil which runs behind the island of Manhattan, beginning at the head of said Kil and running to opposite of the high hill …

Harlem) as the name of the hilly tract or district of Keskeskick, described as lying " over against the flats of the island of Manhattan." It is now preserved as the name of Cromwell Lake and creek, and seems to have been the name of the former. The original was probably an equivalent of Menuppek, " Any enclosed body of water great or small." (Anthony.) ' \' \\k Neperah …

^This translations is from Nepe (Nepa, Nape, Kippc, etc.), meaning "water," generally, and Komuk, "place enclosed, occupied, limited," a particular body of water. " The radical of Nipe is pe or pa, which, with the demonstrative and definitive ne prefixed, formed the noun nippe, water." (Trumbull.) Nape-ake {-aukc, -aki) means "Water-land," or water-place. Nape-ek, Del …

Brinton.) Presumalbly, in application 'here, " a monster," i. e. a stone not of the native formation usually found in the locality.^ Wickquaskeck is entered on Van der Donck's map as the name of an Indian village or castle the location of which is claimed by Bolton to have been at Dobb's Ferry, where the name is of record. It was, however, the name of a place from which it was …

In general terms it means " Place," limited or enclosed," a particular place as a field, garden, house, etc., as distinguished from auke, " Land, earth, unlimited, unenclosed." ^The Indians are traditionally represented as regarding boulders of this class, as monuments of a great battle which was fought between their hero myth Micabo and Kasbun his twin brother, the former …

A part of the territory of this tribe is loosely described in a deed of 1682, as extending- " from the rock Sigbes, on Hudson's River, to the Neperah, and thence north until you come to the eastward of the head of the creek, called by the Indians Wiequaskeck,^ stretching through the woods to a kill called Seweruc," including " a piece ■of land about Wighqueskeck,'' i. e. about …

Bolton translated it from the form, Weicquasguck, " Place of the bark kettle," which is obviously erroneous. Dr, Trumbull wrote: " From Moh. Weegasoegiick, ' the end of the marsh or wet meadow.' " Van der Donck's Wickquaskeek has the same meaning. It is from Lenape Wicqua-askek -- wicqua, "end of," askek, '' swamp," marsh, etc. : -ck, -eck, formative. Pocanteco, Pecantico …

Pleasant to the Hudson at Tarrytown, where it is associated with Irving-'s story of Sleepy Hollow. The Dutch called it " Sleeper's-haven Kil," from the name which they gave to the reach on the Hudson, " Verdrietig Hoek," or " Tedious Point," because the hook or point was so long in sight of their slow-sailing vessels, and in calms their crews slept away the hours under its …

Its derivative, however, is disguised in its orthography, and its locative is not certain. Conjecturall)% Alipk is from IVdlagk (surd mutes g and p exchanged), "An open place, a hollow^ or excavation." The locative may have been Sleepy Hollow. Tarrytown, which some writers have derived from Tarwe (Dutch), "Wheat" -- Wheat town -- proves to be from an early settler whose name …

In 1734 it was known as "The old-mill stream." Jamazvissa, quoted as its Indian name, seems to be an aspirated form of Tamaqiiese, " Small beaver." (See Jamaica.) Sing=Sing -- Sinsing, Van der Donck ; Sintsing, treaty of 1645 -- usually translated, " At the standing- stone," and " Stone upon stone," means " At the small stones," or " Place of small stones " -- from fOssin " …

Gaits- [chet of the Bureau of Ethnology, " an equivalent of Wabenaki -ke'dshwan, -kidshuan, suffixed verbal stem, meaning ' Running S-wiftly,' ' Rushing water,' or current, whether over rapids or not. sas-katchczvan, Canada, ' The roiley, rushing stream ; assisku, 'Mud, [dirt.' (Cree.) The prefix ki or ke, is notihing else than an abbrejviation of kitchi, ' great,' ' large,' …

Schoolcraft of Noten, Chip., " The wind." " Bounded on the south by Scroton's River " (deed of 1703) ; " Called by the Indians Kightawank, and by the English Knotrus River." (Cal. N. Y, Land Papers, 79.) Titicus, given as the name of a branch of the Croton flowing from Connecticut, is of record Mutighticos and Matightekonks, translated by Dr. Trumbull from Mat'uhtugh-ohke, " …

