Ruttenber, E.M. Footprints of the Red Men: Indian Geographical Names in the Valley of Hudson's River, the Valley of the Mohawk, and on the Delaware. Published in the Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association, Vol. VI. 1906.

"north," nor does it mean "lake" or "silver water," ^ The present name was conferred by Sir William Johnson, in honor of King George III, of England, Ticonderoga, familiar as the name of the historic fortress at Lake George, was written by Sir William Johnson, in 1756, Tionderogue and Ticonderoro, and in grant of lands in 1760, "near the fort at Ticonderoga." Gov, Golden wrote …

Ticonderoga as now written, is from Te or Ti, "dual," two; Kaniatare, "lake," and -ogen, "intervallum, divisionem" (Bruyas), the combination meaning, literally, "Between two lakes." Horatio Hale wrote me of one of the forms : "Dekariaderage, in modern orthography, T ekaniataroken, from which Ticonderoga, means, simply, 'Between two lakes.' It is derived from Tioken, 'between,' …

Morhicans is the form on Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and Mahicans by the Dutch on the Hudson. The several forms indicate that the tribe was the Moricans or Mourigans of the French, the Maikans or Mahikans of the Dutch and the Mohegans of the English. It is certain that that tribe held the headwaters of the Connecticut as well as of the Hudson. The novelist, Cooper, gave life …

Caniade=riguarunte is given by Governor Pownal as the Iroquoian name of Lake Champlain, with the legend, "The Lake that is the gate of the country." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1190.) The lake was the route taken by the Algonquians of Canada in their forays against the Mohawks. Later, it became a link in the great highway of travel and commerce between New York and Quebeck, via …

It was in use by the Europeans as a medium of trade with the Indians, as well as among themselves, by the Indians especially for the manufacture of their historic peace, tribute, treaty and war belts, called Paumaimck {Pau-pau-mennmzve, Mass.), "an offering."* Meitoiiawack, the material, Waufaaeek and Sczvaun, the colors ; Paumanack, the use, "an offering." The suffix of …

The belts which they made were in universal use among the nations as an offering, the white belts denoting good, as peace, friendship, etc., the black, the reverse. The ruling sachem, or peace-chief, was the keeper and interpreter of the belts of his nation, and his place sornetimes took its name from that fact. That several of the sachems did sign their names, or that their …

The occupants of the island were a distinct group of Algonquian stock, speaking on the east a dialect more or less of the Massachusetts type, and on the west that known as Monsey-Lenape, both types, however, being largely controlled by the Dutch and the English orthographies in which local notings appear. They were almost constantly at war with the Pequods and Narragansetts …

The derivatives are Nar. Wompan (from Wompi, white, bright), "It is full daylight, bright day," hence the Orient, the East, the place of light, and -anit, "To be more than," extending beyond the ordinary limit. The same word appears in Wompandnd, "The Eastern God" (Williams), the deity of light. From Wompi, also Wapan in Wapanachkik, "Those of the eastern region," now written …

No doubt, however, the Indians saw, as do visitors of to-day, at the utmost end of the Montauk Peninsula, in its breast of rock against which the ocean^waves dash with fearful force; its glittering sun-light and in its general features, aWompandnd, or Eastern God, that which was " more than ordinary, wonderful, surpassing," but those features are not referred to in Wompenanit …

The orthography usually quoted for interpretation appears first in South Hampton Records in an Indian deed of 1640, "Manatacut, his X mark," the grantor being given the name of the place which he represented, as appears from the same records (1662), "Wyandanch, Meantacut sadhem," or sachem of Meantac. The Indian deed reads : "The neck of land commonly known by the name of …

The swamp still exists, and the dwarf trees also at the specific east bound of the lands conveyed. (See Napeak. ) Napeak, East Hampton deed of 1648, generally written Napeaka Neppeage and Napeague, and applied by Mather (Geological Survey) to a beach and a marsh, and in local records to the neck connecting Montauk Point wi'th the main island, means "Water land," or "Land …

Mash-antack-uk, Moh., was translated by Dr. Trumbull from Mish-untugh-et, Mass., " Place of much wood." Manna"dak5o is quoted as the Abn. word for "cedar;" Mishquazvtuck, Nar., "Red cedar." Mendntachk, "Swamp" (Len. Eng. Die), is explained by Rev. Anthony, "with trees meeting above." Menantac, "Spruce, cedar or pine swamp" (Zeisb.), from the kind of trees growing in the swamp …

It would be correctly described b}^ Qitinne or Quazvnopaug, " Long pond," but certainly not by Quawnotiwock, the animate plural suffix -week, showing that it belonged to the people -- " People living on the Long River." ^ (See Quantuck and Connecticut.) Assup, given as the name of a neck of land -- " A tree marked X 'hard by the northward side of a cove of meadow" -- means "A …

They claimed to be the "true owners of the eastern end of Long Island," but acknowledged the primacy of Wyandanch, sachem of the Montauks, who had been elected by other sachems as chief sachem or the "sachem of sachem" of the many clans. The name is probably from the root Shin, or Schind, "Spruce-pine" (Zeisb.) ; Schindikeu, "Spruce-pine forest" ; Shinak-ing, "At the land of …

Y., xiii, 58), was son of Mechowodt, sachem of Marsepingh, and probably succeeded his father as sachem of that clan. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 540.) His last possession was Cow Neck, in the present town of North Hampton, which was given to him by his father; it may have been the Mochgonnekonk of 1643, De Vries met him in conference in 1645, and notes him as a speaker of force …

Mochgonneck-onck the name of his sachemdom in 1643, has not been identified further than that be was the owner of Cow Neck, now called Manhasset (Manhas'et), Queens County, the largest neck or point of land on the coast. Quaunontowunk, Quannotowonk, Konkhonganik and Konghonganoc, are forms of two distinct names applied respectively to the north and south ends of Fort Pond, as …

Wompaskit, "At or in the swamp, or marsh." Poosepatuck, a place so called and now known as the Indian Reservation, back of Forge River at Mastick, probably means "On the other side," or "Beyond the river," from Azvossi, "Over, over there, on the other side, beyond," and -tuck, "Tidal river." Speonk, the name of a village in Southampton near East Bay, on an inlet of the ocean …

Probably from Pohqn'unantak, "Cleared ^ The deed reads : "The north fence from the pond to the sea, shall be kept by the were the fences town there ; the when south the fence, landto was the sold. sea, by the Indians." Presumably ^ Wyandach, or Wyandance, is said to have been the brother of Paggatacut, sachem of Manhas'set or Shelter Island, the chief sachem of fifteen …

Putting the lost vowel e back in the word, we have Yapclicinck, in Lenape Rapchdnek, "Where the stream ebbs and flows." The name is written Yampkanke in Indian deed. (Gerard.) The name is now applied to a small tributary of the Connecticut, but no doubt belongs to a place on the Connecticut where the current is affected by the tide. (See Connecticut.) Monowautuck is quoted as …

It is an equivalent of Quinnituckquet, "Longriver land," as in Connecticut. (Trumbull.) Quinnitiik, "Long river" ; with locative -ct or -it, "Land or place on the long-river." The stream is the outlet of Ronkonkoma Lake, and flows south to Fire-place Bay, where the name is of primary record. There were two streams to which it was applied ; one is a small stream in Islip, and …

It is probably a pronunciation of Accomh-suck-ohke , "Land or place at the outlet beyond." The record name of Bellport is Occombomeck, Accobamuck, etc., meaning, "Fishing-place beyond," which, as the deeds show, was a fishing-place at a freshwater pond, now dried up. The name is readily confused with Aquebogue. Moriches, a neck of land "lying at Unquetague, on the south side …

Amcessak, Zeisb.; Anmesooak, Abn., Aumsiiog, Mass., "small fishes." As a generic suffix, -ama'ug, Mass., -ama'uk, Del, "fishing-place." 82 INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Maritches (Morichi, Mariche), from Moriche Palniita (Latin), meaning, in popular use, any plant thougfht to resemble a palm. Maiiritia a species of Mauriticae, or South-American palm, so called in honor of Prince …

Trumbull translated from Nde-amuck, "Between the fishing places." Local tradition affirms that centuries ago the Indians made a canal here for the purpose of passing their canoes from Mecox Bay to Paconic Bay. Mongotucksee, the hero of the story, was a chieftain who reigned over the Montauks in the days of their pride and power. The tradition has no other merit than the fact …

togue, meaning 'Burned-over land.' Whether the mainland or Fire Island was the 'Burned-over land,' history does not tell us." Lands were burned over by the Indians to destroy the bushes and coarse grasses, and probably some field of this character was referred to by the Indian grantors, from which the name was extended to the Neck and to Fire Island, although it is said that …

Trumbull, "At or near the fishing place" y root Am, "to take by tihe mouth" ; Amau, "he fishes" ; Abn., Ama"'ga", "ou peche Id." "he fishes there," (Rasles) ; s, diminutive or derogatory ; ett, "Near or a'bout," that is, the tract was near a small or inferior fishing-place, which is precisely what the composition describes. , Peconic, now so written and applied to Pecoriic Bay …

Kepehikan from Kepehike, 'he closes up,' or obstructs, i. e. 'dams.' " The bounds of the Shinnec'ock Indians extended east to this stream ; or, as the record reads, "To a river where they did use to catch the fish commonly called alewives, the name of which creek was Pehickkonuk, or Peconic." (Town Records.) Agwam, Agawam, is quoted by French as the name of Southampton, L. I …

Presumably the same name is met in Mattatuck, Gt., written Matetacoke, 1637, Matitacoocke, 1673, which was translated by Dr. Trumbull from Eliot's Mat-uh'tugh-auke, "A place without wood," or badly wooded. (See Titicus.) Cutchogue, Plymouth Records, 1637 ; " Curchaug, or Fort Neck;" Corch'aki, deed of 1648; now Cutchogue, a village in Southold, in the vicinity of which was an …

It is from Sagahonak, "Ground nuts, or Indian potatoes." (Trumbull.) The name is of record as that of a boundmark "two miles from the east side of a Great Pond," and is described as a "pond or swamp" to which the name of the tuber was extended from its product. Ketchepunak, quoted as the name of Westhampton, describes "The greatest ground-nut place," or "The greatest …

Massapeage -- Massapeag, 1636; Massapeague, Rassapeage -- a place-name from which extended to an Indian clan whose principal seat is said to have been on Fort Neck, in the town of Oyster Bay, was translated by Dr. Trumbull from Massa, "great" ; pe, the radical of water, and auke, "land," or "Land on the great cove." Thompson (Hist. L. I.) assigns the name to "a swamp on the …

Y., iv, 15, 16.) In Prime's and other local histories the date is given as 1653, on the authority of " Hubbard's Indian Wars," and Capt. Underbill is assigned to the command in the attack on the largest fort. The official Dutch record, however, assigns that honor to Capt. Pieter Cock. The year was surely 1644, (Brodhead's Hist. N. Y., i, 91.) The prefix Mass, appears in many …

Maskutchoung, a neck of land so called forming one of the boundaries of Hempstead Patent as entered in confirmatory deed of "Takapousha, sachem of Marsapeage," and "Wantagh, the Montauke sachem," July 4th, 1657: "Beginning at a marked tree standing at the east side of the Great Plain, and from thence running on a due south line, and at the South Sea by a marked tree in a neck …

Merick, the nanie of a village in Hempstead, Queens County, is said to have been the site of an Indian village called Merick-oke. It has been interpreted as an apheresis of a form of Nanmnock, written Namerick, "Fish place." (See Moriches.) Curiously enough, Merrick was a proper name for man among the ancient Brittons, and the corruption would seem to have been introduced here …

Suffolk County, as "the first point east of Rockaway where access can be had to the ocean without crossing the bay," has been read as a contraction of Quaquaunantuck, but seems to be from Poque-ogue, "Clear, open space," an equivalent of Poque-auke, Mass. Rechqua=akie, De Vries; Reckkouwhacky, deed of 1639; now applied to a neck on the south side of Long Island and preserved …

The name is a pronunciation of Tomaque, or K'tamaque, Del., Amique, Moh., "beaver." "Amique, when aspirated, is written Jamaique, hence Yameco, Jamico, and modern Jamaica." (O'Callaghan.) The bay has no claim to the name as a beaver resort, but beavers were abundant in the stream flowing into it. Kestateuw, "the westernmost," Castuteeuw, "the middlemost," and Casteteuzv, "the …

On the Lower Potomac and Chesapeake Bay the name is ^ The names in the treaty of 1645, as written by Dr. O'Callaghan, are " Marechkawicks, Nayecks, and their neighbors" ; in the treaty of 1656, " Rockaway and Canorise." The latter name appears to have been introduced after 1645 in exchange for Marechkawick. (See Canarise.) Rechqua is met on the Hudson in Reckgawaw-onck, the …

The point or place described on the Delaware (now Bombay Hook) was the end of the island, knowm on old maps as "Deep Point," and the "Hook" was the bend in the currents around it forming the marshy inlet-bay on the southwest connecting with a marshy channel or stream, and the latter on the north with a small stream by which the island was constituted. Considered from the …