It is an equivalent of A^c^vds (Len.), "promontory." (See Nyackon-the-Hudson.) Nannakans, given as the name of a clan residing on Croton River, is an equivalent of N'arragans (s foreign plural), meaning " People of the point," the locative being Croton Point. (See Nyack.) This clan, crushed by the war of 1643-5, removed to the Raritan country, where, by dialectic exchange of n …

Senasqua, quoted as the name of Teller's Point (now Croton Point), and also as the name of Teller's Neck, is described as "A meadow," presumably on the neck or point. It is an equivalent of Del Lenaskqiial, "Original grass," (Zeisb.), i. e. grass which was supposed to have grown on the land from the beginning. (Heck.) Called "Indian grass" to distinguish it from "Whitemen's …

I., K'schohhenak, Del. Menagh, entered in Indian deed to Van Cortlandt, 1683, as the name of what is now known as Verplanck's Point, is probably from Menach'eii (Del.), the indefinite form of Mendtes, diminutive, meanmg "Small island." The point was an island in its separation from the main land by a water course. Monack, Monach, Menach, are other orthographies of the name …

"The Kiskightkoncks, who have no chief now, but are counted among the foregoing savages." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 303.) Sachus, Sachoes and Sackonck are quoted as names of Peekskill, and Magrigaries as the name of the stream. The latter is an orthography of MacGregorie's, from Hugh MacGregorie, an owner of lands on the stream.^ Though quoted as the name of Peak's Kill, it was …

The son, Hugh, and his mother, were granted 1500 acres of land " At a place called John Peaches creek." No fees were charged for the patent out of respect for the memory of Major MacGregorie, as he then had " lately died in His Majesty's service in defence of the Province." (Doc. Hist. N. Y-, ii, 364.) MacGregories sold to Van Cortlandt in 1696. ' Peake, an orthography of …

It is from Kitschi, "Principal, greatest," and -atinny, "Hill, mountain," applicable to any principal mountain peak compared with others in its vicinity.' Sacrahung, or Mill River, "takes its name from Sacra, 'rain.' Its liability to freshets after heavy rains, may have given origin to the name." (O'Callaghan.) Evidently, however, the name is a corruption of Sakzcihiing …

The name as the early Dutch understood it, is no doubt more correctly explained by Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter in their Journal of 1679-80: "A headland and high hill in the Highlands, so called because it has a sharp ridge running up and down in the form of a nose," but fails to explain St. Anthony, or Latin Antonius. The name appears also on the Mohawk river and on Lake …

Land Papers reads, "Bounded on the east by the river called by the Indians Aquehung," the river taking its name from its position as a boundary "on this side" of which was the land. The contemporary name, Ran-ahqua-nng, means "A place on the other side," corresponding with the description, "On the other side of the Great Kil." Bolton assigns Acqueahounck to Hutchinson's Creek …

^ The word Chippe or Shappa, means not only separate, "The separate place," but was employed to describe a future condition -- Chepeck, the dead. As an adjective, Chippe (El.) signilies separated, set apart. Chepiohkomuk, the place of separation. The same word was used for ' ghost,' ' spectre,' 'evil spirit.' (Trumbull.) The corresponding Delaware word was Tschipey. It is not …

Mochquams and Moagunanes are record forms of the name of Blind Brook, one of the bouudar\' streams of the tract called Penningo, which is described as lying "between Blind Brook and Byram River." (See Armonck.) Magopson and Mangopson are orthograpl-iies of the name given as that of De Lancey's Neck, described as "The great neck." (See Waumaniuck.) The dialect spoken in eastern …

Manussing -- in will of Joseph Sherwood, Moiassink -- an island so called in the jurisdiction of Rye, may be an equivalent of Minassin-ink, "At a place of small stones," Minneweis, now City Island, is in the same jurisdiction. Mamaroneck, now so written as the name of a town in Westchester County, is of record, in 1644, Mamarrack and Mamarranack ; later, Mammaranock …

The reading in one record, "Three stripes or strips of land," seems to indicate that the name was descriptive of the necks or strips of land. (See Waumaniuck.) Waumaniuck and Maumaniuck, forms of the name of record as that of the eastern part of De Lancey's Neck, or Seaman's Point, Westchester County, as stated in the Indian deed of 1661, which conveyed to one John Richbell …