Brinton translated Ganawese from Guneu (Del.), "Long," but did not add that the sufifix -- zvese, or as Roger Williams wrote it, qucse, means "Little, small," the combination describing Bambo grasses, i. e. "long, small" grasses, which, in some cases reach the growth of trees, but on Long Island and on the Delaware only from long marsh grasses to reeds, as primarily in and …

I., ii, 175.) The Dutch called the former Conynen, and the latter Conyne Hoeck -- "f Conijen Conine." Jasper Dankers wrote in 1679: "On the south (of Staten Island) is the great bay, which is enclosed by Najaq, t' Conijen Island, Neversink," etc. Conijen (modern Dutch, Konijn), signifies "Rabbit" -- Cony, Coney -- inferentially "Small" -- Hterally, "Rabbit, or Coney Island," …

It was that of a place on a small stream, the description in the Indian deed of 1639, reading: "Stretching southward to a certain kil or little low bushes." The land conveyed is described as being "overflowed at every tide, and covered with salt-meadow grass." The latter gave to it its value. The claim that the name was that of an Indian owner is not well sustained. The …

G.), "Bay, cove, inlet, retreat," etc., literally "Widgeon Bay." "Situate on the bay of Merechkawick," is entered on map of 1646 in Stiles' "History of Brooklyn." Merica was the Mayan name of the American Continent. It is spread all over South America and was applied to many objects as in the Latinized Mereca Americani. The early Dutch navigators were no doubt familiar with it …

Manette, so written of record -- "near Mannato hill," about thirty miles from Brooklyn and midway between the north and south sides of the island -- has been interpreted from its equivalent, 'Wallabout Bay takes its first name from Dutch Waal, "gulf, abyss/' etc., and Bochf, "bend," It was spoken of colloquially by the early Dutch as "The bay of the foreigners,"' referring to …

It is harmless fiction. Rennaquakonck, Rinnegahonck, a landmark so called in the boundaries of a tract on Wallabout Bay, described in deed as "A certain swamp where the water runs over tlie stones," and, in a subsequent deed, "At the sweet marsh" (Hist, of Brooklyn), is an ortihography of Winnegackonck, meaning "At the sweet place," so called from some plant which was found …

Witli the suffix -ak, the name means "Land or place at the point." (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.) Bankers and Sluyter wrote in their Journal (1679-80) : "We went part of the way through the wtoods and fine, new-made land, and so along the shore to the west end of the island called Najack. * * Continuing onward from' there, we came to the plantation of the Najack Indians, which was …

The suffix -set, cannot be applied to an animate object ; it is a locative meaning "Les's tlhan at." In addition to this objection, Nassaconset is otiherwise written Ne:ssaquauke^acoompt-set, showing that the name belonged to a place tihat was "On the other side" of Nessaquauke." Neesaquauke stands for Neese-saqii-aiike, from Nisse, "two," Sank, "Outlet," and -auke, "Land" or …

■tihe great river." Mas is an abbreviation of Massa, Missi, etc.^ "great," and Sepc, mean's "river." It was probably used compara- .tively -- the largest compared with some other stream. (See Mass- €pe.) Unsheamuck, otherwise written Unthemiamuk, given as the name of Fresh Pond, on tihe boundary line between Huritington and Smithtown, means "Eel-fislhing place." (Tooker.) …

In 'his will Richard Smith wrote : "I give to my daug*hter Sarah, 130 acres of land at the tivo swamps called Cuttscunsuck." The first word seems to stand for Ksiicqon, "Heavy" (Zeisb.), by metonymie, "Stone," -es, "Small," and -uck, locative, "Place of small stone." Ksiicqon may be employed as an adjectival^ prefix. Eliot wrote, "Qussukquemin, Stone fruit," tihe cherry …

Mech), a comparative term -- "great," as distinguished from "small," the largest of two, and Sepees {Sepoiis, Septals), "a brook." Sepe, Sipo, Sipti, etc., is generally applied to a long stream. The west branch of Mespatt Kill has the record name of Quandoequareus. Flint wrote: "The Canapauke, or Dutch Kills, sluggishly winding its way through the meadows of bronzed grass'es." …

The locative was long known as "Head of Cow Neck." Matinnecock is noted in a survey for Lewis Morris, in 1685 : "A tract of land lying upon the north side of Long Island, within the township of Oyster Bay, in Queens County, and known by the name of Matinicock," and. in another survey : "A certain small neck of land at a place called Mattinicock." Extended also to an island and …

On the rivers are numerous valleys of sweet and salt meadows." The name has, wit!h probable correctness, been interpreted from Metanak-ok (Lenape, Mctanak-onk; Abn., Metanak-ook), meaning, "Along the edge of the island," or, as Van Tienhoven wrote, "About this bay." The same name appears on the Delaware as that of what is now known as Burlington Island." It is corrupted in New …

Muchito, the name of w'hat is now Glen Cove, near Hempstead Harbor, is otherwise written Muschedo, Mosquito aaid Muscota. ' A corruption from " Martin." '^ Mattinacunk, Matinneconke, Matinnekonck -- " having been formerly known by the name of Kipp's Island, and by ye Indian name of Koomenakanok-onck." (Col. Hist. N. Y.) Koo-menakanok-onck was the largest of two islands in the …

Land Papers, p. 60 : "To the eastward of the town of Huntington and to the westward of Nesaquack, commonly called by the Indians Katazi-aniake and in English by the name of Crope Meadow ;" in another entry, "Crab iMeadow," by which last name the particular tract was known for many years. "Crope" and "Crab" are English equivalents for a species of grass called "finger-grass or …

Opcutkontycke, now assigned to a brook entering Northfield Harbor, and primarily given as t^he name of a boundary stream (see Katawamake), seems to be a corruption of Ogkome (Acoom-), "On the other side," and -tuck, "A tidal stream or estuary." It was a place on the other side of the estuary. Aupauquack, the name of a creek in West Hampton, is entered, in 1665, Aupaucock and …

Aquel?ogue, Aquebauke-- "on the north side of Aquebauke or Piaconnock River " (C'Ol. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 600) -- means, "Land or place on this side," i. e. on the side towards the speaker, as is obvious from fhe description, "On the north side," and from the deed of 1648, which reads : "The whole tract of land called Ocquebauck, together with the lands and meadows lying on the …

Wopowag, more correctly IVepowage, given as the name of Stony Brook, town of Brookhaven, 'describes a place "At the narrows," t. e. of a brook or cove, and usually "The crossing place." (Trumbull.) So'was'set, correctly Cozvas'sctt (Moh.), the name of what is now Port Jefferson, signifies, "Near a place of small pine trees." (Trumbull.) The name was applied to what was long …

The substantival is Pootapaug, Mass., "A bog." The adjectival may stand for Mass, "Great," or Matt, derogative. Manowtassquott, or Manowtatassquott, is assigned to Blue Point, in Great South Bay, town of Brookhaven. The record reads : "Bounded easterly by a brook or river to tihe westward of a point called the Blue Point, known by the Indian name of Manowtatassquott." The name …

Potunk, a neck of land on S'hinnecock Bay, is written Potuncke in Smithtown Records, in 1662. "A swamp at Potunk," is another entry. Dr. Trumbull quoted it as a form of Po'dunk, Conn., which is of primary record, "Called Potaecke," and given as the name of a "brook or river." In Brookfield, Mass., a brook bearing the name is said to have been so called "from a tract of meadow …

Manah=ackaquasu=U'anock, given as the name of Shelter Island, is a composition of two names, as shown by the record entry, "All that their i.^Iand of Aliaquacu-'wainuck, otherwise called Manhansack." Ahaqua.zn-zvamnck is no doubt the equivalent of Aiihaquassu (Nar.), "Sheltered," and -amuck is an equivalent of ■■amaug, "Fishing-place," literally, "Sheltered fishing-place." …

Adriaen Block, who, having lost his vessel by burning at Manhattan, constructed here another which he called the "Onrust" or "Restless," in 1614. It was the first vessel constructed by Europeans in New York waters. In this vessel Block made extended surveys of Hudson's River, the Connecticut, the Sound, etc. Acquiring from his residence among them a knowledge of the …

A writer in 1684 notes : "Where the town of Perth is now building is on a shelf of land rising twenty, thirty and forty feet." Smith (Hist. of New Jersey) wrote : "Ambo, in Indian, 'A point ;' " but there is no such word as Ambo, meaning "A point," in any Indian dialect, Heckewelder's interpretation : "Ompoge, from which Aniboy IS derived, and also Emboli, means 'A bottle,' or …

Lindstrom's Naratic-on, on the lower Delaware, was probably Cape May, and an equivalent substantially of the New England Nayantiikq-iit, "A point on a tidal river," and Raritan was the point of the peninsulla which the clan occupied terminating on Raritan Bay, where, probably, the name was first met by Dutch navigators. The dialectic exchange o'f N and R, and of the surd …

Van Tienhoven wrote that it had been compelled to remove further inland on account of freshets, but mainly from its inability to resist the raids of the southern Indians ; that the lands whidh they left unoccupied was between "two high moimtains far distant from one to the other ;" that it was "the handsomest and pleasantest country that man can bdhold." The great southern …

pure and simple, but evidently introduced to represent the sound of an Indian word. What that word was may, probably, be traced from the name given as that of the sachem, Aiironge (Treaty of 1645), which seems to be an apheresis of IV'scha-jd-won-ge, "On the hill side," or "On the side of a hill." (Zeisb.) Awonge, Auronge, Oranje, Orange, is an intelligible progression, and …

The first deed (1667) placed the boundmark of the tract "At the foot of the great mountain," and the second deed (1677) extended the limit "To the top of the mountain called Watchung." Achkinckeshacky; Hackinkcshacky, 1645 ^ Hackinghsa-ckin, Hackinkesack (1660); Hackensack (1685); Ackinsack, Hockquiri' dachque ; Hackquinsack, are early necord forms of the name of primary …

N. ^ Before entering New York Harbor, Hudson anchored his ship below the Narrows and sent out an exploring party in a boat, who entered the Narrows and ascended as far as Bergen Point, where they encountered a second channel which they explored as far as Newark Baj^ The place where the second channel was met they called " The Kils," or channels, and so it has remained …

Thomas Campanus (Holm), who was chaplain to the Swedish settlements on the Delaware, 1642-9, and who collected a vocabulary, wrote Hdckiing (ueiig), "Hook." This sound of the word may have led the Dutch to adopt Hackingh as an orthography -- modern Haking, " Hooking," incurved as a hook. is ^anJasper arm ofDankers and land the main Peteron Sluyter wrote the west side inoftheir …

Although clearly a Dutch name it has •been claimed as Indian, from Lenape Gamenozvinink (Zeisb.), "England, on the other side of the sea." Gamoenapaug, one of the forms of the name, is quoted as the basis of this claim; also, Acomnnipag, "On the other side of the bay." The Dutdh did substitute paen for pang in some cases, but it is very doubtful if they did here. Ahasimus …

Arisheck -- "The Little Island Aressick" (See Ahasimus), called by the Dutch Aresseck Houck, Hoeren Houck, and Paulus Houck -- now the eastern point of Jersey City -- was purdhased from the Indians by Michael Pauw, Nov. 22, 1630, with "the land called Ahasimus," and, with the "Island Hobokan-Hackingh," purchased by him in July of the same year, was included in his plantation …

The West India Company ihad a trading post 'there conducted by one Michael Paulis, from wihom it was called Paulus' Hook, which it re'tains, Pauw also estalblished a trading post there which, as it lay directly in the line of the great Indian 'trunk-path (see Saponickan), so seriously interfered with the trade of the Dutch post that the Company purchased the land from him in …

N, Y., xiii, 3.) The Indian name, Arisheck or Aresseck, is so badly corrupted that the original cannot be satisfactorily detected, but, by exchanging n for r, and adding the initial K, we would have Kaniskeck, "A long grassy marsh or meadow." Hoboken, now so written -- Hohocan-Hacking, July, 1630; Hobokan-Hacking, Nov. 1630; Hohokina, 1635; Hohocken, 1643; Hohoken, iG/i^y …

Y., xiii, 2, 3, 4.) In "Free- ^tion-- Ana hill. ancient view of the shore-line represents it as a considerable eleva- * Castle Point is just below Wehawken Cove in which Hudson is supposed to have anchored his ship in 1609. In Juet's Journal this land is described as "beautiful" and the cliff as of "the color of white green, as though it was either a copper or silver mine." It …

This done the whole Pavonia was immediately in flames." ^ (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 98.) The deed stateuTent, "By us named," is explicit, and obviously impHes that the terms in the name were Dutch and not Indian, and Dutch they surely were. Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "Hoboken, called after a village on the river Scheldt, a few miles below Antwerp," …

The West India Company was to erect a small house for him. Presumably this house is referred to in the narrative. It was north of Hoboken Kill. ' Now a commercial village of Belgium. The prevailing dialect spoken there was Flemish, usually classed as Low German. The Low German di. lects of three centuries ago are imperfectly represented in modern orthogr:- phies. In and around …

Other orthographies are Wiehacken, Wheliockan, Weehacken, Wehauk, obvious corruptions of the original, but all retaining a resemblance in sound. The name is preserved as that of a village, a ferr}', and a railroad station about three miles north of Jersey City, and is historically noted for its association with the ancient custom of dueling, the particular resort for that …