West, Co.) as the name of Long Island Sound and interpreted, "Broad flowing river," was more correctly explained by Dr. Trumbull : "Apparently a diminutive of Manunkatcsuck, 'Menhaden country,' from Miinongutteau, 'that which fertalizes or manures land,' the Indian name for white fish or bony fish, which were taken in great numbers by the Indians, on the shores of the Sound …

Nanichiestawack, given as the name of an Indian village on the southern spur of Indian Hill (so called) in the town of Bedford, rests on tradition. Petuckquapaug, a pond in Greenwich, Ct., but originally under the jurisdiction of the Dutch at Fort Amsterdaim, signifies "Round Pond." It is now called "Dumpling Pond." The Dutch changed the suffix to paen, "soft land," and in …

In other words, the boundary was the end of the Highlands.' Mahopack, the modern form of the name of a lake in Putnam County, is of record Makoohpcck in 1765, and Macookpack on Sauthier's map of 1774, which seem to stand for M'achkookpcek {Ukhokpeck, Mah.), meaning "Snake Lake," or "Water where snakes are abundant." (See Copake.) In early years snakes were abundant in the …

An Indian village is traditionally loca:ted in the pass, ^" Hacki. land; Len-hacki, up-land." (Zeisberger.) "When they speak of highlands they say Lcnnihacke, original lands ; but they do not apply the same name to low lands, which, being generally formed by the overflowing or washing of streams, cannot be called original." (Heckewelder.) ^ A wild, wet region among the hills …

It has been interpreted in various ways, that most frequently quoted appearing in Spofiford's Gazetteer : **Frtom Matai, a mag-ician. and Wian, a skin ; freely rendered, 'Place of good furs,' " which never could have been the meaning ; nor does the name refer to mountains to which it has been extended. Wm. R. Gerard writes : "Matdivan, an impersonal Algonquian verb, meaning …

Fishkill, the English name of the stream of which Matteawan is the estuary, is from Dutch Fischer's Kil. It was probably applied by the Dutch to the estuary from Vischer's Rak which the Dutch applied to a reach or sailing course on the Hudson at this point. De Laet wrote: "A place which our country-men call Vischer's Rack,' that is Fisherman's Bend." (See Woranecks.) On the …

From De Laet's description,* there is little room for doubt that the "sandy point" to which he referred is now known as Low Point, opposite the Dans Kamer, at the head of Newburgh Bay, where the river narrows, or that Esopus was applied to Casper's Creek. On Van der Donck's map the "barbarous nation" is given three castles on the south side of the stream, which became known …

1 * * " ^nd thus with various windings it reaches a place which our countrymen call Vischer's Rack, that is the Fisherman's Bend. And here the eastern bank is inhabited by the Pachimi. A little beyond where projects a sandy point and the river becomes narrower, there is a place called Esopus, where the Waoranekys, another barbarous nation, have their abode. To these succeed …

Y.) as the name of Wappingers' Creek -- authority not cited and place w'here the stream was so called not ascertained. The initial W was probably exchanged for M by mishearing, as it was in many cases of record. Mall means "To mee't," Amhannes means "A small river," and the suffix -iug is locative. The composition reads : "A place where streams come together," which may have …

From early Dutch occupation it has been known or called Wappinck (1645), Wappinges and Wappingers' Kill or creek, taking that name presumably from the clan which was seated upon it of record as "Wappings, Wappinges, Wapans, or Highland Indians." ^ On Van der Donck's map three castles or villages of the ^ Nawaas, on the Connecticut, noted on the Carte Figurative of 1614-16, is …

They were no doubt more or less mixed by association and marriage with their eastern as well as their western neig'hbors, but were primarily of Lenape or Delaware origin, and related to the Minsi, Monsey or Minisink clans on the west side of the river, though not associated with thcm in tribal government.- Their tribal jurisdiction, aside from that which was immediately local …

° The relations between the Esopus Indians and the Wappingers were always intimate and friendly, so much so that when the Mohawks made peace with the Esopus Indians, in 1669, and refused to include the Wappingers, itwas feared by the government that further trouble would ensue from the "great correspondence and affinity between them." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 427.) "Affinity," …

Y., vii, 153, 158.) Poughquag, the name of a village in the town of Beekman, Duchess County, and primarily the name of what is now known as Silver Lake, in the southeast part of the town, is from Apoquague, (Mass.), meaning, "A i^aggy meadow," which is presumed to have adjoined the lake. It is from Uppuqui, "Lodge covering," and -aiike, "Land" or place. (Trumbull.) …

Land Papers, 58) : later, "Near a place called Weshiack" (lb. 65), and thence northerly to a place called Wishshiag, and so on about a mile northwest of ye Allum rocks." ^ (lb. 75.) The name seems to have been applied to the north end of West Mountain, where is located the ravine known as the Dover Stone Church, about half a mile west of the village of Dover Plains. The ravine …

Trumbull ("Indian Names in Connecticut") wrote: "IVassiog, (Moh.), alternate IVashiack, a west bound of the ]\'Iohegan country claimed by Uncas ; 'the south end of a very high hill' very near the line between Glastonbury and Hebron," a place near Hartford, Conn., but failed to give explanation of the name. Weputing, Weepitung, Webotuck, Weepatuck (N. Y. and Conn. Rec), given …

Wechqiiadnach (Wechquetank, Loskiel) was at the end of what is now known as Indian Pond, lying partly in the town of North East, Duchess County, and partly in Sharon, Conn. It was the Gnadensee, or " Lake of Grace," of the missionaries. Weqiiadn'ach means "At the end of the mountain " between which and the lake the Indian village stood. Pachquadn'ach was on the opposite side …

It is met in place in Saratoga County and at Wyoming, Pa. (See Shannondhoi.) Stissing, now the name of a hill and of a lake one mile west of the village of Pine Plains, Duchess County, is probably an apheresis of Mistissing, a "Great rock," and belongs to the hill, wbidh rises 400 or 500 feet above the valley and is crowned with a mass of naked rock, described by one writer as …

Schoolcraft's interpretation, "Safe harbor," from Apokeepsing, is questioned by W. R. Gerard, who, from a personal acquaintance with the locative, "A water-fall," writes : "The name refers not to the fall, but to the basin of water worn out in the rocks at the foot of the fall. Zeis- ^ A translation from the Delaware Scha-gach-we-u, "straight," and meek ■*' fish " -- an …

Wynogkee, Wynachkee, and Winnakee are record forms of the name of a district of country or place from which it was extended to the stream known as the Fall Kill "Through which a kill called Wynachkee runs, * * including the kill to the second fall called Mattapan," is the description in a gift deed to Amout Velie, in 1680, for three flats of land, one on the north and two on …

From the same root Winne, Willi, Wirri, Waure, Wule, etc. The name is met in equivalent forms in several places. Wenaque and Wynackie are forms of the name of a beautiful valley in Passaic county, N. J. (Nelson.) Winakaki, " Sassifras land -- rich, fat land." Winak-aki-ng, "At the Sassifras place," was the Lenape name of Eastern Pennsylvania. (See Wanaksink.) Eliot wrote in …

There was no island there. (See Minnisink.) Eaquorisink is of record as the name of Crom Elbow Creek, and Eaquaquanessinck as that of lands on the Hudson, in patent to Henry Beekman, the 'bomidary of wihich ran from the Hudson "east by the side of a fresh meadow called Maiisakin^ and a small run of water called Mancapawimick." In patent to Peter Falconier the land is called …

^"A meadow or marsh land called Manjakan," is an equivalent record in Ulster County. (Cal.orN.low Papers, Land by Y. lands 133.) "A fresh meadow," 1. e. a fresh water meadow, the side of the creek. ■ Enaughqua, L. I. ; Yb anuck qiiaqiie, Williams; Wcqua, IVcquc, Aqua, Ukwe. Echqu, etc., "end of." The word is met in many forms. IVchque, " as far as." (Eliot.) 'Westenhoek is …

It is the outlet of a lake called Long Pond. The Indian name is from Matt, negative and depreciatory, " Small, unfavorable," etc., and M'beson, " Strong water," a word used in describing brandy, spirits, physic, etc. The rapidity of the water was probably referred to. Waraughkaraeck -- Waraukameck -- a. small lake in the same county, is now known as "Fever Cot or Pine Swamp." …