■tition was by Samuel Bayarfd, wh'o then owned the land on boith sides of Wiehacken Creek, for a ferry charter covering the passage "Between the southernmost cliffs of Tappaen and New York Island, at a place called Wiehake," the landing-place of which was establisihed at or near the mouth of Awiehacken Creek just be'low what is now known as King's Point. Of the location …

The place to which 'the name was applied in the deed of 1658 seems to have been an open tract between the streams named, presumably afield lying along the Hudson, from the description, "running back towards the woods," suggesting that it was from the Lenape radical Tmava, as Vv^ritten by Zeisberger in Tauzui-echen, "Open ;" as a noun, "Open or unobstructed space, clear land …

Trumbull wrote that Wehaiving "Seemed" to him as "most probably from Wehoak, Mohegan, arid -ing, Lenape, locative, 'At the end (of the Palisades)' " and in his interpretation violated his own rules of interpretation which require that translation of Indian names must be sought in the dialect spoken in the district where tlie name HUDSON S RIVER ON THE WEST. Ill appears. The …

Siskakes, now Secaucus, is written as the name of a tract on Hackensack meadows, from which it was extended to Snake Hill. It is from Sikkakaskeg, meaning "Salt sedge marsh." (Gerard.) The Dutch found snakes on Snake Hill and called it Slangberg, literally, "Snake Hill." Passaic is a modern orthography of Pasaeck (Unami -Lenape), German notation, signifying "Vale or valley." …

J. to Pom'pton, written Pachquak'onck by Van der Donck (1656) ; Paquan-nock or Pasqueck, in 1694; Paqunneck, Indian deed of 1709, and in other forms, was the name of a certain field, from which it was extended to the 112 INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. stream. Dr. Trumbull recognized it as the equivalent of Mass. Paquan'noc, Peqnan'niic, Pohqu'un-auke, etc., "A name common to all …

Peram-sepus also appears as Wieramius, suggesting that Pera, Para, Wara, and Wiera were written as equivalemt sounds, from the root IVil {Willi, Winne, Wirri, Waure), meaning, "Good, fine, pleasant," etc. The suffix varies, Sepiis meaning "Brook"; Pcake (-/^ei^^)," Water-place," and Anes, "Small stieam," or, substantially, Septis, which, by the prefix Ware, was proniounccd "A …

The suffixed locative, -uiik, seems to have been generally used in connectioii with the names of hills. Pompton -- Ponton, East N. J. Records, 1695 ; Pompeton, Pumpton, Pompeto)!, N. Y. Records -- now preserved in Pompton as the name of a village at the junction of the Pequannock, the Wynokie, and the Ramapo, and coutinued as the name of the united stream south of Pompton …

A reasonable suggestion is that the original was Pom of en, a representative town, or a combination of towns. ^ wihich would readily be converted to Pompton. In 1710, "Memerescum, 'sole sachem of all the nations (towns or families) of Indians on Remopuck River, and on the east and west branches thereof, on Saddle River, Pasqueck River, Narranshunk River and Tappan,' gave title …

Obviously, however, the term described them as of the most eastern family of the Minsis or Minisinks, which they were. Ramapo, now so written and applied to a village and a town in Rockland Coun'ty, and also to a valley, a stream of water and adjacent hills, is written Ramepog in N. Y. Records, 1695 ; Ramepogh, 171 1, and Ramapog in 1775. In New Jersey Records the …

Records, 1695 • "^ certain tract of land in Orange Coimty called Ramepogh, being upon Pompton Creek, about twenty miles above ye mouth of said creek where it falls into Pequanneck River, being a piece of low land lying at ye forks on ye west side of ye creek, and going down the said creek for ye space of six or seven miles to a small run running into said creek out of a small …

The somewhat poetic interpretation of the name, "Many ponds," is without warrant, nor does the name belong to a "Round pond," or to the stream, now the Ramapo except by extension to it. Apparently, by dia- ^ The territory in which the Pomptons claimed an interest included northern New Jersey as bounded on the north by a line drawn from Cochecton, Sullivan County, to the mouth …

Ramapo Pass, beginning about a mile below Pierson's, is fourteen miles long. (See Pompton.) Wynokie, now so written as the name of a stream flowing to the Pequannock at Pompton, takes that name from a beautiful valley through which it passes, about thirteen miles northwest of Paterson. The stream is the outlet of Greenwood Lake and is entered on old maps as the Ringwood. The …

Smock, late State Geologist of New Jersey, wrote me of the location of the name at Suffern : "There is the name of the stream and the name of the settlement (in Rockland County, near the New Jersey line), and the land is low-lying, and along the creek, and above a forks, i. e. above the forks at Suffern. On the 1774 map in my possession, Romapock is certainly the present …

The name seems to have been that of a bend in the river at some point in the vicinity of Tuxedo Pond to which it was extended from a certain bend or bends in the stream. A modern interpretation from F'.tuksit, "Round foot," is of no merit except in its first word. It was the metaphorical name, among the Delawares, of the v/olf. It would be a misnomer applied to either a river …

Ziesberger WTote, "Wisachgak, Black oak," the bark of which is bitter and astringent. A black oak tree on "the west-southwest side" of the plain may have given name to the plain. Narranshaw, Nanaschunck, etc., a place so called in the Kakiate Patent boundary, is probably a corruption of Van der Donck's Narrntschocn, "A promontory" or high point. (See Nyack-on-theHudson.) …

Eng.) The hill is claimed to have been the northwest boundmark of the Plaverstraw Patent. In recent times it has been applied to two elevations, the Little Torne, west of the Hudson, and the Great Torne, near the Hudson, south of Haverstraw. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 46.) Cheesek=ook, Cheesek=okes, Cheesec=oks, Cheesquaki, are forms of the name given as that of a tract of …

The final ^ in some forms, is an English plural : it does not belong to the root. (See Coxackie.) In pronunciation the accent should not be thrown on the letter k ; that let-. ter belongs to the first word. There is no Kook about it. Tappans, Carte Figurative of date (presumed) 1614-16, is entered thereon as the name of an Indian village in Lat. 41° 15', claimed …

Wassenaer wrote, in 1621-25, Tapanis ; DeLaet wrote, in 1624, Tappaans; in Breeden Raedt, Tappanders; Tappaen, De Vries, 1639; Tappaen, Van der Horst deed, 165 1 : Tappaens, ofiicial Dutch; ''Savages of Tappaen"; Tappa-ans, Van der Donck, are the early orthographies of the name and establish itas having been written by the Dutch with the long sound of a in the last word …