It is claimed to be from the Wyandot or Huron-Iroquoian dialect. In History of Detroit the Algonquin is quoted the claim made Waweatunong, that the reference was interpreted to the bend" Circuitous in the Straitapproach," at Detroitand at an elevation " from which a view of the whole broad river " could be had. In Shawano, Wawia'tan describes bending or eddying water -- with …

"to a place opposite Sagertyes Kil, called Saaskahampka." The stream is now known as Livingston's Creek. ^ Wachanekassik, Indian deed to Livingston, 1683 ; Waghankasick, patent to Van Rensselaer, 1649, ^^'d other ortliographies, is written as the name of a small creek which marked the place of beginning of the northwest boundmark of the Livingston Patent and the place of …

The deed to Livingston conveyed lands "On both sides of Roelof Jansen's Kill,- called by the Indians Saulchenak," including lands "along the river's bank from said Roeloft" Jansen's Kill, northwards up, to a small stream opposite CatskiU named Wachanekasseck, and southwards down the river to opposite the Sagertjes Kill, called by the Indians Saaskahampka." In the Livingston …

water" is not marked on Beatty's map. nor on the map of survey of the paten't in 1798, but it is marked, from existence or presumed existence, on a m.ip of the boundary line between New York and Massachusetts and seems to have been one of the several small streams that flow down the bluff from the surface, apparently abcmt two miles and a half north of Roelof Jansen's Kill, in …

While the name is repeatedly given as tha.t of the stream, it was probably that of a, place or point on the limestone bluff which here bounds the Hudson on the east for- several miles. Surveyor Beatty's description, "Beginning at a place where," and the omission of the stream on his map, and its omission on subsequent maps of the manor, and the specific entry in the amended …

R., about five miles south of the city of Hudson, was so called from a hill in the interior just north of the line of the town of Livingston, from wh[ch the land slopes west towards the Hudson and south to Roelof Jansen's Kill. jj ' Vastrix is a compression of Dutch f'l'asfe Rak as written on Van der Donck's map of 1656, meaning, "The fast or steady reach or sailing course," …

The kill flows through a valley of broad and fertile flats, but near the Hudson it breaks through the limestone bluff which forms the east line of the Hudson, and its banks are steep and rocky. Saaskahampka, Indian deed ; Suaskahampka patent of 1684 -- the southwest boundmark of the Livingston Patent, is described as "A dry gully at Hudson's River." It is located about …

Wawanaquasik, Claverack Patent, 1649; Wazvanaquassick, Livingston Patent of 1686 ; IVazvauaquossick and Mawaiiapqiiassek, patent of 1715 ; Mawanagzvassik, surveyor's noitation, 1715 ; now written Mawaiiaquassick--a. boundmark of the Claverack Patent of 1649, and also of the Livingston Patent, is described in the Claverack Patent, "To the high woodland called Wawanaquasik," and …

The name may have described this poinlt or promontory, or it may have referred to the place of meeting near the head of the creek, or to the end of the marsih, but it is claimed that it was the name of the heap of stones, and thait it is from Mide, or Miyde, "Together" -- Mawcna, "Meeting," "Assembly"-- frequently met in local names and accepted as meaning, " Where paths or …

NAMES ON THE EAST FROM MANHATTAN NORTH. 51 the map of survey of the patent, in 1798, the second station is marked "j\Ianor Rock," and the third, "Wavvanaquassick," is located 123 chains and 34 hnks (a fraction over one and one-half miles) north of Manor Rock, as the corner of an angle. In the survey of 1715, the first station is "the foot of the hill" -- "the high woodland" …

Sergeant wrote, in 1734, that though the Indians "each threw a stone" as they passed, they had entirely lost the knowledge of the reason for doing so," and an inquiry by Rev. Hawley, in 1758, was not attended by a better result.^ The heaps were usually met at resting places on the path and the custom of throwing the stone a sign-language indicating that one of the tribe had …

Eliot also wrote -pick or -p'sk, in compound words, meaning ''Rock," or "stone," as qualified by the adjectival prefix, Omp'sk, " Standing rock." ^ Literally, "A meeting point," or sharp extremity of a hill. 'Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1039. The heap referred to by Rev. Hawley was on the path leading to Schohare. It gave name to what was long known as the "Stoneheap Patent." The …

Taghkanick, the name of a town in Columbia County and primarily of a tract of land included in the Livingston Patent and located "behind Potkoke," is written Tachkanick in the Indian deed of 1685; Tachhanick in the Indian deed of 1687-8; "Land called Tachkanick which the owners reserved to plant upon when they sold him Tachhanick, with the land called Quissichkook ;" …

Tlie deed-sentence, "When they sold him Tachanick," reads literally, from the name, "When they sold him the woods." The name was extended to the reserved field, to the stream and to the mountain.* The latter is famiHar to geologists * The purchasers claimed but the Indians denied having sold the mountain. It was heavil}' wooded no doubt. Livingston claimed it from having …

Nachawawakkano, given as the name of a creek described as a "creek which comes into another creek," is an equivalent of Lechauivakhanne (Lenape), "The fork of a river," a stream that forks another stream. Aupaumut, the Stockbridge H'isitorian, wrote, with locative suffix, N aukhuivivhnauk , "At the fork of the streams." Mawichnauk -- "the place where the two streams meet being …

TauwatOr wique-ak, "A place in the wilderness." (Gerard.) Sahkaqua, " the south end of a sma.ll piece of land called Sahkaqua and Nakawaewick" ; "to a run of water on ye east end of a certain flat or piece of land called in ye Indian tongue, Sahkahka ; then south * * one hundred and forty rods to * * where two runs of water come together on the south side of the said flat …

From the map it seems to have been a long, narrow piece of land between the hills. Quissichkook, Quassighkook, etc., one of the two places reserved by the Indians "to plant upon" when they sold Tachkanik, is described in the deed as a place "lying upon this {i. e. the west) side of Roelof Jansen's Kill" and "near Tachanik," the course running "thence along a small hill to a …

Y., iii, 617), and also as "Lying to the east of Major Abraham's patent of Claverack." ^ Specifically, in a caveat filed by John Van * Kinderhook is an anglicism of Dutch Kinder-hoek, meaning, literally, " Children's point, angle or corner." It dates from the Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and hence is one of the oldest names on Hudson's River. It is supposed to have been …

Of record it dates back to De Laet's map of 1625-6, and is obviously much older. It is possible that the " three bare places " were fields of white clover, as has been claimed by one writer, but there is no record stating that fact. Dankers and Sluyter, who wrote only fifty-four years after the application of the name, no doubt gave correctly the account of its origin as it …

Rensseliier, in 1761, "From the mouth of Major Staats, or Kinderhook Kdll, south along the river to a point opposite the south end of Vastrix Island, thence easterly twenity-four English miles," etc. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 307. See also, Wachanekasaik.) It was an immense tract, covering about eigli't miles on the Hudson b}- twenty-four miles deep, and became known as "The …

It means, "The falls of a stream." With the suffix, -oke (Mass. -auke), "Land, ground, place, unlimited" -- "the country around the falls," or the falls country. (See Potick.) Ciskhekainck and Cicklekawick are forms of the name of a place granted by patent to Major Abraham Staats, March 25, 1667, and to his son in 1715, described as "Lying north of Claverack [Hudson], on the …

It may be called a series of falls as the water primarily descended on shelves or steps. It was noted as rexrrarkable by Dankens and Slu>ter in 167980.^ Qaverack Creek unites with Stoclq)ort Creek just Vv-est of the falls. In other connections both streams are called mill streams. In the Stephen Bayard patent of 1741, the name of the fall on Stockport Creek is noted as "A …

On the opposite side of the Hudson the same name apparently, appears in Keesieway, Kesewey, etc., as that of a "chief or sachem" of the Katskill Indians. ( See Keessienwev's Hoeck.l ^ " We came to a creek, where, near the river, lives a man whom they call the Child of Liixury (f kinder van walde). He had a sawmill on the creek or ■waterfall, which is a singular one. The water …

Mawighanuck, Mawighunk, Waweighanuck, Wawighnuck, forms of the name preserved as that of the Bayard Patent, Columbia County, described as a place "Lying to the northwest of Kinderhook, about fifteen miles from Hudson's River, upon Kinderhook River and some branches thereof, part of which tract is known by the Indian name of Mawig'hanuck." The particular "part" noted has not …

It is described of record as a place "lying on both sides of Kinderhook Creek," and may have taken its name from an adjacent feature. Wapemwatsjo, the name of a hill in Columbia County, is a Dutch orthography of JVapim-ivadchu, "Chestnut Hill." The interpretation iscorrectly given in the accompanying alternate, "or Karstengeberg" (Kastanjeberg, Dutch), "Chestnut Hill." …