It is difficult to believe that Tappan was transferred to those distant parts from an Indian name on Hudson's River ; on the contrary its presence in those parts forces the conclusion that it was conferred by the Dutch from their own, or from some dialect with which they were familiar, precisely as it was on Hudson's River and was descriptive of a district of country the …

above the water, lying under the mountains, along the river," presumed to have been in the meadows south of Piermont, into which flows from the mountains Tappan Creek, now called Spar Kill/ as well as the overflow of Tappan Zee, of which he wrote without other name than "bay" : "There flows here a strong flood and ebb, but the ebb is not more than four feet on account of the …

The root is Saupde (Eliot), 'soft,' i. e. 'made soft by water,' as Saupde manoosh, 'mortar,' literally 'softened clay.' Hence the Dutch word Sappaen -- adopted by Webster Se-pawn." Other examples could be quoted but are not necessary to establish the meaning of Dutch Tappaan, or Tappaen. An interpretation by Rev. Heckewelder, quoted by Yates & Moulton, and adopted by Brodhead …

The cove and mouth of the creek was no doubt the landing-place from which the Indian village was approached, and the latter was accepted for many years as the boundmark on the Hudson of the jurisdiction of New Jersey. ' Strickland Plain was the site of the terrible massacre of Indians by English and Dutch troops under Capt. Underbill, in March, 1645. (Broadhead, Hist. N. Y …

Mattaconck was "a swampy or hassocky meadow," lying on the west side of Ouaspeck Pond, from whence the line ran north, 72° east, "to the south side of the rock on the top of the hill," called Mattasinck. In the surveyor's notes the rock is described as "a certain rock in the form of a sugar loaf." The name is probably an equivalent of Mat-assin-ink, "At (or to) a bad rock," or …

It means "Land or place at the angle, point or corner," from Nciak (Del.), "Where there is a point." (See Nyack, L. I.) The root appears in many forms in record orthographies, due largely to the efforts of European scribes to express the sound in either the German or the English alphabet. Adriaen Block wrote, in 1614-16, Ahihicaiis as the name of the people on Montauk Point …

The root is the same in all cases, Van der Donck's Narratschoan on the Hudson, and Narraticoii on the Delaware, meaning "The point of a mountain which has the character of a promontory," kindred to Neivas (Del.), "A promontory," or a high point.^ The Indian name of Verdrietig Hoek, or Tedious Point, is of record Nezvas-ink in the DeHart Patent, and in several other forms of …

Trumbull wrote: ''Nai, 'Having corners'; Naiyan, 'A corner or angle'; 'Naig-an-eag, 'The people about the point.'" William R. Gerard wrote: "The Algonquian root Ne (written bj' the English Nm) means 'To come to a point,' or 'To form a point.' From this came Ojibwe N aid' ski, 'Point of land in a body of water.' The Lenape Neivds, with the locative affix, makes Newds-ing, 'At …

Menisak=cungue, so written in Indian deed to De Hart in 1666, and also in deed from De Hart to Johannes Minnie in 1695, is written Amisconge on Pownal's map, as the name of a stream in the town of Haverstraw. As De Hart was the first purchaser of lands at Haverstraw, the name could not have been from that of a later owner, as locally supposed. Pownal's orthography suggests …

* The equivalent Mass. word is paug, "Where water is," or ''Place of water." (Trumbull.) Quassa-paug or Quas-paug, is the largest lake in Woodbury, Ct. Dr. Trumbull failed to detect the derivative of Quas. but suggested. Kiche, "Great." Probably a satisfactory interpretation will be found in Kussiik, "High." (See Quassaick.) ^ Kontii, an abundance verb, is sometimes written …

Land Papers, 162.) The south side of Stony Point was then accepted as the "North side of the land called Haverstraw." The hills in immediate proximity, at varying points of compass, are the Bochberg (Dutch, Bochelberg, "Humpback hill"), and the Donderberg, neither of which, however, have connection with Stony Point, leaving the conclusion certain that from the fact that the …

The name being generic was easily shifted about and so it was that in adjusting the northwest line of the Evans Patent it came to have permanent abode as that of the hill now known as Schunnemunk in the town of Cornwall, Orange County, to the advantage of the proprietors of the Minisink Patent.^ Reference to the old patent line will be met in other connections. 'The patent to …

The general meaning, with the locative -nk or -ink, is "At the sandy place," and the reference to the sandy flats, at Haverstraw, where Sesegehout presumably resided. There is no reason for placing this clan on Long Island. Nawasink, Yan Dakah, Caquaney and Aquamack, are entered in the Indian deed to DeHart as names for lands purchased by him at Haverstraw in 1666. The deed …

Another line was projected in 1765-6, by the proprietors of the Minisink Patent, running further northeast and the boundmark shifted to a pond north of Sam's Point, the name going with it. The transaction formed the well-known Minisink Angle, and netted the Minisink proprietors 56,000 acres of unoccupied lands. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 986.) Compare Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 164 …

Caquancy is so badly corrupted that its derivative is not recognizable. Aquamack seems to be the same word that we have in Accomack, Va., meaning, "On the Other side," or "Other side lands." In deed to Florus Crom is mentioned "Another parcel of upland and meadow known by the name of Ahequerenoy, lying north of the brook called Florus Falls and extending to Stony Point," the …

Probably an equivalent of Natick Sonkippog, "Cool water." Poplopen's Creek, now so written, the name of the stream flowing to the Hudson between the sites of the Revolutionary forts Clinton and Montgomery, south of West Point, and also the name of one of the ponds of which the stream is the outlet, seems to be from English Pop-looping (Dutch Loopen), and to describe the stream …

Land Papers, 99), from Assin, "stone"; Napa, "lake, pond," or place of water, and -ink, locative, literally, "Place of water at or on the stone." The current interpretation, "Water from the solid rock," is not specially inappropriate, as the lake is at the foot of the rocks of Bare Mountain. At a certain place in the course of the stream a legal description reads: "A whitewood …

Prince's Falls, so called in description of survey of patent to Samuel Staats, 1712: "Beginning at ye mouth of a small rivulet called by the Indians Assin-napa-ink, then up the river (Hudson) as it runs, two hundred chains, which is about four chains north of Prince's Falls, including a small rocky isle and a small piece of boggy meadow called John Cantton Huck ; also a small …

west side of Hudson's River, beginning on the south side of a creek called Assinapink, together with a certain island and parcel of meadow called ^Nlanahawaghin, and by the Christians Salisbury Island." The island lies about one mile south of directly opposite Anthony's Xose. and is divided from the main land by a narrow channel or marshy water-course. The tract of land lies …

Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter wrote the name in their Journal in 1679-80, indicating that the island was then well known by that title. On \'an der Donck's map of 1656 the island is named Kaes Eiland. Dutch Kaas (cheese) Eiland. Dankers and Sluyter also wrote, "'Boter-berg (Butter-hill), because it is like the rolls of butter which the farmers of Holland take to market." …

Brodhead suggested (Note K, Vol. i) that Pollepel Island was that known in early Dutch history as Prince's Island, or Murderer's Creek Island, and that thereon was erected Fort Wilhelmus, referred to by Wassenaer in 1626. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 35.) The evidence is quite clear, however, that the island to which Wassenaer referred was in the vicinity of Schodac, where there …

It was employed to locate the place of settlement of the Palatine immigrants in 1709 -- "The Parish of Quassaick," later, "The Parish of Newburgh." It is now preserved as the name of the creek which bounds (in part) the city of Newburgh on the south. "Near to a place called Quasek," indicates that the place of settlement was located by the name of some other place whioh was …

I think that Quassaick, changed from Ouasek (1709), is one of these corruptions. The original word probably referred to some place at the end of a swamp. The word would easily become Quasekek, Quasek, and Quassaick. The formative -ek, in words meaning swamp, marsh, etc., was often dropped by both Dutch and English scribes." This conjecture would seem to locate the name as that …

Ktissuhkoe, meaning "High ;" with substantive Kussuhkohke, "High lands," the place of settlement being described as "Near the Highlands," which became the official designation of "The Precinct of the Highlands." Kussuhk is pretty certainly met in Cheesek-ook, the name of patented lands in the Highlands, described as "Uplands and meadows ;" also in Qttasigh-ook, Columbia …

reason was not regarded with favor.^ The eastern face of the hilt is a rugged wall of gneiss ; the western face slopes gradually to a swamp not far from its base and to a small lake, the latter now utilized for supplying the city of Newburgh with water, with a primary outlet through a passage -under a spur of the hill, which the Indians may have regarded as a mysterious or bad …

Tradition affirms in explanation of the Dutch Moordenaars that an early company of traders entered their vessel in the mouth of the stream ; that they were enticed on shore at Sloop Hill and there murdered. Paulding, in his beautiful story, "Naoman," related the massacre of a pioneer family at the same place. The event, however, which probably gave the name to the stream …

Hist. N. Y., iv, 12), the narrative locating the occurence by the name "den Moordenaars' Kil," i. c. the kill from which the attacking party issued forth or on which the murderers resided. The first appearance of the name in English records is in a deed to Governor Dongan, in 1685, in which the lands purchased by him included "the lands of the Murderers' Creek Indians," the …

In 1750 Schunnamunk appears, and in 1774, on Sauthier's map (1776) Schunnamank is applied to the range of hills which have been described as "The High Hills to the west of the Highlands." 'In a legal brief in the controversy to determine finally the northwest line of the Evans Patent, the name is written Skonanake, and the claim made that it was the hill named Skoonnemoghky in …

In this case we may read the name, "Alaringoman's Town," which may or may not have been palisaded. It seems to have been the seat of the "Murderer's Creek Indians." The burial ground of the clan is marked on a map of the Wilson and Aske Patent, and has been located by Surveyor Fred J. McKnight (1898) on the north side of the Cornwall and Monroe line and very near the present …

Land Papers, 91), in which connection it seems to be another form of Mahican Wanunketukok, "At the winding of the river" -- "A bend-of-the-riverplace." Presumably the reference is to a place where the stream bends in the vicinity of the hill. The name appears in an abstract of an Indian deed to Sir Henry Ashurst, in 1709, for a tract of land of about sixteen square miles. The …

The southwesterly corner of that patent is in a southwesterly direction from said Page's house." In the controversy in regard to the northwest line of the Evans Patent, one of the counsel said: "It is also remarkable that the Murderers' Creek extends to the hill Skonanaky, and that the Indian, Maringoman, who sold the lands, did live on the south side of Murderers' Creek …

It is probable, h(.)wever, that the name is a corruption of Dutch Rondbocht, meaning, "A tortuous pool, puddle, marsh," at or near which the chief may have resided. Rombout (Dutch) means "Bull-fly." It could hardly have been the name of a run of water. Mistucky, the name of a small stream in the town of Warwick, has lost some of its letters. Mishqudwtucke (Nar.), would read …

The land on which he lived and in which he was buried came into possession of Daniel Burt, an early settler, who gave decent sepulture to the bones of the chief.^ ^ The traditional places of residence of several of the sachems who signed the Wawayanda deed is stated by a writer in "Magazine of American History," and may be repeated on that authority, viz: "Oshaquememus, chief …

Samuel Staats, of Albany, and others, for license to purchase "A tract of land called Wawayanda, in the county of Ulster, containing by estimation about five thousand acres, more or less, lying about thirty miles backward in the woods from Hudson's River." (Land Papers, 56.) In February of the same year the parties filed a second petition for license to "purchase five thousand …

Specifically the tract called Wawayanda or Woerawin was never located, nor were the several "certain tracts of land called Wawayanda" purchased by Dr. Bridges. The former learned in a short died about 1730 at the Delaware Water-Gap.'' The names given by the writer do not inchide all the signers of the deed. One of the unnamed grantors was Clans, so called from Klaas (Dutch) …

In adjusting the boundary line between New York and New Jersey it was cut oflf from Orange County and is now in Vernon. New Jersey, where it is stilt known as the "Wawayanda Homestead." Within a musket-shot of the site of the ancient dwelling flows Wawayanda Creek, and with the exception of the meadows through which it flows in a remarkably sinuous course, is the only object …

Wawai, or Waway-anda, 'many' or 'several' windings, as a complex of river bends." As the name stands it is a participial or verbal noun. Waivay, "Winding around many times"; -anda, "action, motion" (radical -an, "to move, to go"), and, inferentially, the place where the action of the verb is performed, as in Guttanda, "Taste it," the action of the throat in tasting being …

Ralph Wisner, of Florida, Orange County, recently reproduced in the Warwick Advertiser, an affidavit made by Adam Wisner, May 19th, 1785, at a hearing in Chester, in the contention to determine the boundary line of the Cheesec-ock Patent, in which he stated that he was 86 years old on the 15th of April past; that he had lived on the Wawayanda Patent since 1715; that he …

By dialectic exchange of / for r and giving to the Dutch oe its English equivalent ii as in bull, it is probably from the root Wul, "Good, fine, handsome," etc., with the verbal termination -wi (Chippeway -zvin), indicating "objective existence," hence "place," a most appropriate description for many places in the Wawayanda or Warwick Valley. Monhagen, the name of a stream in …