Hendrick Aupaumut, the Historian of the Stockbridge-Mahicans, wrote: "Ukhkokpeck; it signifies snake-water, or water where snakes are abundant." On a map of the boundary line between Mas'sachusetts and New York an Indian village is located at the outlet of the lake, presumably that known as Scompamuck. Kaphack, on Westenhook River, a place described as " Beginning at an Indian …

from Skootay, Old Algonquian (Squta, Williams), "fire," and -ack, "place," literally, "Fire Place," or place of council. It was extended to Smack's Island, opposite Albany, whioh was known to the early Dutch as "Schotack, or Aepjen's Island." It is probable, however, that the correct derivative is to be found in Esquatak, or Eskwatak, the record name of the ridge of land east …

It has been claimed that the landing which Hudson made and so particularly described in Juet's Journal, w^as at Schodac.''^ The Journal relates that the "Master's mate" first "went on land with an old savage, the governor of the country, who carried him to his house and made him good oheere." The next day Hudson himself "Sailed to the shore, in one of their can'oe'S, with an …

This would be about five miles (statute) north of the present city of Hudson. " But," wrote Brodhead, ' Latitudes were not as easily determined in those days as they are now ; and a careful computation of the distances run by the Half-Moon, as recorded in Juet's day-book, shows that on the i8th of September, 1609, when the landing occurred, she must have been ' up six leagues …

Gesmesseeck, a tract of land so called, otherwise entered of record "Nawanemit's particular land called Semesseerse, lying on the east bank, opposite Castle Island, off unto Fort Orange." "Item -- from Petanoc, the mill stream, away north to Negagonse." In addition Van Rensselaer then purchased lands held in common by several owners, "extending up the river, south and north^* …

The original was, no doubt, Patuck qua pang, as in Greenwich, Ct., meaning "Round pond." The Dutch changed paug to paen destriptive of the land -- low land -- so we have, as it stands, "Round land," "elevated hassocks of earth, roots," etc. (See Patuckquapaug. ) The second name is written in several forms -- Taescameatuck, Taescameesick, and Gessmesseecks. Greenhush is an …

Poesten Kill, the name of a stream and of a town in Rensselaer County, is entered in deed to Van Rensselaer in 1630, "Petanac, the mill stream" ; in other records, ''Petanac, the Molen Kil," and "De Laet's Marlen Kil and Waterval." Petanac, the Indian name, is an equivalent of Stockbridge Patternac, which King Ninham, in an affidavit, in 1762, declared meant "A fall of water …

Abnaki, pen, plural, penak. Other species were designated by prefixes to this generic, and, in the compositions of place names, was employed to denote locality {auk, auki, ock, etc.), or by an abundance verb (kanti-kadi) . Thus p'sai-pen, 'wild onions,' with the suffix for place, ock, gave p'sai-p en-auk, or as written by the Dutch, Passapenock, .387.)Indian name for Beeren …

At the date of settlement by Van der Huyden (1720), it is said there were stripes or patches within the limits of the present city which were known as "The corn-lands of the Indians," ' from which the interpretation in French's Gazetteer, "Fields of corn," whidh the name never meant in any language. The name may have had an Indian antecedent, hnt as it stands it is Dutch from …

The Indian name does not belong to the woodland; it locates the tract near the island, in which connection it is probably an equivalent 1 Weise's Hist, of Troy. * Woodward's Reminiscences of Troy. ' "Whale-fishing Island" is a mistranslation of "Walvish Eiland" (Dutch), meaning simply "Whale Island." It is related by Van der Donck (1656) the thatoneduring river, the great of …

Wallumschack, so written in return of survey of patent granted to Cornelius van Ness and others, in 1738, for lands now in Washington County ; IValloomscook, and other forms ; now preserved inWalloomsac, as the name of a place, a district of country, and a stream flowing from a pond on the Green Mountains, in the town of Woodford, near Bennington, Vermont.^ It has not been …

By exposure the slate becomes disintegrated and forms an ochery clay of several colors, which the Indians used as paint. The washing away of the rock left the quartz exposed in tlie form of sharp points, wliich were largely used by the Indians for making axes, lance-heads, arrow points, etc. Some of the ochre beds have been extensively worked, and plumbago has also been …

It was a well-known fording place for many years, and later became the site of Buskirk's Bridge. Sanckhaick, now San Coick, a place in North Hoosick, Rensselaer County, appears of record in petition of John de Peyster in 1730, and in Indian deed to Cornelius van Ness and others, in 1732, for a certain tract of land "near a place called Sanckhaick." The place, as now known, is …

Schaghticoke, now so written as the name of a town in the northeast corner of Rensselaer County, and in other connections, is from Pishgachtigok Mohegan, meaning "Land on the branch or division of a stream." The locative of the name was at the mouth of Hoosick River on the Hudson, in Washington County. The earliest record (1685) reads, "Land at Schautecogue" (-ohke). It is a …

Writes Mr, Gerard, "The name would probably be correctly written P'skaghtuk-uk," when with locative "at." ^ Although first of record in 1685, its application was probably as early as 1675, when the Pennacooks of Connecticut, fleeing from the disasterous results of King Phillip's War in which they were allies, found refuge among their kindred Mahicans, and later were assigned …

At one time they are said to have numbered six hundred warriors. (See Shekomeko.) Quequick and Quequicke are orthographies of the name of a certain fall on Hoosick River, in Rensselaer County. In petition of Maria van Rensselaer, in 1684, the lands applied for were described as "Lying on both sides of a certain creek called Hoosock, beginning at ye bounds of Schaakook, and so …

The first fall east of Schaakook (Schagticoke) Patent is now known as Valley Falls, in the town of Pittstown (Pittstown Station). Pahhaoke, a local name in Hoosick Valley, is probably an equivalent of Paiiqna-ohke, "Clear land," "open country." It is frequently met in Connecticut in different forms, as in Pahqui-oke, Paquiag, etc., the name of Danbury Plains. The form here is …

Trumbull, "of Powntucksuck, 'falls of a brook,' or outlet, "Powntiick, a general name for all falls," according to Indian testimony quoted by the same writer. "Pantiick, falls of a stream." (Zeisb.) Several interpretations of the name have been suggested, of which the most probably correct is from Massachusetts Pontoosuck, which would readily be converted to Hoosick or …

Heckewelder's tradition, "The Naked or Hairless Bear," has its culmination at a place "lying east oi the Hudson," where the last one of those fabulous animals was killed. "The s'tory," writes Dr. Brinton, "was that the bear was immense in size and the most vicious of animals. Its skin was bare except a tuft of white hair on the back. It attacked and ate the natives and the …

It was captured by the French and their Indians in 1746. The general course of the stream is north, west, and south to the Hudson in the northwest corner of Rensselaer County, directly opposite the village of Stillwater, Saratoga County. There are no less than three falls on its eastern division, of which the most considerable are Hoosick Falls, \Vhere the stream descends, in …

Dwight's attention, known to the Iroquois as the Tioneenda-hozve, or " The river at the hemlocks." ^ Cossayuna, said to be from the Mohawk dialect and to signify "Lake of the pines," is quoted as the name of a lake in the town of Argyle, Washington County. The translation is correct, substantially, but the naine is Algonquian -- a corruption of Codssa, "Pine," ^ and Gmnmee …

The late Horatio Hale wrote me: "Ti-ononda-hoive is evidently a compound term involving the word ononda (or ononta), 'hill or mountain.' Ti-oneenda-howe, in like manner, includes the word onenda (or onenta), 'hemlock.' There may have been certain notable hills or hemlocks which as landmarks gave names to the streams or located them. The final syllables hozve, are uncertain." …

The late Superintendent of the Bureau of Ethnology, Prof. J. W. Powell, wrote me : "From the best expert information in this office, it may be said that the phonetic value of the final two syllahles howe is far from definite ; but assuming that they are equivalent to huwi (with the European vowel values), the word-sentence Di-ononda-howe means, 'There it has interposed (a) …

It is descriptive ofthe situation of the creek, but not of the creek itself, and is applicable to any mountain or high hill which appears between a speaker and some other object." (See Hoosick.) Caniade=rioit is given as the name of Lake George, and " The tail of the lake" as the definition, "on account of its connection wlith Lake Champlain." (Spofiford's Gazetteer.) Father …