In addition to its general course Wawayanda Creek is especially sinuous in the New Milford and Sandfordville districts of Warwick, the bends multiplying at short distances, and also in the vicinity of the DeKay homestead in Vernon. In Warwick the stream has been known as "Wandering River" for many years. The patented lands are on this stream. Its name. Long-house Creek, was …

Pochuck is from a generic meaning "A recess or corner." It is met in several places. (See Wawayanda and Pochuck.) Gentge=kamike, "A field appropriated for holding dances," may reasonably have been the Indian name of the plateau adjoining the rocky point, at the head of Newburgh Bay, whicli, from very early times, has been known as The Dans Kamer (Dance Qiamber), a designation …

Couwenhoven, who was lying with his sloop opposite the Dans Kamer, wrote, under date of August 14th, that "the Indians thereabout on the river side" made "a great uproar every night, firing guns and Kintecaying, so that the woods rang again." There can be no doubt from the records that the plateau was an established place for holding the many dances of the Indians. The word …

singing and dancing." Every Indian captive doomed to death, Asked and was granted the privilege of singing and dancing his Kinteka}c, or death song. War dances were riotous ; the scenes of actual battle were enacted. The religious dances and rites were so wonderful that even the missionaries shrank from them, and the English government forbade their being held within one …

Arackook, Kachawaweek, and Oghgotacton are record but unlocated names of places on the east side of the Wallkill, by some presumed to have been in the vicinity of Walden, Orange County, from the description : "Beginning at a fall called Arackook and running thence northwesterly on the east side of Paltz Creek until it comes to Kachawaweek." The petitioner for the tract was …

Twischsawkin is quoted as the name of the Wallkill at some place in New Jerse3^ On Sauthier's miap it stands wihere two small ponds are represented and seems to have reference to the outlet. Twisch may be an equivalent of TiscJi, "Strong," and Sawkin may be an equivalent of Heckewelder's Sancon, "Outle't," or mouth of a river, pond, etc. Wallkill, the name of the stream as now …

The locative is made specific in a grant to Thomas Lloyd in 1687;* in a grant to Severeign Tenhout in 1702,^ and iiij ^ "Land lying about six or seven miles beyond ye Town where ye Walloons dwell, upon ye same creek; ye name of ye place is Chauwanghungh and'^ Nescotack, two small parcels of land lying together." (N. Y. Land Papers, 29, 30.) ' "Comprehending all those lands …

In 1744, Jacobus Bruyn was the owner of the Lloyd tract. ^ The distribution of the name over the district as a general locative is distinctly traceable from this center. It was never the name of the mountain, nor of the stream, and it should be distinctly understood that it does not appear in Kregier's Journal of the Second Esopus War, nor in any record prior to 1684, and …

The location is certain from the will of Jacobus Bruyn in 1744- ^ The most worthless interpretation is that in Spofford's Gazeteer and copied by Mather in his Geological Survey: "Shazven, in the Mohegan language, means 'White,' also 'Salt.' and Gunk, 'A large pile of rocks,' hence 'White Rocks' or mountain." The trouble with it is that there is no such word as Shazven, meaning …

Since first settlement the location has bee;i known as "New Fort." It is on the east side of the stream about three miles west of the village of Wallkill.^ In the treaty of 1664 the site and the fields around it were conceded, with other lands, to the Dutch, by the Indians, as having been "conquered by the sword," but were subsequently included (1684) in the purchase by …

It is a place full of history, full of poetry, full of the footprints of ^ The monosyllable SJiaw or ScJiaiv. radical Scha, means "Side, edge, border, shore," etc. S chaiizvunnp pcquc , "On the shore of the lake." Endatacht-scIiaK'ungc, "At the narrows where the hill comes close to the river." (Heck.) Scliajazvonge, "Hill-side" (Zeisb.), from which Schawong-unk, "On the …

"Great, strong," etc., and Towatazvik, "Wilderness"-- the great wilderness, or uninhabited district. Gatawanuk seems to be from Kitchi, "Strong," -aivan, impersonal verb termination, and -iik, locative, and to describe a place on a strong current or flowing stream. The same name seems to appear in Kitchawan, now Croton River. It may have located lands on the Wallkill …

Smedes, 1709, is described as "Land lying near a small hill called, in ye Indian tongue, Wickqutenhonck," in another paper Wickquatennhonck, "Land lying near the end of the hill." The name means, "At the end of the hill," from Wequa, "End of" ; -atcnne (-achtenne, Zeisb.), "hill," and -unk, "at." The location was near the end of what is still known as the Hoogte-berg …

At a previous date (Sept. 22) Mott asked for a patent for four hundred acres "at a place called S'hawungunk," which was "given him when a child by the Indians." Whether the two tracts were the same or not does not appear; but in 1702, June 10, Severeyn TenTiout remonstrated against granting to Mott the land which he had petitioned for, and accompanied his remonstrance by an …

should "have a proportion of the good land upon the said river" -- obviously a section of low land or meadow, described by the name of a place thereon called Maskcck (Zeisb.), meaning "Swamp, bog" ; Maskeht (Eliot), "Grass." The radical is ask, "green," raw, immature." The suffix -cghs represents an intensive form of the guttural formative, which the German missionaries …

The deed description reads : "Extending from the Paltz," i. e. from the southeast boundmark of the Paltz Patent on the Hudson, now known as Blue Point (see MagaatRamis), south "along the river to the lands of the Indians at Murderers' Kill, thence west to die foot of the high hills called Pitkiskaker and Aioskawasting, thence southwesterly all along the said hills and the …

About one mile further north lies "The Great Salt Pond," so called in records of the town of Shawongunk. It is now called Lake Minnewaska, a name introduced from the Chippeway dialect, said to mean "Colored water," which has been changed to "Frozen water." being of"Set into the hills like a bowl." It haslake The is particularly an altitude feet and as of 1,600described a depth …

The prefix, Aioska, cannot be dropped and the name have a meaning, and the adjectival, Awoss, cannot be used as a substantive and followed by the locative -ing, "at, on," etc. Awoss means "Beyond," surely, but must be followed by a substantive telling what it is that is "beyond." The particular features of the Shawongunk range covered by the boundary line of the deed are "The …

Its name is from Samuel Gonsaulus, who owned the tract. Gertruyd's Nose, the name of another point, was so called from the fancied resemblance of its shadow to the nose of Mrs. Gertrude, wife of Jacobus Bruyn, who owned the tract. The pass, cleft or clove known as "The Traps," was so called from the supposed character of the rock which it divides. The rock, however, is not …

In a brief submitted in the boundary contention, it is said that the line of the Dongan purchase ran "along the foot of the hills from a place called Pachanasink, where the Indians who sold the land had a large village and place," and from thence "to the head of the said river, and no where else the said river is called by that name." The evidence is cumulative that the name …